Measures to facilitate safe downstream fish migration at large Central-European rivers Carl Robert Kriewitz Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 1
Measures to facilitate safe downstream fish migration at large Central-European rivers PhD: Carl Robert Kriewitz Supported by: Association of Aare-Rhine Power Plants (VAR) Doctoral Advisor: Dr. Ismail Albayrak swisselectric research Project Lead: Prof. Dr. Robert Boes Research Partners (eawag): Dr. Armin Peter, Tamara Boes, Christian Witt, David Flügel Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 2
Introduction Basler Zeitung / Donnerstag 7. November 2013 20minuten.ch / Freitag, 8. November 2013 Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 3
Fish Migration for Dummies (Engineers) Downstream migration upstream migration Which fish go where? Introduction oceanmodromous Habitat Sea / Ocean Anadromous Diadromous Spawning Catadromous Spawning River (fresh water) Habitat Potamodromous Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 4
Fish Migration for Dummies (Engineers) Why do fish migrate? - Spawning - Feeding - Habitat change Wow do barrages influence fish migration in fresh water? - Migration delay in artificial reservoirs and at barrages - Potential injury during turbine passage (blade strike, pressure difference) - Potential injury during and after weir passage (TDG) - Predation Introduction What can we do? - Prevent fish from entering potentially dangerous areas & - Provide alternate routes to bypass obstacles Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 5
101 of run-of-river HPPs Introduction Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 6
Situation in Switzerland Importance of hydropower in Switzerland: 56% of electricity production 36000 GWh 47% run-of-river HPPs, 49% storage HPPs, 4% pumped storage HPPs Federal government promotes hydropower: until 2030 +2000 GWh Introduction Revised Water Protection Act of 2011: Plan of action until 2030 Revitalisation Extension of riverine zones Rehabilitation & Reduction of negative effects of hydro power plants - Hydropeaking - Sediment transport - Fish migration But no solutions for HPPs > 90 m 3 /s Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 7
Project Goal Project Overview Fish protection meassures q Assess q Evaluate q Develope Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 8
Multi-disciplinary Project Structure Association of Aare-Rhine Power Plants (VAR) Contracting Entity Financial Support - swisselectric research - Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE, BFE) - Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (SFOEN, BAFU) Project Overview Sub- Committee HPP Representatives: - Technical Supervision - Project-Development and Control VAW / EAWAG Research Partners Downstream Migration Support Group Technical exchange with representatives from: - Federal / Cantonal Agencies - Fisheries - NGOs Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 9
VAR Hydro Projects - 28 Run-of-River Power Plants Rhine Limmat Aare Reuss Project Overview Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 10
VAR Hydro Projects Technical Data Type: - Standard 64% - Bypass 32% - Bay 4% Discharge: - Q DesignAverage 600 m 3 /s - Q YearlyAverage 450 m 3 /s - Q Min/Max = 144 / 1500 m 3 /s Head: - H Average = 8.8 m - H Min/Max = 5 / 22 m Turbines: - Mostly Kaplan/Bulb/Straflo - Several Francis Project Overview Fish protection: - Upstream migration facilities on all HPPs - No downstream protection facilities - No operational changes during peak migration Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 11
Research Milestones Structural fish protection technologies for larger European rivers 5 research steps I. Assessment of fish migration behaviour at Aare, Rhine, Reuss and Limmat II. Identification of innovative, structural fish protection means Project Overview III. Physical model tests and adaptation of fish protection technologies with regard to larger European rivers IV. Ethohydraulic experiments with European target species (Barbel, Spirlin, Greyling) V. Formulation of a guideline for downstream fish protection technologies Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 12
Literature Review on Fish Protection Technologies Over 400 papers, reports and publications reviewed Conferences and workshops visited Dialog with HPP operators in Switzerland Fish management course to lern basics of fish biology Knowledge Base Applied research project Physical model investigation on downstream fish migration at a new HPP Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 13
Knowledge Transfer Research Trips to US US North Experiences West from North West and East Coasts of USA --Multidisciplinary group-- US North EAST Knowledge Base VAR: BAFU: Support group: VAW / Eawag: Guide: Christoph Busenhart (EWZ) Ricardo Mendez (AXPO) Jochen Ulrich (EnergieDienst) Martin Huber Ueli Rippmann Jan Baer Armin Peter Ismail Albayrak Carl Robert Kriewitz John Nestler (former Corps of Engineers) Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 14
Knowledge Base Literature Review and Knowledge Transfer Results & Requirements Fish Protection Technologies at HPP Concept Screening / Shielding and Guidance Conveyance Type Physical Barriers Mechanical, Behavioural Barriers Sensory, Behavioural Barriers Collection Systems Fish Friendly Turbines Fish Friendly Operation Measure Fine Screens Submerged Bar Screens Rotary Screens Eicher-Screen Wedge-Wire-Screen Barrier Nets Skimming Walls Louvers Bar-Racks Plate Screens Trash Racks Light (Strobe or Mercury) Low Frequency Sound Popper Electricity Air- / Water Curtains Surface Collection Pipes Traveling Screens Fish Pumps Trap and Truck Alden Turbine Voith - Minimum Gap Runner Alstom - Fish Friendly Kaplan-Turbine Early Warning Systems Weir Overflow No Partial Load Operation Bypass Physical barriers pose huge operational issues Promissing but a lot of knowledge gaps Unreliabale and too little field experience Proven but limited species variety Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz High costs, only viable with HPP rehabilitation, no research expertise Limited efficiency and species variability 21.11.2013 15
Literature Review and Knowledge Transfer Preliminary Reports Knowledge Base Download at: http://www.swv.ch/portrait/verbandsgruppen/aare-rheinwerke Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 16
Literature Review and Knowledge Transfer Results & Requirements State of the art fish protection technologies not directly applicable at large Swiss hydro projects No or limited transferability of technologies used on small European or large US-HPPs Knowledge of behavioural biology of local fish species insufficient But: Mechanical behavioural guidance structures promissing Knowledge Base - 1. Define target species - 2. Define research foci Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 17
In Switzerland, currently 63 native fish species exist Fish species in Hochrhein, Aare and Limmat Knowledge Base Advisory board pre-selected: Barbel Spirlin Nase Trout Grayling Eel Final selection Barbel Spirlin Grayling Dönni et al. 2004, Dönni et al. 2009, Schneider 2007 Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 18
Knowledge Base Fish Protection Technologies at HPP Concept Screening / Shielding and Guidance Conveyance Type Physical Barriers Mechanical, Behavioural Barriers Sensory, Behavioural Barriers Collection Systems Fish Friendly Turbines Fish Friendly Operation Bates and Visionhaler, 1957 Measure Fine Screens Submerged Bar Screens Rotary Screens Eicher-Screen Wedge-Wire-Screen Barrier Nets Skimming Walls Louvers Bar-Racks Plate Screens Trash Racks Light (Strobe or Mercury) Low Frequency Sound Popper Electricity Air- / Water Curtains Surface Collection Pipes Traveling Screens Fish Pumps Trap and Truck Alden Turbine Voith - Minimum Gap Runner Alstom - Fish Friendly Kaplan-Turbine Early Warning Systems Weir Overflow No Partial Load Operation Bypass Angled Louver- and Bar Rack-Systems Pros Broad variety of target species Operational at wide range of hydraulic conditions Robust and less vulnerable in terms of sediment and driftwood Cons Hydraulic losses and flow field influence largely unexplored Applicability to local species unknown (Barbel, Greyling, Sperlin) Considerable system size Holyoke Canal Louver installation Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 19
Summery - Literature Review and Knowledge Transfer Target fish species: Barbel, Spirlin, Grayling Fish protection technology: Louver and angled bar rack-systems Knowledge Base Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 20
Physical Model Investigations Detailed model tests Large scale model tests Ethohydraulic model tests Physical Model Investigations Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 21
Detailed Model Tests of Louver and Bar Racks - Scales 1:1 & 1:2 Determination of the energy losses Ultrasound sensors Measurements of mean and turbulence flow characteristics Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) Detailed Model Investigation 101-0249-00L Selected Topics on Hydraulic Engineering, Dr. Ismail Albayrak 04.12.2013 22
Detailed Model Investigation Measures to facilitate safe downstream fish migration Head Losses at Louvers and Bar Racks Parameters Main angle α: 45, 30, 15 [ ] Bar angle β: 90, 67.5, 45 [ ] Bar opening b: 5, 11, 23 [cm] Bar thickness s: 1, 0.5 [cm] Bar length l: 7.5, 10, 12.5 [cm] Water depth h: 10, 20, 40, 80 [cm] Mean velocity v o : 0.1 1.0 [m/s] Bar shape k F : rectangular, round Submergence k F : rectangular, round Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 23
Preliminary Results: Calculation of Head-losses Detailed Model Investigation hh Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 24
Calculation of Head-loss Coefficient measured hh = ξ RR vv22 2222 Detailed Model Investigation calculated ξ RR = ff(pppppppppppppppppppp, FFFF, RRRR) Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 25
Preliminary results: Effect of bar orientation β on ξ RR (α = 45 ) 90 «Louver» Detailed Model Investigation 67.5 45 «bar rack» β Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 26
Preliminary results: Effect of bar orientation β on ξ RR (α = 45 ) flow Detailed Model Investigation flow flow 4.5 XX RRRR = RRRR = vvvv ν iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii FF vvvvvvvvvvvvvv FF Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 27
Preliminary results: Effect of main angle a on ξξ RR (b = 90 ) Detailed Model Investigation 45 15 α Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 28
Preliminary results: Effect of main angle a on ξξ RR (b = 90 ) flow ~2 XX Detailed Model Investigation flow RRRR = RRRR = vvvv ν iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii FF vvvvvvvvvvvvvv FF Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 29
Preliminary results: Effect of bar opening b on ξξ RR Detailed Model Investigation 5 cm 23 cm b Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 30
Preliminary results: Effect of bar opening b on ξξ RR flow 5 cm Detailed Model Investigation flow flow 11 cm 23 cm ~9 XX Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 31
Flow field experiments Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) Velocity components in the horizontal plain Detailed Model Investigation Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 32
Preliminary results: Flow field experiments 0.2 m/s Detailed Model Investigation α = 45 β = 90 b = 5 cm Flow 2D Vel. Vectors Streamlines Vel. Magnitude Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 33
Large scale model (1:35) of standard project hydro power plant Objectives Impact of different fish protection measures on: Hydraulic conditions Large Scale Model Investigation Head losses Flow structures at turbine intakes Flow field near fish protection structures Operational aspects Flood security Driftwood behaviour Possible scour formation Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 34
Large scale model tests: Velocity experiments - no structure installed 20 0 Large Scale Model Investigation Y [m] -20-40 -60-80 -150-100 -50 0 X [m] Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 35
Large scale model tests: Velocity experiments - Louver and bar rack Louver and bar rack at 30 main angle 20 20 0 flow 0 flow -20-20 Large Scale Model Investigation Y [m] -40-60 -80-150 -100-50 0 X [m] Both structures fully redirect flow in slat direction Louver causes severe head losses and flow distortion Y [m] -40-60 -80-150 -100-50 0 X [m] Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 36
Large scale model tests: Velocity experiments - Louver and bar rack Velocity distribution at turbine intakes Louver -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 400 400 No structure 400-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 Bar Rack Large Scale Model Investigation z [m z ü. [m M.] ü. M.] 395 395 390 390 385 385 380 380 15 15 57.5% 42.5% 89.4% 10.6% 46.4% 57.5% 42.5% 53.6% 89.4% 45.3% 10.6% 54.7% 10 5 0-5 -10-15 y [m] 10 5 0-5 -10 y [m] flow -15 z [m ü. M.] 395 390 385 380 15 42.6% 57.5% 42.5% 57.4% 43.5% 89.4% 10.6% 56.5% 10 5 0-5 -10 y [m] flow -15 Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 37
at large Central- European Rivers Large scale model tests: optimization of velocity field at turbine intakes Louver at 15 main angle Large Scale Model Investigation flow Pillar extension does not improve the velocity distribution Pillar extension and guidance wall does improve the velocity distribution Just a guidance wall is a promising measure Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 38
Large scale model tests: Drift wood experiments Louver at 30 main angle Large Scale Model Investigation flow Spillways are opened No turbine operation, driftwood is transported downstream via spillway During turbine operation the screen becomes jammed with driftwood Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 39
Ethohydraulic model tests with fish Objectives Fish behaviour and guidance efficiency: Flow velocity Ethohydraulic Model Investigation Structure main angle Slat angle Bar distance Bypass Tamara Boes, David Flügel Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 40
Ethohydraulic model investigation Ethohydraulic Model Investigation ~ 6 months to get the permission Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 41
Ethohydraulic model investigation: Experimental set-up Ethohydraulic Model Investigation 30 m 1.5m Q max = 1200 l/s = 1.2 m 3 /s!!! Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 42
Ethohydraulic model investigation: Experimental set-up Ethohydraulic Model Investigation α Parameters α: 30, 15 [ ] β: 90, 45 [ ] b: 5, 11 [cm] h: 90 [cm] v o : 0.3 0.6 [m/s] k F : rectangular Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 43
Ethohydraulic model investigation: Results from first experiments Barbe (Barbel) Parameters α: 15 [ ], β: 90 [ ], b: 5 [cm] h: 90 [cm], v o : 0.6 [m/s] Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 44
Ethohydraulic model investigation: Results from first experiments Schneider (Spirlin) Parameters α: 15 [ ], β: 45 [ ], b: 5 [cm] h: 90 [cm], v o : 0.6 [m/s] Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 45
Conclusions Detailed model experiments: Smaller main and bar angle lower head losses Larger bar opening lower head losses Effect of all parameters individually identified Universal formula to be formulated Conclusions Large Scale Model Experiments Louver negatively effects flow field at turbine intakes Bar rack has less pronounced effect on flow field Optimization with guidance walls can improve the situation Without turbine operation driftwood is transported to the spillway Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 46
Conclusions Ethohydraulic model investigation (preliminary results) Bar rack system guides fish as effective or better than louver system Bypass optimization promising for further improvement Spirlins and Barbels show equal guidance efficiencies This is only the tip of the iceberg! More tests necessary. Conclusions Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 47
Outlook Ethohydraulic model investigation More experiments with different configurations Passage time and swimming paths of fish will be analyzed Data analysis using fish tracking Temperature and Light effects need to be investigated A guideline for downstream fish migration will be prepared Fish monitoring and further optimization of guidance structure are necessary at prototype scale (site specific) Outlook Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 48
Thank you for your attention! Carl Robert Kriewitz kriewitz@vaw.baug.ethz.ch Supported by: Association of Aare-Rhine Power Plants (VAR) swisselectric research Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), C. R. Kriewitz 04.12.2013 49