Ready-to-deploy ITS results Open, affordable, scalable
Enabled by Colofon and disclaimer The information in this booklet has been created by the SPITS project consortium. Every effort has been made to ensure all the information in this booklet is correct. However, the SPITS project consortium reserves the right to change project results and/or discontinue any activities at any time, and will not be liable for any consequences resulting from the use of this booklet.
Preface Dear reader, Today Intelligent Traffic Systems are a hot topic. They are attracting attention worldwide as a way to improve safety, avoid congestion, provide services to drivers, and reduce the environmental impact of mobility. In 2009, SPITS (Strategic Platform for Intelligent Traffic Systems) was a vision. It started in the middle of the worldwide economic crisis as a Top High Tech project backed by the Dutch government. The SPITS partners believed that by cooperating across the value chain and by creating open standards, they could find practical and economically attractive mobility solutions. In this booklet we proudly present the results of our activities, and introduce the partners in the consortium that made it happen. We hope you will enjoy reading it, and will share our vision of the many new applications that ITS can bring. Kind regards, Carol de Vries Vice President, NXP Semiconductors Executive Chairman SPITS
Index Introduction 7 Our vision 9 Partners 11 nxp Semiconductors 12 tno 14 tomtom 16 logica 18 catena 20 fourtress 22 greencat 24 nspyre 26 peek traffic 28 Delft University of Technology 30 eindhoven University of Technology 32 University of Leiden 34 University of Twente 36 SPITS platform 39 Architecture overview 40 On-board unit (OBU) 43 Roadside unit (RSU) 45 Back office (BO) 48 Human Machine Interface (HMI) 50 Software development kit (SDK) 54 Value for society applications 57 Emergency, Breakdown, Concierge call 58 Pay how you drive 60 Car as a Sensor 62 Software defined radio 64 Incremental map updates over DAB 66
Index Shockwave mitigation 68 Lane merging assistant 70 Front View Mirror 72 Odysa in-car green wave 74 Multimodal travel planning 76 Traffic Incident Monitoring 78 Other SPITS proof applications 80 Value for business applications 83 Low Emission Zone 84 Truck Height 86 Fleet Tracking 88 Driving Time Assistance 90 Demonstrations 93 SPITS shuttle tour 94 SPITS road tour 95 List of booth demos 96 Business models 97 Example 1: Cooperative mobility 101 Example 2: Pay how you drive 103 After SPITS 105 Cooperative driving 106 Integrated Circuits 108 Business-to-business 110 DITCM 112 Future applications 114
Introduction The SPITS project has involved two years of innovative thinking, close cooperation between organisations, and the construction of prototypes to prove the validity of the system. This booklet describes the intentions and results of SPITS. To illustrate the capabilities and flexibility of the system, several applications that address various aspects of the project have been developed as test cases. You will find these test cases described in this booklet, but also live in public road tours during the Automotive Week in Eindhoven, the Netherlands. The architecture and the full range of technology will be demonstrated in the SPITS booths at the International Automotive Congress in Eindhoven and the ITS European Congress in Lyon. SPITS stands for Strategic Platform for Intelligent Transport Systems. The Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs has subsidised the project. The consortium consists of eight companies, one research institute, and four universities. These partners cover the entire mobility value chain, enabling the complete development of all elements necessary in the system. The SPITS system comprises the vehicle on-board unit (OBU), the Road Side Unit (RSU) infrastructure, and the Back Office (BO) service centre. Communications between these elements is a major part of the Strategic Platform. 7
Introduction We believe that the SPITS platform could enable a pan-european ITS approach to handling mobility issues. It is not the final all encompassing solution, however, it sets a milestone that will allow the transportation industry to start implementing many real-world cases. These can be used for field trials, and for actual business and consumer services. SPITS opens the way for introducing ITS across Europe and enables a steady growth in applications for consumers, businesses, and traffic management authorities. After the SPITS project officially ends, consortium members will continue to refine the SPITS results for commercial use across Europe and beyond. The project has been challenging and rewarding. All members have learned a great deal and the Dutch automotive industry has grown into a stronger community. If European governments and the mobility industry want to take the next steps to improve mobility for citizens across Europe, SPITS can help them make this a reality. Ralph von Vignau SPITS Project Manager 8
Our vision The density of traffic on the roads is increasing, which is increasing the problems in cities. It is also becoming more and more difficult to maintain a network of roads which traffic can safely travel upon at reasonable speeds. Intelligent Traffic Systems are the means for assisting traffic on an individual or very localised basis. However, this can only be of value if there is a path for implementing both an infrastructure and an affordable ITS unit in the car. There must be a balance of applications that will appeal to the following three stakeholders: The consumer needs to see a benefit in comfort, safety, and mobility Commercial users must see business benefits in timesaving for logistics and fleet management, fuel savings, and savings in vehicle repairs Governments must see benefits in being able to control traffic, increase traffic flow, prevent accidents, implement road tolls, and control access to restricted areas in city centres The societal benefits can be found in lower emissions and fuel usage, as well as in a significant reduction of accidents. 9
Our vision The SPITS project set out a number of criteria for realising a sustainable system. It must: Be affordable for the average consumer Have upgradable hardware and software to extend the lifetime within a vehicle Be standardised for pan-european usage Have an open architecture for market interoperability Be based on modern consumer electronics and applications expectations SPITS set itself the task of creating a platform for cooperative ITS applications that would be: open, scalable, real-time, sustainable, secure, and affordable. Another requirement of the system is that it meets all the requirements necessary for a vehicle to exist in the future cloud of communications. All communications were to use standard protocols (ETSI, IEEE). Special attention would be paid to security and privacy. When operating, a vehicle would have to know where it is, the best route to its destination, the environmental conditions around it, and how fast it should travel in real-time. Driver assistance to avoid accidents, and find parking and charging stations would be normal services for everyone. SPITS enables ITS to become a reality. 10
Partners Partners The SPITS consortium consists of eight companies, one research institute, and four universities. These partners cover the entire mobility value chain, enabling the complete development of all elements necessary in the system. 11
nxp Semiconductors About NXP Semiconductors NXP specialises in High Performance Mixed Signal technology and is a world leader in automotive integrated circuits: #1 worldwide in car radio #1 worldwide in CAN/LIN/FlexRay in-vehicle networking #1 worldwide in passive keyless entry and immobilisers #3 worldwide in magnetic sensors Early leadership in emerging technologies, like emergency call, GPS-based road pricing, and car to car communications With its high innovation rate, expertise in automotive qualified electronic circuits, and a quality standard that is recognised around the world, NXP is well placed to enter into the new business challenge of ITS. 12
nxp semiconductors Partners ITS activities NXP has embraced ITS as a strategic business opportunity. In line with this ambition, NXP uses its radio technology and automotive knowledge to enable affordable miniaturised solutions for ITS equipment. NXP is working closely with leading OEMs and Tier 1 companies to define new products and market solutions. Contribution to SPITS The explicit focus of ITS has led to NXP taking the leadership of the SPITS project. Within the SPITS project NXP intends to cooperate on building a system that will enable a broad market introduction across Europe and beyond. In the SPITS project NXP has delivered the following key innovations: Digital radio reception, state-of-the-art Dirana3 and Hero chip sets Prototypes of next generation, software configurable digital radio chips: DAB-T, DVB-T, DRM A radio solution where NXP s leading car radio is controlled via USB, for example by a TomTom navigation unit Car-to-car communications for active safety solutions with WLAN 802.11p An in-car emergency call solution that can easily be connected to different alarm services 13
tno About TNO TNO connects people and knowledge to create innovations that boost the sustainable competitive strength of industry and the well being of society. For Transport and Mobility TNO works in cooperation with partners on sustainable and innovative solutions for the mobility of people and goods. TNO is: ground breaking, conscientious, solution driven, and independent with over 4,400 TNO colleagues. ITS activities The growing need for mobility poses the challenge of making mobility smarter, cleaner, quieter, and safer, using TNO s leading scientific knowledge and unique measurement and testing facilities. With respect to ITS, TNO is involved in many (international) projects in the fields of in-car and roadside data fusion and technologies, effect (simulation) studies of traffic management, HMI design and effects, and cooperative business models for companies and for government policy purposes. 14
tno Partners Contribution to SPITS TNO aims to be the innovation and test centre for cooperative systems and services in Europe. SPITS and the resulting demo application for first generation CCC and C-ACC will enable TNO to push the large-scale implementation and deployment of ITS forward. Field tests on the A270 highway will further support this. The main focus is on in-car and roadside sensor fusion. The SPITS cooperation between the most important Dutch players in the field of ITS will enable the Netherlands to take a huge step in leading the developments in ITS. Therefore, SPITS is the start of an open innovation environment (DITCM) with respect to cooperative mobility. TNO has achieved the following results within the SPITS project: Unique large scale experiments demonstrating significant reduction of shockwave traffic jams using various penetration rates of cooperative vehicle and road-based technologies. Realisation of roadside video based monitoring and roadside services on A270 for future cooperative testing purposes within the DITCM cooperation Car-as-a-Sensor application deducing driving conditions (e.g. road friction, road geometry, vehicle state) by fusing and interpreting vehicle sensor data Hybrid vehicle battery planning to support truck access in low emission zones 15
tomtom About TomTom Founded in 1991, TomTom (AEX:TOM2) is the world s leading supplier of location and navigation products and services focused on providing all drivers with the world s best navigation experience. TomTom products include portable navigation devices, in-dash infotainment systems, fleet management solutions, maps and real-time services, including the award winning TomTom HD Traffic. ITS activities Traffic congestion is an issue that virtually every driver has to contend with at some point in his or her life. It affects millions of people all over the world and has serious effects on drivers on the personal, business, and community level. TomTom has developed the very best traffic navigation system to help people get through traffic faster. 16
tomtom Partners The company already reduces journey times for individual TomTom drivers by up to 15%. In the future, when 10% of drivers use TomTom s HD Traffic navigation system there will be a collective effect, and TomTom aims to reduce journey times for everyone by up to 5% where there is traffic. The TomTom HD Traffic navigation system is a viable, cost-effective solution here and now to reduce traffic congestion on a very large scale, by simply making the traffic flow more efficient. Contribution to SPITS TomTom has used its knowledge of in-dash connected navigation and traffic systems to support innovation in the ITS domain. The company developed an open and upgradeable in-dash ITS platform, able to support plug-n-play hardware support, downloadable services, and 802.11p communication. This platform enables the ITS application to be developed suitable for large-scale field operational trials (FOTs). The platform has been validated in several project experiments, including TNO s shockwave experiment at the A270 test facility. TomTom has also explored how the ITS roadside infrastructure can be used to enhance existing traffic services. Using HD Traffic, this information can be instantly sent to millions of vehicles on the road to avoid road incidents. 17
logica About Logica For Logica, intelligent traffic systems are a high growth area. As a trusted innovation partner, Logica enables its clients to accelerate the large-scale deployment of intelligent transport systems and services to drive seamless and sustainable mobility across all transport modes. ITS activities Logica is leading the way in the large-scale deployment of Intelligent Transport Systems and services. The company s ITS solutions focus on smart travel, infrastructure charging, smart logistics, and transport management. The core of their added value is their ability to draw on international expertise in the design of sustainable, world class transport solutions, including energy use management, sustainable travel, multi-modal journey planning, and emissions management. 18
logica Partners Contribution to SPITS With this project a platform will be created that will bring a number of Logica s applications to the market. Also, the knowledge gained through such a platform will enable Logica to maintain its position in delivering world-class expertise to its customers. This involves the design of a back office, overall architecture and system integration, security aspects, and the knowledge of business models. Another objective for Logica is to work on a proof of concept with large potential customers. As one of the four lead partners in the SPITS project, Logica has contributed greatly to developing the open platform, which enables secure car communication with other cars (car2car), back offices, and roadside units. 19
catena About Catena Catena is an international group with expertise in the design of integrated circuits. Since 1986, Catena has become a centre of excellence in radio frequency communication, analogue, mixed-signal, and digital signal processing. For circuit realisation, Catena has access to a wide set of Silicon and Silicon-Germanium processes, and has design expertise in Bipolar, CMOS and BiCMOS technologies. ITS activities Catena is involved in a number of activities related to ITS in the car. These comprise the field of radio reception technology for Analogue and Digital Radios in general, as well as developing a platform for integrating a number of existing and new communication systems, such as WiFi, WiMax, and GPS in a SoC (System on Chip), using Software Defined Radio technology. 20
catena Partners Contribution to SPITS Catena s cooperation with the important players in the automotive industry and universities in this project has included making a connection to the RFCMOS in 65 nm technology of NXP, making demonstrators for radio technology design-ins and WiFi/ WiMax applications with TomTom, and gaining access to the knowledge of the universities and TNO. Catena co-developed a demo radio with new tuner architecture in RFCMOS on board for analogue (FM/ AM) with new algorithms for reception improvement, new noise cancellation techniques, reception for multi standard digital radio (DAB/DRM/HD), and new RDS algorithms for AF-follow (Alternate Frequencies) and TA (Traffic Announcement). In addition, Catena developed test chips for the latest wireless communication standards, such as WiFi and WiMAX, and a low power GPS front-end to be used for carentertainment, navigation, and in-car and car-to-car communication systems. 21
fourtress About Fourtress Fourtress provides high quality services in the field of technical software development. Our services range from the implementation of projects, product development, and advice to contracting out technical software specialists. The company s long experience in this market guarantees quality and reliability. The employees of Fourtress have thorough knowledge and experience and are selected based on their drive and quality. They develop surprisingly good solutions that work! ITS activities Fourtress develops, produces, and sells various products for the automotive and domotica domain: Track & Trace, mileage administration, and security solutions for expensive goods, such as boats, agricultural machines and classic cars. The company is specialised in cloud solutions in conjunction with mobile devices like the iphone and Android phones. In addition, Fourtress develops many products around mobile applications. Think of port control, mobile switches, quick alert systems, and emergency response systems. 22
fourtress Partners Contribution to SPITS Fourtress aims to become a well-known player in the automotive domain. As a smaller player, the company s challenge is to work with larger players like TomTom and NXP, to devise solutions and products for ITS applications and purposes. In SPITS, Fourtress is working on applications that capture the imagination and show the current state of the art. For the SPITS project, Fourtress has developed Track, Check & Trace and an application based on a public transport solution: OV9292. Both applications are embedded in the on-board unit (OBU) of SPITS. The company has delivered two applications for the OBU in good order and created an extra product for Live Location View of vehicles and goods. During this project, Fourtress has extended its knowledge in cloud computing and mobile applications for Android and iphone platforms. Together with TomTom, the company has been working on back-office solutions in relation to cloud services. 23
greencat About GreenCat GreenCat offers fully integrated IT solutions for international and intermodal logistics. It operates with over 200 employees for around 500 service providers in the transport, storage, and intermodal transport sector. As a result, GreenCat is one of the largest European players in the field of logistics automation. The company has branches in France, Belgium, and Germany. GreenCat is a Groeneveld company. ITS activities GreenCat develops and delivers technical solutions to optimise logistics and fleet management, using information from the vehicle and the outside world. 24
greencat Partners Contribution to SPITS GreenCat is developing a new range of innovative future-proof board computers. Different communication channels, a modular approach, and links to (truck-specific) navigation are key. This is fully in line with the SPITS project and hence this project will be of great value to GreenCat. GreenCat coupled a driving time assistance application with a navigation system to find parking within the remaining legal driving time. This application will be used for a fleet tracking application. GreenCat also developed an experimental on-board unit according to the SPITS architecture. IT for the moving world 25
nspyre About Nspyre Nspyre is one of the most experienced service providers in software development. We operate out of four regions and employ more than 550 employees. Our regional focus, close to our customers and employees, is an explicit choice based on our firm belief that entrepreneurial spirit should be stimulated throughout our company. The service package of Nspyre covers the whole range: consultancy and project management, development, and engineering right down to SLAbased management. It is done on a project basis or through secondment. Each customer assignment requires an individual approach. As a result we use various business models: fixed-price, fixeddate, time and material, risk/reward. Our passion for technology can deal with any challenge! 26
nspyre Partners Contribution to SPITS Nspyre contributed to the development of Software Development Kits (SDK) and of applications and services. As a result of the SPITS project Nspyre has strengthened its relation with SPITS partners. Also the visibility of Nspyre as a development partner in the ITS area has improved, which resulted in new customers and new projects. 27
peek traffic About Peek Traffic The people at Peek develop and implement innovative systems that offer concrete solutions for improving mobility, safety, and the environment on European roads. Peek leads the way in traffic control and develops, provides, and maintains innovative solutions for cleaner, safer, and smoother traffic management. ITS activities As mobility demands continue to increase,, Peek provides solutions for getting the best possible performance from the existing infrastructure. Peek s portfolio of traffic management and control solutions includes urban traffic control (local and networked), motorway management, public transport systems, and enforcement. Peek is one of the drivers of the new cooperative systems technology, and is and has been active in many European and national research programmes. 28
peek traffic Partners Contribution to SPITS Peek s main contribution to SPITS is in the realm of the direct vehicle to infrastructure communication (CALM FAST over 802.11p), the roadside unit (RSU), and a number of applications. The company has concentrated on applications that essentially use the vehicle to infrastructure communication: feedback of intersection control status to drivers and the Front View Mirror application that provides safety relevant information about the road ahead. Peek has implemented a roadside unit that can communicate with existing infrastructure control equipment (like traffic light controllers) on one side and with passing vehicles on the other side. In addition, the company has implemented applications and communication drivers on the on-board platform that demonstrate the vehicle to infrastructure capabilities of SPITS. The CALM FAST communication software developed by Peek has been shared as open source with the SPITS partners. It is used for all 802.11p communication of the SPITS systems in the project. 29
Delft University of Technology About Delft University of Technology The Delft University of Technology supplies independent knowledge and driven engineers. Advanced scientific research and education, together with academic inquisitiveness, lead to new insights and innovations. This makes the University an expert and above all, an inspiring partner in consulting or project-based alliances. ITS activities The Delft University of Technology has a strong research experience in Transport, in general, and in Intelligent Transport Solutions, in particular. Over 50 researchers and PhD students study potential solutions to alleviate traffic congestion or to support drivers in their driving task. These groups have a strong position in the international field of transportation research, shown by the numerous international publications and invitations for international presentations. Some key research interests are traffic flow modelling, intelligent vehicles, and (dynamic) traffic management, both by in-car systems and roadside systems. 30
Delft University of Technology Partners Contribution to SPITS The Delft University of Technology has made two contributions to SPITS that are more focussed on the application of the platform. The first application is the Pay As You Drive (PAYD) programme. It studies to which extent drivers are willing to change their driving behaviour due to financial incentives from an insurer. The possible impact of in-car systems has also been studied (changes in car-following or lane changes), in both models and empirical studies. The following results have been obtained for the PAYD project: 1. Approximately 25% of the drivers are willing to change to a variable insurance if they receive 7 reward on an insurance of 49 on average 2. The decision to change depends very little on rates 3. There is a change in driving behaviour. However, this is not seen in people who do not choose the variable insurance 4. People do not just choose the cheapest premium The Delft University of Technology also developed new traffic flow models that simulate advice given to drivers and how they affect the traffic stream. 31
eindhoven University of Technology About Eindhoven University of Technology At the Eindhoven University of Technology, the Electronic Systems group studies advanced video processing using neural networks for traffic sign recognition, and investigates carefully located information overlays on video streams. The System Architectures & Networks group and Dynamics & Control group investigate Car2Car and Car2Infra communication and control systems. Nowadays road sign classification systems are static and specific. Using fully trainable neural networks enables new traffic signs to be added online instead of redesigning a dedicated algorithm over and over again Positioning overlays on real-time video streams enables information to be positioned exactly on the road ahead, providing augmented reality, on screen Future safety applications will use massive external communication based on improved One-hop Periodic Broadcast Communication between vehicles and between vehicles and RSUs 32
eindhoven University of Technology Partners Contribution to SPITS A Convolutional Learning Neural Network system is being designed and trained using a set of speed sign images. Graphics Processing Units are used to provide massive parallel processing at a low cost. A front-facing camera provides a live video stream of the road ahead. The road location on the screen is calculated with colour and edge features. The precise location of the navigation overlay on the live video stream is calculated with the TI OMAP 3530, used in the SPITS OBU from TomTom. For reliable communication between cars, two simple but effective randomised broadcasting schemes have been proposed and analysed to alleviate the impact of the hidden node problem. Demonstrators and proof of concepts: A trainable, low cost Convolutional Neural Network system for recognising speed signs A navigation overlay presents actual information and is precisely positioned on a live video stream. It is mapped on the road ahead, live on the screen Simulator and results show how One-hop Periodic Broadcast Communication is improved within the IEEE 802.11p standard Controller for reliable C-ACC vehicle platooning 33
University of Leiden About University of Leiden Leiden University is one of Europe's foremost research universities. Established in 1575, it is a member of the League of European Research Universities. The Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science (LIACS) is the computer science institute for the University. It has a strong and vibrant research program in computer science with a good balance of core computer science and applications. CeTIM is the Technology and Innovation Management research centre of LIACS with research activities in the management of innovation networks and the management of networked virtual organisations. ITS activities Research into innovation policy on the introduction of a national intelligent traffic IT infrastructure. Research into the development of intelligent management services that can be delivered from a national backend service centre, and research into turning the high amount of data collected into an intelligent infrastructure. 34
University of Leiden Partners Contribution to SPITS The LIACS and CeTIM have contributed in two main areas: 1. Backend service modelling and data mining, including mobility, dynamics, economics, and sustainability 2. Entrepreneurial innovation modelling. LIACS and CeTIM co-organised the European Idea Competition, called the European Satellite Navigation Competition (ESNC) The results we achieved include: A prototype application for mobile services based on an intelligent management system has been developed to show the capabilities of the backend services. The application is running on Apple s ios platform A Workshop Series on Infrastructure Innovation: Avoiding the fate of the EPD - managing innovation challenges in critical infrastructure projects such as SPITS User-orientation of critical infrastructure projects including intelligent traffic systems at ICE Conference 2010 Business Forum on business model innovation in cooperation with BMW and AUDI 35
University of Twente About the University of Twente The University of Twente is a young, entrepreneurial university. The Centre for Telematics and Information Technology (CTIT) of the University of Twente is one of the primary ICT research institutes in Europe with over 475 researchers. ITS activities Within the CTIT a wide range of research related to Intelligent Traffic Systems is performed. This includes the design of integrated circuits (ICs), which form the core of the hardware platform for ITS, the design and analysis of communication protocols for vehicular networks, security and privacy of ITS systems, and modelling of ITS systems. 36
University of Twente Partners Contribution to SPITS The University of Twente has contributed in two main areas: The Integrated Circuit Design group has performed research on novel clocking techniques in integrated circuits for ITS communication systems The Design and Analysis of Communication Systems group has performed research on communication protocol architectures for vehicular networking, especially with respect to geo-networking, i.e., delivering information to destinations specified by geographical constraints The achieved results are as follows: A phase-locked-loop architecture has been proposed and simulated to achieve high performance. Its key block, a digital-to-time converter, has been designed and fabricated using 65nm CMOS technology The Internet Domain Name System has been extended so that queries based on location can be carried out. Upon receiving such a query, this scalable, global system will return the IPv6 addresses of Road-Side Units that can be used to distribute warning messages in a specified area 37
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SPITS platform Target of the SPITS project was to develop the complete system for an affordable and open ITS solution. The system has three major components: The on-board unit (OBU) that is integrated into vehicles The roadside units (RSU), which consist of the communications devices in the road infrastructure that communicate with vehicles and back offices The back offices (BO) that manage the applications and communicate with OBUs and RSUs SPITS platform The following pages describe the architecture and these three elements. In addition, you will find special pages on parts of the OBU that are of importance. The architecture and the descriptions represent the results of the SPITS project. On request a complete detailed architecture and specification underpinned by many use cases is available. Automotive Week 2011 39
Architecture overview The SPITS open and upgradeable platform ensures innovation can continue after first deployment. Proven, industry standard architecture and interfaces, increase speed of application, reduce cost, and enable upgradeability. The SPITS architecture supports ITS applications by providing services as communication, navigation, application and userinterface management, sensor virtualisation, and payment and billing. SPITS platform concepts The SPITS platform consists of three types of subsystems: on-board units (OBUs) built into vehicles, roadside units (RSUs) monitoring and controlling road infrastructure, and back offices (BOs) providing services to the other subsystems. Each subsystem has its own, cost effective architecture optimised for its specific role. Together, they provide an application platform for innovative traffic services that enhance mobility and safety. The subsystems have been designed to run (certified) applications developed by third parties and enable new business models for fast deployment. First realisations prove that SPITS is ready for commercial deployment. 40
Architecture overview SPITS Applications Road Pricing Eco Driving Parking Service Ghost Driver E-Call Infotainment Green Wave SPITS platform SPITS Platform On Board Units Road Side Units Back Offices Automotive Week 2011 41
Architecture overview Key SPITS platform interfaces Common to all subsystems are the OSGi framework for application management and the (mobile) IPv6, 802.11p CALM-FAST communication stacks. OBUs provide an Android execution environment with additional services for navigation, priority driven HMI, and (digital) radio reception. RSUs provide a Java service platform, and interfaces for sensor processing and actuator control for e.g. video based monitoring. A BO implements a service platform with security, billing, service discovery, a web portal, and application management - all compatible with SPITS, CVIS/eCoMove, and commercial OBUs. 42
On-board unit (OBU) The SPITS on-board unit (OBU) is an open platform for research and development of in-vehicle applications and services. Based on proven, industry standard architectures and interfaces for electrical modules as well as software applications, it enables fast prototyping and innovation in automotive product development for in-vehicle subsystems. SPITS platform Industry standards Open software platforms with downloadable applications are emerging in the smart-phone environments. The processing power and memory requirements of that environment match with those of an OBU. The OBU uses the largest open platform in this area, Android, as industry standard environment allowing third party additions via the standard Android development environment extended by an OBU SDK. Functional extensions are realised over USB, a standard bus used by many peripherals. Various internal and external peripherals can be flexibly connected, e.g. an internal 3G/GPS board, various tuners (e.g. DAB, AM/FM), a telematics unit, an external USB display, and USB stick. Automotive Week 2011 43
On-board unit (OBU) Android-based OBUs with USB peripherals The SPITS OBU demonstrates in-vehicle third party application widgets, multi-media, navigation, and an integrated Human Machine Interface based on an open Android platform. The platform is communicating via 3G and connected via standard USB to other SPITS subsystems, such as an 802.11p Car2X module, a telematics module, a radio module, etc. This enables very fast prototyping and innovation for research and development of in-vehicle infotainment products and services. 44
Roadside unit (RSU) In cooperative ITS applications, vehicles and roadside units (RSUs) exchange information to improve traffic efficiency and traffic safety. RSUs have a clear added value in many cases: They can provide information on non-cooperative vehicles Applications can use real-time information from a larger geographical region It is possible to deploy effective applications even in case of a low penetration of cooperative vehicles, facilitating a viable roadmap for the introduction of cooperative systems RSUs are a natural point to coordinate the interaction and cooperation between vehicles RSUs can also provide information to drivers in non-cooperative vehicles, e.g. via VMS, or dynamic signage SPITS platform The developed RSU The RSU consists of a service platform, a sensor platform, and a V2I communication platform. Automotive Week 2011 45
Roadside unit (RSU) Applications Traffic Mnmgnt Shockwave demping Merging assistant VBM Detectors Data Fusion Dynamic map ITS Gateways Communication manager OSGi Framework Data Storage OSGi Service Platform Road Side Unit On Board Units Back Office 46
Roadside unit (RSU) Roadside applications are deployed on the OSGI service platform. Current applications include a shockwave damping, a merging assistant, and traffic state visualisation (please see the other chapters for a description). These applications use the sensor information made available from the sensor platform. This roadside sensor platform consists of cameras and a so-called super tracker, which combines the output of multiple cameras (for an entire test site). Communication with cooperative vehicles is enabled by the V2I communication platform. The communication with the vehicles is based on ASN.1 encoded messages over CALM FAST over IEEE 802.11p wireless communication. The RSU is connected with a back office, both for management of the RSU and for application use. SPITS platform Automotive Week 2011 47
Back office (BO) Centralised ITS services ITS operations in a business-oriented context depend on the trust and integrity shared between the stakeholders. The SPITS back office addresses these by managing the ITS system s configuration, security, connectivity, billing, and application distribution and servicing. A match of the commercial confidence and liability aspects of the business applications is obtained with the security and safety aspects in the system. The back office connects a variety of devices: the R&D SPITS/Android and CVIS based ecomove devices, and prototypes of commercially available in-vehicle devices. The back office supports third party open source application development for leveraging the ITS systems added value. Open and secure The SPITS back office provides an open platform ready for growth in terms of provided services, as well as served connections. Third party service providers can deploy new applications and services using the back office within set rules for qualification and certification. 48
Back office (BO) The services and applications distributed are: User selected, either from in-vehicle or from the administration portal, and purchased and downloaded to on-board units from the SPITS service store Mandatory, provided to the on-board units, using the 802.11p capabilities supporting regulatory applications like green zones, dangerous goods, or business applications like fleet management SPITS platform The SPITS back office is also a secure platform. A data oriented security system supports privacy and secure commercial transactions, providing each stakeholder with access to his allowed data. Back office users will be working in their own private workspace and have access to their own administration only. Encryption of data ensures secure exchange of information between back office and field equipment, such as on-board units and roadside units. The back office is designed for the future and is capable of supporting a variety of on-board units and roadside units in a network based on the IPv6 protocol. It is designed for deployment as a cooperative systems service with a virtually limitless growth capability. Automotive Week 2011 49
Human Machine Interface (HMI) The ever-increasing flow of information will be prioritised and even postponed when the driver s attention is needed on the road. Introduction Human Machine Interfaces (HMIs) are the communication devices between in-car applications and the driver. Frequently, independent HMIs are used for different applications, which may cause information overload situations for the driver. Hence, a common HMI design is needed that determines the application interface with a HMI manager to provide rules for prioritising information from different applications. This design takes into account application transparency, driver situation awareness, driver workload, and surrounding external influences. Objectives The purpose of the HMI manager is: To manage graphical, audio and tactile modalities for the interaction between user and the user applications. The HMI manager presents information from user applications on interaction devices and vice versa. To manage the information flow and to control the priority of this information to minimise distraction for the driver from a safety point of view. A workflow mechanism on behalf of user applications is not part of the HMI objective. 50
Human Machine Interface (HMI) The ever-increasing flow of information will be prioritized and even postponed when the driver s attention is needed on the road. Introduction Human Machine Interfaces (HMIs) are the communication devices between in-car applications and the driver. Frequently, independent HMIs are used for different applications, which may cause information overload situations for the driver. Hence, a common HMI design is needed that determines the application interface with a HMI manager to provide rules for prioritising information from different applications. This design takes into account application transparency, driver situation awareness, driver workload, and surrounding external influences. SPITS platform Objectives The purpose of the HMI manager is: To manage graphical, audio and tactile modalities for the interaction between user and the user applications. The HMI manager presents information from user applications on interaction devices and vice versa. To manage the information flow and to control the priority of this information to minimise distraction for the driver from a safety point of view. A workflow mechanism on behalf of user applications is not part of the HMI objective. Automotive Week 2011 51
Human Machine Interface (HMI) Two mechanisms The in-car applications provide information at a functional level, free of presentation knowledge. A generic presentation mechanism (like a browser on a PC or a mobile phone) ensures the interaction with the user based on themes and templates. Adapting to the continuously changing context of the car, it also requires a dynamically and real time priority mechanism. 52
Human Machine Interface (HMI) Priority management The priority is based on urgency and importance of the content of the information. The urgency depends on the current (actual) context. The context contains the situation of the environment such as road and weather conditions, the status of the vehicle, the people in the vehicle and their profiles. The importance of information is not dynamically determined and depends on the type of information or the in-car applications establish priorities. SPITS platform The workload of the driver is simplified to four discrete values and addresses the concentration modes for the driver. The amount and timing of information presented to the driver depends on the actual and dynamically determined workload. Conclusion The innovative contribution of SPITS is the integration of prioritised information as part of the Human Machine Interaction. To be able to cope with an ever-growing flow of information, safety is taken into account as one of the major design drivers. By reducing distraction, especially when the situation requires more attention from the driver, the need for controlling the information flow emerges. Automotive Week 2011 53
Software development kit (SDK) To support and simplify SPITS software development, we developed two types of development kits. NXP s telematics and radio development kits support software development for ATOP and MARS. TomTom s on-board unit SDK assists in the development of applications and services on this OBU. Telematics and radio development kits NXP has developed several programmable modules for cost efficient OBU realisations. These modules are highly programmable to deal with fast evolving ITS standards. Easy to use software development kits have been developed for OBU manufacturers and radio SW developers. They support application and programming of the ATOP telematics module and the MARS SW defined radio module. The SDKs consist of tools, documentation, software, and example code. On-board unit software development kit The TomTom SPITS OBU is an open hardware and software platform for research and development of in-vehicle applications and services. To enable SPITS partners to develop applications and services we released an OBU SDK that provides access to navigation and vehicle services. 54
Software development kit (SDK) The SDK includes tools, documentation, example source code that illustrates the usage of the services, and the OBU emulator that runs on a PC. It enables software development for the OBU without the need for a real OBU device. SPITS platform Vehicle Simulator The Vehicle Simulator is a tool in the OBU SDK that simulates the interaction between a car and the TomTom SPITS OBU. Instead of the need for a real car, developers can use the Vehicle Simulator from behind their desk to simulate a moving car, send vehicle information (tire pressure, battery status, etc.) and operate the OBU. The Vehicle Simulator can be used for the development and testing of OBU applications. Automotive Week 2011 55
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Value for society applications Constant and affordable connectivity and new communication standards open the way for a new generation of automotive related services. The challenge for ITS, is to provide access to applications and content in an intuitive and seamless manner. This enables road operators and local authorities to prevent congestion and benefit from integral traffic management. Sustainable mobility The applications presented in this chapter all demonstrate that it is possible to develop a rich set of applications on top of the open, interoperable SPITS platform. The underlying architecture supports various levels of security and by using cloud technologies, scalability of the platform is ensured. Sophisticated human machine interfaces deliver traffic related information to drivers in the safest possible way. A mix of technologies and devices is used. Together they contribute to safer, more efficient, and eco friendly mobility. General apps Automotive Week 2011 57
Emergency, Breakdown, Concierge call Emergency call (E-call) is a European initiative to inform the 112 emergency services automatically, when a severe car accident happens. The on-board unit collects crash sensors information and sends a pre-defined Minimal Set of Data (MSD) message to the 112 back office over the GSM network. This instant warning saves time and thus lives, and reduces traffic flow impact. Breakdown and Concierge call are additional services to be typically deployed commercially. Whereas the latter is a general service call, in the former call additional parameters on the health of the car, retrieved from the CAN-bus of the car, are sent for monitoring and fast diagnosis, which allows repair services to be deployed pro-actively. How does it work? We developed an end-to-end solution, from generating the E-call in the car to the Incident Management System (IMS) of the road authority. The solution is compliant with EU standards open formats. 58
Emergency, Breakdown, Concierge call Telematics on-board unit: the OBU is based on NXP s flexible ATOP chip solution. CAN information is retrieved using Beijer s CAN protocol know-how. 112 Client: the 112 operator receives all E-call messages in the 112 client application. The operator can add extra information to the incident and sends the message to the road authorities IMS. Incident Management System (IMS): Logica developed an IMS for the road authorities who manage all incidents. External systems can easily connect to IMS due to its open structure. General apps E-B-C-call is a cooperation between the SPITS project (NXP, Logica) and the HTAS-uCAN project (TASS, Beijer Automotive) Automotive Week 2011 59
Pay how you drive The SPITS platform provides an open platform for services from different value suppliers to operate and coexist. The Insure how you drive and Pay as you drive applications demonstrate this by showcasing applications that both support car drivers to adopt a safe driving style. Parameters such as distance driven and driving speed determine the insurance premium discount. How does it work? The position and speed of the car are sent over the air to the trip-recording server that aggregates data on distance driven, road categories, time windows and speed excesses. Location specific data is removed in order to limit privacy concerns. The aggregated data is combined with the specific risk model for the insurance company, to calculate the premium discount. The driver can easily access trip and aggregate discount information in the car or on a private web portal. This portal also supports insurance companies and fleet owners. 60
Pay how you drive The open nature of the SPITS platform enables and promotes multiple service providers to develop unique and targeted services, such as Pay as you drive and Insure how you drive, by providing an environment where safety, privacy and security are key features of the platform. General apps Developed by: TomTom, Logica, TU Delft Automotive Week 2011 61
Car as a Sensor One of the greater challenges of Intelligent Traffic Systems can be seen in obtaining reliable and contemporary information about the driving conditions. Using the cars on the road for sensing these conditions can be a cost effective solution. Therefore, the signals from systems that are connected to SPITS are used in a Sensor Fusion concept to for instance reconstruct road curvature that is demonstrated in a curve warning application. How does it work? When driving on the road with the navigation system activated, the route ahead is available as a series of road segments connected by GPS coordinates. These coordinates are processed to make a prediction of the curvature for the road segments, and a corresponding safe speed is calculated for a curve warning application. However, due to the limited amount of road segments this prediction can be insufficiently accurate. The motion sensors offer a solution. With TNO s Vehicle State Estimator the signals from the motion sensors that are available in SPITS are processed real-time. 62
Car as a Sensor Effectively a computer model of the vehicle is continuously adjusted to match the motion sensor signals closely. The driven vehicle path is derived from the computer model and the road curvature for the road sections is obtained. Feeding back curvature information in the navigation system will enhance the map representation that can be used for calculation of the safe curve speed. General apps Developed by: TNO, TomTom Automotive Week 2011 63
Software defined radio NXP has developed a hardware platform that can be used for worldwide in-car reception of digital radio and TV. Moving from Analogue to Digital reception means more stations, better audio quality, wide coverage (satellite), and beyond. However different regions adopt different standards (Europe, US, Japan). A different hardware solution needs to be used for each standard. This means a drawback for car manufacturers selling globally. To overcome this drawback, Software Defined Radio can be used. All major functionality like signal demodulation, channel decoding, and antenna diversity are performed by software. 64
Software defined radio The benefits of Software Defined Radio (SDR) are: Lower cost maintaining one HW platform Faster time-to-market Lower risk with field upgrades over-the-air / lifetime extension World Radio supporting most broadcast standards NXP has started to use this same platform to develop components for Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS), for car-to-car and car-to-infrastructure communication. Various wireless standards are being used depending on the region. General apps The focus is on safety applications: Hazardous Location & Curve Speed Warning Traffic signal violation & Lane Change Warning Forward Collision Warning Sensing Developed by: NXP Automotive Week 2011 65
Incremental map updates over DAB Map updates in navigation systems currently require a replacement of the entire map, for instance by replacing an SD card. TomTom works towards navigation systems that provide an always up-todate map to the user without requiring any user interaction. The presented prototype uses Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) to transmit map updates. Field devices consist of a TomTom SPITS on-board unit connected to an NXP DAB radio. NDS maps NDS (Navigation Data Standard) is a map format defined by a consortium of car manufacturers and map data/navigation suppliers. A property of this map format is that it allows for partial updates, for instance the replacement of a small geographic area or the update or replacement of a point-of-interest. In the SPITS project, TomTom created a research platform for map updates based on NDS. This also became the industry s first embedded route planner with map renderer for NDS. Broadcast over DAB DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting) is used to broadcast map updates from a TomTom server to the 66
Incremental map updates over DAB devices in the field. The server manages a carrousel of map updates. A DAB transmitter broadcasts these updates in a round-robin fashion. A device that receives a map update stores the update at runtime in its database. The update is displayed on the screen of the navigation system. In the demo-setup, map updates are also simultaneously transmitted to Wi-Fi-connected android phones that run the same NDS-based navigation software. NXP DAB radio The NXP Concept Radio CRD2010 provides a DAB data pipe. Data sent by a DAB transmitter will be transferred transparently to the requesting application using a USB interface. General apps Developed by: NXP, TomTom Automotive Week 2011 67
Shockwave mitigation Roughly 25% of all vehicle loss hours occur due to shockwave jams. During rush hour a minor disturbance, such as a braking action, can be amplified and causes strong speed variations that propagate as shockwaves through traffic, ultimately bringing vehicles to a full stop. Cooperative roadside and invehicle systems can assist drivers to detect, damp, and resolve shockwaves. How does it work? At the roadside a series of video cameras continuously monitor the positions and speeds of vehicles. This information is fused with data received from a few communicating vehicles. An emerging shockwave is detected immediately. The roadside unit determines a dynamic speed limit with an area where vehicles should reduce their speed slightly, and an area where they should accelerate back to the default speed limit, to damp and resolve the shockwave. Vehicles equipped with an on-board unit receive this dynamic speed limit. An advisory system informs drivers when and how to follow the changing speed limit. Much more convenient is an automatic system that integrates the dynamic speed limit with the onboard cruise control (CACC). 68
Shockwave mitigation Highway experiments In February 2010, the first shockwave mitigation tests have been performed on the A270 highway. All test vehicles were equipped with an advisory system based on vehicle-to-vehicle communication. These tests with a 100% penetration level showed very positive results. General apps In 2011, tests have been performed with a low penetration level of equipped vehicles (10-20%). This series of tests showed that already with a first step in the migration path, significant traffic flow improvement could be achieved. Developed by: TNO, TomTom, Peek Traffic Automotive Week 2011 69
Lane merging assistant It is well known that merging lanes frequently cause traffic congestions. Traffic trying to enter the highway disturbs the traffic flow on the highway resulting in a decreased traffic throughput. The merging lane assistant knows the location of gaps in the traffic flow, and coaches the driver via speed commands towards these gaps. The merging lane assistant application uses the positions of vehicles driving on the main road provided by the RSU and the position of the merging vehicle for calculating a merging trajectory. This merging trajectory contains the desired position and speed of the merging vehicle as a function of time, assuring that the merging vehicle is not next to another vehicle when it is at the merging area. The merging trajectory is continuously compared with the actual position and speed of the merging vehicle. Based on identified deviations, a user stimulus (faster / slower) is calculated that encourages the driver of the merging vehicle to adjust its speed. 70
Lane merging assistant The cameras along the main road are used for identifying the position of the vehicles on the right lane of the highway. The position and speed of the merging vehicle is measured using the GPS of the on-board unit of the merging vehicle. This information is sent towards the roadside unit that hosts the merging lane assistant algorithm and on its turn sends the user stimulus to the on-board unit. General apps The red dot is the merging vehicle. On the left, the position of the merging vehicle (red) can be seen relatively to its desired position (the transparent car). In this case the driver should accelerate. Developed by: TNO, Peek Traffic, TomTom Automotive Week 2011 71
Front View Mirror Having a smooth ride on a highway is not an easy task for the driver; Are the braking lights in the distance a minor manoeuvre or the tail of a traffic jam? Why am I advised to drive slowly if the road in front of me is free? The Front View Mirror application helps the driver by providing an overview of the traffic speed-profile up to two kilometres ahead. With this information the questions above are answered and the driver can anticipate on the events ahead. How does it work? SPITS roadside systems along the highway gather information on vehicle position and speed. On the A270 this is done using video cameras. This information is transmitted to passing vehicles by roadside units mounted at every 500 metres along the highway. Inside the vehicle the information is compared to the current location and speed of the vehicle itself. Information on vehicles behind is discarded. Coloured bars on the display present the vehicles ahead: a red bar indicates a vehicle driving slower, and a green bar indicates a vehicle driving faster than the driver. The length of the bar depends on the speed difference: a longer bar indicates a larger difference in speed. 72
Front View Mirror A traffic jam ahead will show as a mass of red bars, a minor manoeuvre will only show up as a short red line. When the driver slows down, the red lines will disappear when the speed matches the speed of the vehicles ahead. General apps Developed by: Peek Traffic, TNO Automotive Week 2011 73
Odysa in-car green wave Part of a main arterial and ring road of Eindhoven city is equipped with a green wave intersection control system called Odysa. This system provides speed advice via roadside information panels. During a previous experimental project Odysa has been extended with radio equipment that sends the speed advice to an on-board display. Within the SPITS project, the system has been upgraded to the SPITS technology, showing the speed advice on the SPITS on-board unit. How does it work? The traffic control algorithm (developed by DTV) estimates the best approach speed for every intersection. When a vehicle passes a dedicated loop detector, a speed advice is calculated and displayed on a roadside information panel visible to the driver at that moment. At the same time the speed advice is sent to a SPITS roadside unit that combines the speed advice with the geographical area where it is valid and broadcasts it via 802.11p. A SPITS on-board unit receives this broadcast and checks whether the vehicle is located within the specified geographical area. If this is the case, the speed advice is presented to the driver. 74
Odysa in-car green wave The speed advice inside the vehicle is visible for a much longer time than the roadside display and can be combined with other on-board information. Ultimately, the roadside displays can be removed completely. General apps Developed by: Peek Traffic Automotive Week 2011 75
Multimodal travel planning The Fourtress9292 multimodal travel planner offers drivers a choice. For the environmental aware, or when pressed for time in case congestion makes travelling solely by car unpredictable, a driver is offered a multimodal alternative. It complements travel by car with the most optimal public transportation alternative at the press of a button. How does it work? The multimodal travel planner is deployed as a standard SPITS application to a SPITS OBU. It hooks into the available SPITS APIs for GPS-location, address lookup, and communicates with the 9292 back office, a third party external service. Based on the destination already entered in the OBU car navigation, at any time during the trip, alternatives using public transportation can be calculated and availability is indicated. The driver may then request his options and re-plan his trip using 76
Multimodal travel planning both car and public transportation at the press of a button. Park and Ride (P&R) locations near the actual car location are queried from TomTom s points of interest database on the OBU. Next, the 9292 public transport information service is queried to get the travel advice from those P&R locations to the known destination. The 9292 information is combined with a TomTom calculated route to the P&R location to present a multimodal travel plan. At the press of a button the alternative may be activated reprogramming the car navigation and presenting the public transportation plan. General apps Developed by: Fourtress, TomTom Automotive Week 2011 77
Traffic Incident Monitoring Traffic Incident Monitoring takes reports of traffic incidents like for example road works, and verifies them against current traffic. Backed by a trust and reputation database, road closures and delays are reported to SPITS on-board units. How does it work? The Traffic Incident Monitoring server accepts inputs from multiple sources. First, registered users can report traffic incidents via a website, and secondly the server accepts Datex2 feeds from external sources. Traffic incidents that are considered sufficiently trustworthy are directly reported to drivers, others are held back. 78
Traffic Incident Monitoring In either case the road is monitored for traffic, using TomTom HD Traffic. Once there is a sufficient drop in traffic, even less trusted traffic incidents are reported to drivers. The use of a trust and reputation system and verification against live traffic, means that users do not need to be pre-screened. Everyone can report traffic incidents, because fake reports will be caught before they are sent to drivers. Yet when users with a good track record report traffic incidents, their reputation ensures that their report is sent out immediately. General apps Developed by: TomTom, Nspyre Automotive Week 2011 79
Other SPITS proof applications Electric Driving SPITS has created a service to manage the specific characteristics of an electric vehicle. The application reads the status of all battery cells in the Burton car. The application locates the nearest charging pole from the current position and by using the SPITS on-board unit it enables the driver to book this charging pole and have the car navigate to this location automatically. Mobility Data Clearing House The Mobility Data Clearing House offers a central platform for exchanging ITS data between ITS partners. It assures confidentiality, integrity and availability of the data delivered to drivers, fleet owners in the logistics sector, but also to governments and insurance companies. Geocontext For a variety of location-based applications, Logica has created a basic service to disclose geographic information to a vehicle. The number of enabling applications is almost infinite and applicable to many organisations. Areas with fixed and dynamic content can be predefined and dynamically modified. Geocontext is an alternative to text cars, fixed signs, and signs on emergency cars. 80
Other SPITS proof applications Speed advice ++ SPITS demonstrates the virtual motorway on the A270, an experience similar to the current physical information along the roadside, except now all signage is virtual and available in-car. The road operator can set signs similar to the current signage such as speed advice and lane closures. This works faster and more accurate, is flexible, and costs a fraction compared to the current road infrastructure. Virtual DRIP (Dynamic Route Information Panels) The road authorities are responsible for informing car drivers adequately. A DRIP informs the car driver at specific locations by a short text or picture. DRIPs are often located along the motorway. SPITS displays the actual text of the DRIP directly on the SPITS on-board unit. Virtual VDRIPs are also shown. They are DRIPs on locations without physical DRIPs present, for instance at the A270 SPITS test location. General apps Developed by: Logica Automotive Week 2011 81
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Value for business applications ITS covers a wide variety of applications, originating from various domains. Personal navigation, vehicle tracking, fleet management, electronic tolling, and other applications help drivers to travel safe, efficient and comfortable to their destination. Rich set of applications Developments in communication and technology are changing the nature of many of these applications. They become personalised, interactive and context aware. Applications also no longer operate in isolation. They share the same data sources or run on the same devices. Fleet owners can benefit greatly from the next generation of ITS solutions. They will decrease their operational costs through dynamic planning and fuel-efficient driving. Business apps Automotive Week 2011 83
Low Emission Zone Electric vehicle technology is developing rapidly. It offers cleaner and quieter vehicles, which makes them more popular for use in urban environments. Hybrid drive seems the best option for distribution trucks, running on batteries in the city centres. The application optimises the battery charging cycle in relation to route and traffic, and ensures full electric drive for the in-city delivery plan within the so-called Low Emission Zone, where generated trucks are not allowed. How does it work? The truck driver plans his route and in-city delivery plan on the SPITS platform. The route is combined with the traffic situation to predict the speed profile of the planned trip and the corresponding energy consumption. The system is set up in a way that the Low Emission Zone can be adjusted depending on weather conditions, traffic demand, etc. The up-todate information is received via a link with TomTom s HD-Traffic server. 84
Low Emission Zone The extent of route within the Low Emission Zone provides the target charge level of batteries on entry. With the initial charge level on departure, the required duration for running the generator is calculated. The generator is activated at selected route sections, like outside the urban areas and at roads where the truck can be driven at higher speeds in order to dissolve the exhaust fumes over a wide area. Business apps Developed by: TNO, TomTom Automotive Week 2011 85
Truck Height In the Netherlands, three times a day an over-height truck tries to pass a tunnel. Most are warned off at the last moment, but traffic is still impeded. The Truck Height application detects these over-height trucks early and reroutes them before they hinder the normal flow of traffic. How does it work? Each tunnel is guarded by a detection system (RSU), which triggers whenever an object exceeding a pre-determined height passes by. On detection of a height breach, the RSU transmits its location to the back office where the breach is registered. Each truck participating in the Truck Height system is equipped with a navigation system (on-board unit, OBU), which contains a database of height detection points. Whenever the OBU passes one of these points, it will send a height check request to the Truck Height Server. If the back office receives the height check request from the OBU, for the same time and place as the height breach detection by the RSU, it tells the OBU that the truck is too high. 86
Truck Height In turn, the OBU informs the driver that he is rerouted to avoid the upcoming tunnel. Because such instructions are part of the normal stream of navigation instructions provided by the OBU, this system is very user-friendly. Business apps Developed by: TomTom, Nspyre, TNO Automotive Week 2011 87
Fleet Tracking With the SPITS platform it is possible to send data from a fleet tracking application to a back office application. The fleet tracking application resides on SPITS on-board units from GreenCat or TomTom that are connected to a single back office. Transport companies and fleet owners who desire to keep track of their vehicles can benefit greatly. How does it work? The fleet tracking application sends the current position of the vehicle at certain time intervals to the back office application. At the back office the fleet operator can see the current position and historic positions (track). The back office collects the tracking positions of all vehicles or of a single fleet or multiple fleets. The fleet operator can filter vehicles to see their position or track. The application has the following advantage: Increased efficiency for planning of vehicle usage Reduced cost by checking the route the driver takes. Prevent detours Track stolen vehicles 88
Fleet Tracking Developed by: GreenCat, TomTom Business apps Automotive Week 2011 89
Driving Time Assistance To prevent driving time regulation offences, this application couples driving time information to navigation information. The application runs on a TomTom on-board unit and on a GreenCat on-board unit that is coupled with a TomTom system. Transport companies working under the European driving time regulations law will benefit from this application. How does it work? The driving time assistance application shows a real-time overview of the driving and resting times for the truck driver. It advises the driver in a simple way to take a break or rest period so he will not offend the European driving time regulation. The application keeps track of the overall remaining driving time and will search for suitable parking zones on the route that can be reached within this time. The truck driver will see a list of parking zones and can select the most suitable one as a via point on his route. Parking zones can be selected upon their characteristics like guarded truck parking. 90
Driving Time Assistance The application has the following advantage: Increased safety for the other traffic because driver can respect the regulation better Fines prevention Fewer detours to find a suitable parking zone and thus less fuel consumption Truck driver gets a visual aid to obey the complex driving time regulation rules Business apps Developed by: GreenCat, TomTom Automotive Week 2011 91
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Demonstrations SPITS final event takes place during the Automotive Week in May 2011 organised in Eindhoven/ Helmond, the Netherlands. The following SPITS activities take place: Shockwave mitigation experiments are shown once more during the Mobility Weekend at the A270 cooperative driving test track Multiple live demonstrations of the platform and applications are given at the largest booth of the IAC Technology Show SPITS hosts a total of 17 Smart Mobility sessions during the conference part of IAC Two public road tours (see next pages) offer visitors the opportunity to experience SPITS technology in traffic. The tours cover aspects of safety, efficiency, and driver comfort. The applications that are shown are real and live. They clarify how various organisations (both public and private) can participate in the cloud of cooperative systems. In June 2011, SPITS also presents its ready-todeploy results at ITS Lyon, France. Demonstrations Automotive Week 2011 93
SPITS shuttle tour This round-trip travels to the High Tech Automotive Campus in Helmond over the A270 and N270 cooperative driving test site. At the campus, the control room of the test site and future plans after SPITS are shown. Participants experience various SPITS applications that are further explained. 1. Introduction to road tour 2. Car-as-a-Sensor 3. Front view mirror 4. Odysa speed advice 5. Low emission zone 6. Multimodal travel planning 7. Infotainment C. Control room TNO Organised by: TomTom, PEEK Traffic, TNO, fourtress, NXP Enabled by: HTACampus and APTS-Phileas 94
SPITS road tour The selected route covers urban areas, regional roads, and part of the A270. All applications use the SPITS platform. It consists of an on-board unit in the bus, roadside systems along the inner ring of Eindhoven and the A270, and back offices that reside on the Internet. 1. Electric Vehicle Recharge 2. Odysa in-car greenwave 3. CIS 4. Speed advice ++ 5. Truck Parking 6. Virtual DRIP 7. Front view mirror 8. Lane merging assistant 9. Congress information 10. Pay how you drive 11. E-call Demonstrations Organised by: Logica, TNO, TomTom, NXP, Peek Traffic, Greencat Automotive Week 2011 95
List of booth demos An open platform SPITS architecture On-board unit Roadside unit Back office Future Research & Development Value for society applications Pay how you drive with a driver simulator and back office unit Breakdown call from the on-board unit Emergency call at the back office On route information: Check, track, and trace, OV9292, and Priority manager Software defined radio Map update methods: Car as a Sensor and Incremental map updates over DAB Better traffic flow: Shockwave mitigation and Lane merging assistant Value for business applications Efficient routing: Truck height, Low emission zone, and Traffic incident monitoring Truck assistance: Truck parking and Fleet tracking 96
Business models Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) promise to provide an answer for today s mobility, safety and environmental issues while enabling sustainable business. By aligning developments in ITS and coordination between public and private organizations, the creation of value can be maximised while total investments can be minimised. Sustainable business Mobility is considered to be one of the enablers of economic growth and contributes to the quality of life of people by providing them freedom to travel. The benefits are evident but the costs of mobility are less tangible. Pollution, congestion and reduced safety are statistics that cannot be associated directly to individuals or organisations. The question is how the growing demand for mobility can be fulfilled without increasing the cost side. Part of the answer lies in the development of new technology that enables more efficient use of the existing road infrastructure or reduces greenhouse gas emissions. Another and perhaps more important part however, lies in the redesign of the mobility business ecosystem. Sustainable growth requires collaboration. Pan-industry agreements about standards are to be used Business models Automotive Week 2011 97
Business models in order to maximise the effects of collaborative driving solutions and compatible ITS platforms that give service providers access to a larger audience. Collaboration The mobility domain consists of various stakeholders with different backgrounds and interests. Governments want to provide clean and safe mobility to their citizens, commercial companies want to sell their products and services to as many people as possible, and road operators want an efficient use of their infrastructure against low operational costs. Organisations, public or private, that want to deploy next generation ITS services are confronted with high initial costs because of the need to install new on-board units, roadside units or back office systems. Sharing the costs for infrastructure enables organisations to reduce their payback time and deploy services that were not commercially viable previously. Organisations with common or non-conflicting interests can deliver their services over a shared infrastructure. Examples of such combinations are lease and insurance companies, fleet owners and local governments, or mobile phone and car manufacturers. 98
Business models Between organisations with conflicting interests dedicated brokers can facilitate in, for example, the exchange of traffic related data. Collaboration prevents the deployment of stove-piped single solutions that hamper the further uptake and realisation of the promises of ITS. Business driving public values National and European governments have the instruments to drive the ITS market towards collaboration and standardisation. Regulation for new cars to support ITS standards or publishing of traffic related data from road operators contribute to a more open ITS domain. Governments can also use commercial developments to fulfil public values. Some commercial ITS services affect driving behaviour in a positive way. Business models Automotive Week 2011 99
Business models For example, research shows that mileage based car insurance reduces the mileage of policyholders and decreases the number of accidents involved. Smart parking services reduce the time people drive around looking for a free parking space, which, especially in urban areas, positively affects the green gas emission and safety. Governments can direct the development of financial profitable services with regulation concerning adherence of existing industry standards. By stimulating non-profitable services that contribute to mobility, safety or environment, governments can meet their targets in these areas without having to carry the investments in new ITS infrastructure alone. This way the penetration rate of commercial and public ITS services using interoperable ITS platforms increases and the market entry barrier for ITS service providers delivering new ITS services remains as low as possible. When the coverage of interoperable ITS platforms is large enough, collaborative ITS services like Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control can be deployed. 100
Example 1: Cooperative mobility An example of how a government can improve mobility is by introducing the Cooperative mobility concept. This concept enables road users to anticipate effectively on the actual situation on the road by exchanging information on the condition of the road and traffic, and on the behaviour of other road users, for example information on: speed limits, road signs, actual local weather, distance, and speed of nearby vehicles. Cooperative mobility is not a single service but a class or package of measures that jointly produce the results described. The value proposition of Cooperative mobility is based on the societal effects of increasing road safety and efficiency and reducing the environmental impact of road traffic. Furthermore, this more efficient use of existing infrastructure can result in a lower need for new infrastructure. Road users, drivers in specific, will benefit from efficient mobility and driving, resulting in a smoother traffic flow and less accidents. Business models Automotive Week 2011 101
Example 1: Cooperative mobility 102
Example 2: Pay how you drive An example of a profitable ITS service is the behaviour-based car insurance where the car owner is rewarded for safe driving behaviour through an insurance discount. The insurance benefit is defined based on the actual route driven (linked with actuarial statistics on particular road accident probabilities), the actual circumstances and the actual driving behaviour during the trip. The key asset in this business model is the ability to infer whether the driver s behaviour actually avoids damage and claims. The service enables a new business entity, the ITS Data Broker. Key responsibility of the Data Broker is the secure exchange of (personal) in-car data and driver feedback information between insurance companies and drivers. Calculations show that behaviour-based car insurance can be deployed profitably with a payback time of two years. Business models Automotive Week 2011 103
Example 2: Pay how you drive 104
After SPITS Although the SPITS project has reached its end, its partners will of course continue to deliver on the SPITS vision. Some highlights of R&D after SPITS: Cooperative driving Integrated circuits (chips) Business-to-business Cooperative driving test site (DITCM) Future applications The future is uncertain, but trends and scenarios can be identified, they contribute to the design of tomorrow s applications. Rising fuel prices, aging population, urbanisation, environmental awareness, and an increasing demand for transportation are some of the major trends that affect the traffic and transport domain. ITS can contribute in solving these issues. The open and standardised platform is ready for development of new ITS applications. Automotive Week 2011 105 After SPITS
Cooperative driving Most advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) currently implemented in conventional vehicles are based on in-car sensors and focused on driver comfort, collision warning, and collision mitigation. The current trend in ADAS is to further extend vehicle safety, improve traffic flow and reduce fuel consumption. Wireless communication is the main enabler for these improvements. The automotive environment including these wireless communication technologies is often referred to as cooperative driving. The current focus areas in mobility are increase of safety, increase of traffic throughput, and decrease of emissions and fuel consumption. Studies have shown that cooperative driving, i.e. wireless communication of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and/or vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), has the potential of 50% less traffic congestions, reducing the number of accidents on the road by 8%, and decreasing the CO2 emissions up to 5%. 106
Cooperative driving How to deploy? Cooperative driving influences the individual vehicles, either through advisory or automated actions, in order to optimise the collective behaviour of the participants in traffic. The main challenge towards the implementation of these cooperative driving systems, based on V2V and V2I communication, is to deliver added services for the first customers. TNO is currently leading in experimentally validating the cooperative driving studies and in developing cooperative driving applications that are close to the market as well as mid-term applications. By combining current off-the-shelf technologies, while involving SMEs, service providers, vehicle manufacturers and automotive suppliers, TNO is taking the next step towards a truly Intelligent Transport System. Together with partners from the industry, government and research companies, TNO develops a roadmap for cooperative mobility and the Dutch Integrated Test site Cooperative Mobility (DITCM). Both to cover the entire chain from research to deployment in an integrated approach. SPITS partners: TNO, TomTom Automotive Week 2011 107 After SPITS
Integrated Circuits Why Chips make it happen Integrated Circuits (Chips) play a role in every part of our lives. These tiny pieces of silicon can be found in mobile phones, computers, radios, TVs, and in your car. The electronic circuits that are packed together allow unprecedented functionality at ever decreasing costs. How does it work? Integrated Circuit technology allows the integration of millions and millions of tiny transistors onto a silicon wafer, which are separated and packaged as individual chips, and then used in many applications. Over the last decades, technology has developed to allow these transistors to reach nanometre dimensions. It means that ever more complex circuits can be packed into a small piece of silicon, which is at the same time faster and uses less power. This is what has allowed for the fantastic miniaturisation and cost reductions we have seen. Digitisation has played a big role, as it is easier to miniaturise digital circuits. As we now live in an analogue world, efficient communication, smart interfaces, and low power consumption are becoming more and more important. These are also vital in ITS systems. 108
Integrated Circuits So combining analogue, RF, and digital functions on one chip is the next step in miniaturised and cost effective mixed signal products. This is an area where NXP and its long time design partner Catena are the specialists, and it fits in very well with the SPITS ambition to come up with industrially and commercially attractive solutions. SPITS partners: NXP, Catena Automotive Week 2011 109 After SPITS
Business-to-business One of the SPITS focus areas has been the development of products, services, and technology for the business-to-business market. I.e. SPITS developed services for private and public organisations to better operate their primary processes. SPITS has developed an open and flexible environment for in car ICT, along the road side and at back offices to fulfil the B2B intelligent transport requirements. In each of those areas solutions have been developed to support the business. The development of low cost and off-the-shelve products ensures low thresholds for businesses to adopt the technology with built-in security, simple interfaces and intuitive operating systems, and finally a shorter time-to-market. 110
Business-to-business If a single ITS platform and standard can be embraced on a European scale, organisations and their customers can profit, in economics, service quality, and sustainability! SPITS aims to become that very platform. Target groups SPITS serves a variety of businesses, which include: Automotive industry, that looks for safe and secure in-car service solutions. They need a low cost platform that can be implemented in large quantities Insurance and lease companies, who can use the SPITS technology for measuring the driver s behaviour. Their business case is to lower the car damage cost Emergency services like police, ambulance, and fire brigade Fleet and transport companies, who optimise their transport, which will benefit the environment and improve safety SPITS partners: Logica, GreenCat Automotive Week 2011 111 After SPITS
DITCM Dutch Integrated Test site Cooperative Mobility Using the SPITS cooperation as a starting point, the consortium partners, supplemented with relevant stakeholders from industry, governmental and research parties, have taken the initiative to investigate the possibilities of realising an open innovation collaboration around the Helmond and Eindhoven test facilities. During the Automotive Week 2011, not only SPITS demonstrates on the A270 and N270. Also demonstrations of other projects like the GCDC (Grand Cooperative Driving Challenge) and C&D (Connect & Drive) use the cooperative driving test site. 112
DITCM The ambition of DITCM DITCM intends to offer a technical test environment for new developments in an open innovation context. Of course this will always happen in close cooperation with other regions, where the new applications will be demonstrated on a large scale, or where they will be rolled out. The basic idea behind the concept of DITCM is to offer an integrated chain of testing and R&D facilities in a geographical concentrated area. The existence of this integrated testing environment could accelerate the introduction of new mobility concepts and technologies, aiming at a better use of existing infrastructure, increased road safety, and/ or improving air quality. The integrated test site is not only a set of physical test facilities, it is also a virtual test environment where data from different stakeholders and projects can be collected and evaluated. Evidence-based feedback on new systems can be generated. It is the ambition of DITCM to be the link between the many initiatives in the field of cooperative mobility in Europe. SPITS partners: TNO, NXP, Peek Traffic, TomTom, TU Delft, TU/e Automotive Week 2011 113 After SPITS
Future applications Future scenarios Planning new generations of services requires thinking about the context in which those services will be deployed. Two identified uncertainties for the ITS market are the level of government involvement and the openness of the ITS business ecosystem (the level in which industry partners cooperate and support industry standards). Based on these two uncertainties, four scenarios have been defined of how the ITS market could look in the near future. The scenarios represent examples of where the ITS market could evolve to. For the ITS market as a whole, the preferred scenario has a strong governmental involvement and an open business ecosystem. This scenario is characterised by a high penetration of on-board units, availability of pan-industry standards and a low entry barrier for new service providers. Market adoption is expected to be faster than in the case of less government involvement and less open markets. 114
Future applications Automotive Week 2011 115 After SPITS
Future applications Zero road fatalities The European commission has set ambitious goals for the coming decades. Amongst the key goals in their whitepaper on European transport policy is a ban on conventionally-fuelled cars in urban areas and a 60% cut in transport emissions by 2050. Furthermore, 50% of medium distance intercity passenger and freight journeys should shift from road to rail and waterborne transport, and the number of road fatalities should move close to zero. These goals cannot be met without the aid of smart ITS solutions. For multimodal services to succeed, information systems from various transport modes need to be integrated in a seamless matter. Actual travel information, reservation systems, and billing systems need to be made available to multimodal travel applications. Eliminating road fatalities requires applications that support special attention to vulnerable road users, such as pedestrians, cyclists, moped and motorcycle riders who account for 40% of all road deaths. Value chain optimisation Increasing costs for logistics will result in changes in the logistics business ecosystem. Buyers and suppliers of logistic services need to integrate their planning and tracking systems even further to optimise the value chain and reduce operational costs. 116
Future applications Travel demand management requires information systems to distribute road pricing information to vehicles and individuals. With the uptake of electric vehicles, the demand for applications that manage charging and billing will increase. The growth of in-car infotainment platforms and decreasing costs for mobile communication enable service providers to offer entertainment services like video-on-demand, interactive TV, and streaming gaming to the car. In combination with automated driving systems, which require applications such as platooning, automatic lane merging, and shockwave damping, people can drive truly hands free to their destination while reading the newspaper or watching a movie. Connected car The list of future ITS applications is endless. The connected car opened the door to a new generation of applications in all kinds of domains. The underlying open SPITS platform is ready for this future and available for all application developers. Now it is up to us to shape the future. Automotive Week 2011 117 After SPITS
What is SPITS? Through a cooperation between academia and industry leaders across the entire value chain, the Dutch innovation program called SPITS (Strategic Platform for Intelligent Traffic Systems) has defined an ITS solution that can be rolled out in high volumes at an affordable price. The SPITS partners believe Intelligent Traffic Systems (ITS) can have a strong and positive impact on society through improving traffic flow and safety, reducing emissions and fuel usage for the environment, and reducing future investments in our roads. www.spits-project.com