new configurations
acknowledgements 2 EAAE, European Association for Architectural Education, www.eaae.be ISUF, International Seminar on Urban Form, www.form.org, Faculty of Architecture and The Built Environment, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and The Built Environment, Department of Urbanism, Graduate School for Architecture and the Built Environment [A+BE] Symposium Saverio Muratori Centennial Exhibition Renewal of the Urban Renewal De Nijl Architecten Rotterdam ISBN 978-1-61499-365-0 (IOS Press) ISBN 978-1-61499-366-7 (IOS Press, online) 2014 The authors and IOS Press. All rights reserved. Published and distributed by IOS Press under the imprint Delft University Press IOS Press Nieuwe Hemweg 6b 1013 BG Amsterdam The Netherlands tel. +31 20 688 33 55 fax +31 20 687 00 19 email: info@iospress.nl www.iospress.nl Legal Notice: The publisher is not responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. Printed in the Netherlands Scientific Committee Prof.ir. Dick van Gameren Prof.ir. Michiel Riedijk Prof.ir. Kees Kaan Prof.ir. Dirk Sijmons Prof.dr.ir. Han Meyer Prof.ir. Henco Bekkering Prof. Jeremy Whitehand University of Birmingham, ISUF Prof. Michael Conzen University of Chicago, ISUF Prof. Stefano Musso University of Genua, EAAE Prof. Adalberto Del Bo Politecnico Milan, EAAE Assoc.prof.dr.ir. Roberto Cavallo Assoc.prof.dr.ir. Susanne Komossa, EAAE Ass.prof.ir. Nicola Marzot, ISUF Ass.prof.dr.ir. Meta Berghauser Pont Editors Assoc.prof.dr.ir. Roberto Cavallo Assoc.prof.dr.ir. Susanne Komossa Ass.prof.ir. Nicola Marzot Ass.prof.dr.ir. Meta Berghauser Pont Joran Kuijper BSc Organising committee Assoc.prof.dr.ir. Roberto Cavallo Assoc.prof.dr.ir. Susanne Komossa Ass.prof.ir. Nicola Marzot Ass.prof.dr.ir. Meta Berghauser Pont Joran Kuijper BSc Prof.ir. Michiel Riedijk Prof.ir. Kees Kaan Prof.dr.ir. Han Meyer Organisation assistants Judith Blommaart-Tigchelaar Jonathan de Veen Ruta Ubareviciene Frank de Vleeschhouwer Xialu Wang Andrea Degenhardt Danielle Karakuza Debbie Rietdijk Hilde Kamp Jeanne Seelt-de Vogel Sacha Kern-Hoogenes Susan Ng-A-Tham A special thanks to the team of moderators and reviewers of the abstracts and full papers: Akkelies van Nes AnneLoes Nillesen Birgit Hausleitner Denise Picchini Filip Geerts Han Meyer Hans Teerds Inge Bobbink Jaap Dawson Klaske Havik Lara Schrijver Leo van den Burg Manuela Triggianese Marc Schoonderbeek Marcel Marchand Maurice Harteveld Meta Berhauser Pont Nicola Marzot Olindo Caso Remon Rooij René van der Velde Roberto Cavallo Roberto Rocco Silvio Carta Stefano Milani Susanne Komossa Tom Avermaete Willemijn Wilms Floet University of Chicago Michael Conzen University of Auckland Kai Gu University of Birmingham Jeremy Whitehand Tel Aviv University Juval Portugali University of Florence Giancarlo Cataldi Gian Luigi Maffei University of Genua Giacomo Delbene Stockholm Royal Institute of Technology Eva Minoura INTRODUCTION 10 Preface/Word of welcome Michiel Riedijk / Dick van Gameren 12 Introduction Roberto Cavallo / Susanne Komossa / Nicola Marzot / Meta Berghauser Pont / Joran Kuijper Keynotes 19 Saverio Muratori (1910 1973): The city as the only model Jean Castex 42 Experiments in cross-cultural morphology Michael Conzen 56 The changing state of the Dutch delta Han Meyer 67 Complex projects: Design or planning? Kees Kaan 79 Renewal of the Urban Renewal Henk Engel papers Theme 1 Innovation in building typology 99 Introductory writing theme 1 Nicola Marzot Reflecting on teaching and methodology 108 learning form Alnwick Giuseppe Strappa 115 alnwick, Northumberland: reading town-plans formative process Giancarlo Cataldi 121 Topicality of M.R.G. Conzen s proposal Gian Luigi Maffei 124 The Study of the Indigenization of Conzen s theory of morphology in China Ying Zhou, Yinsheng Tian 131 Teaching morphology in Portugal Teresa Marat-Mendes, Maria Amélia Cabrita, Vitor Oliveira 137 Introducing morphology to large undergraduate classes through projectbased teaching Terry Slater 143 a Method for Precedent Analysis of Spatial Artefacts Ali Guney 152 a Morphological Classification and Analysis of Sub Arterial Development Brenda Scheer, Michael Larice 160 Unsupervised Classification of Evolving Metropolitan Street Patterns Miguel Serra, Jorge Gil, Paulo Pinho 168 The Role of Three Building Models in Shanghai Urban Transformation Yu Lu 175 Majianglong Villages: typological process analysis liu Hao, Feng Song, Hao Deng, Xinkai Xiong, Chunhui Shi, Ying Dai 182 venice and the Venice Hospital Sophia Psarra 191 A priori synthesis: from the concept of Muratori to the ENPAS building realisation Silvia Tagliazucchi 197 Tehran Grand Bazaar as a diorama persistent artifact Negar Sanaan Bensi 204 Patterns with a heart Jaap Dawson 212 New possible results of the courtyard house typological process Anna Rita Amato 220 Design the fabric alessandro Franchetti Pardo 227 Urban morphology and architectural design of city limits and vertical connections in historical contexts Alessandro Camiz contents 3
PA P ERS Complex projects Institutions, politics and form 838 2 New Urban Configurations / R.Cavallo et al. (Eds.) / IOS Press / 2014 The authors and IOS Press. All rights reserved. doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-365-0-838 Birgit Hausleitner Flora Nycolaas Physical and Administrative Units in the Urban Block in Amsterdam 839
PA P ERS Complex projects Institutions, politics and form 840 1 Introduction The process of development and redevelopment generates the specific configuration of the block. Physical and administrative aspects thereby define this configuration through the assembly of different units. A unit is defined here as an entity independent of its neighbouring entities. The physical units are divided into design, construction and distribution units, and the administrative units are divided into the cadastre, ownership and maintenance units. All these units steer the possibility to adapt to the changing needs of a user inside each block. This article investigates these different units and how their organization of blocks in Amsterdam has changed over time. The organization of the units in the block is studied chronologically, starting with the seventeenth century, and ending with blocks from the last decade. The unit of development constantly changed scale throughout the timeframe that was studied. Until the nineteenth century, the blocks were built upon a finegrained plot structure, with the plot as a basic unit of development (Komossa, 2010, Panerai, 2005). Since the end of the nineteenth century, the city of Amsterdam is no longer developed plot by plot. This change was triggered by the introduction of the Building Act in 1901. Since the postwar period in particular, the scale of development grew, and this often caused the plot sizes themselves to grow as well. In the current state of fabric development, different strategies can still be traced. Love and Crawford (2011), for example, mention four possible strategies; district, block, street (two sides of the street) or plot-based. The development and growth of the fine-grain in recent projects, resulted in another organization of physical and administrative aspects on various levels of scale. Representative historical and recent examples of development can be found on different levels of scale. Single plots were the main unit of development in the Grachtengordel (canal ring) or the Jordaan during the seventeenth century, whereas currently this level of development has been (re)discovered, for example, in the Zuidbuurt on Steigereiland. Combinations of plots were developed in the nineteenth century ring. Currently, combinations of plots are found mainly in redevelopment projects of existing blocks, for example in the Indische Buurt. Development per block by the first housing companies can be found in the Staatsliedenbuurt built around 1900; a current example is the development on Haveneiland. For the realization of a neighbourhood as a whole, the garden city neighbourhoods in Amsterdam Noord are historic examples; such as the recent Noorderhof by Rob Krier. The main actors in development are also constantly changing. The municipality, institutional development companies, social housing corporations and private investors are of changing importance, influencing the private unit as well as the collective and public space connected to it. In the seventeenth century, individuals built and exploited plots, regulated by the municipality. De Zeeuw (2011) describes in his article, the spatial planning memorandum by the Dutch Ministry of Transport and Spatial Development (VROM), the policy for a compact city development that aimed for a more market-driven development, from the end of the nineteenth century until the end of the twentieth century, after a period of municipal development on a larger scale. Since then, the municipality only sets a framework for development; this is then developed by other parties. Some projects have already been completed in this new practice, which allows us to study them along with the historical examples and to evaluate implications for users and design. 2 Physical Units and Administrative Units As introduced before, two groups of units can be distinguished in the block; the physical and the administrative units. According to Love and Crawford (2001), a large-scale development can enable a variety of design solutions, and therefore a variety of organizations of the physical and administrative units. Both physical and administrative units together affect the user s or owner s ability and scope to reuse or change the initial setting or use. Whereas the control units describe the organization as who can decide on change, give support to the physical units, or who can impede these decisions. The different ways of organization are generated by the coverage of each unit (Fig.1). The coverage of one unit represents the size and distribution of the unit within the block, the equality or difference in coverage of all units contributes to the complexity of unit organization. 2.1 Physical Units Design Unit The design unit describes the scale on which an architectural entity is formed. Theunissen defined five types of design units manifested in the Dutch history of design (2009). These are the plot (ca. 1650), the block as a whole (ca. 1850), the street (ca. 1920), a part of a block (ca. 1970), and the open space inside the block (ca. 1990). In the seventeenth century Dutch city, which is referred to as traditional in this ar- ticle, the design unit is the façade of the individual house. This expression of individuality was a pragmatic result of the development of the city, plot by plot. The neighbourhoods of the late nineteenth century consist of rows of individual buildings (Buursink, 2010), used to establish the design concept of the picturesque townscape. In the beginning of the twentieth century, the focus shifted from the individual house to the street façade as a whole to emphasize the design of the public space expressing collective values. Facing façades were sometimes designed as one unit. The concept of the functional city of the mid-twentieth century, of which the General Extension Plan of Amsterdam is an example, was based on socialist ideas. This equalization diminished differences (Komossa et al. eds., 2002). The design unit was interwoven at different levels of scale, with a repetition of similar ensembles, whereas the ensemble in itself was also an inextricable formal entity. In current developments the publicly accessible inner court of the block is often designed as an architectural entity, emphasizing the relation between the design of the unbuilt space and that of the buildings. This resulted in the decrease of the freedom to design the individual building. Over time the design unit shifted in size from the single house to entire blocks or other bigger ensembles. Construction Unit The construction unit is defined by the technical constructive entity of the building. Some blocks are divided into different design units by designing varying façades, while the construction unit is one due to the building method used. An example is in situ concrete construction, which can hardly be adjusted or disassembled into parts. On the other hand, the façade of a block can be designed as one whole. A traditional building technique, hidden behind the façade allows for adjustment, such as the blocks developed by housing corporations at the beginning of the twentieth century. Traditionally, buildings in the Netherlands were mainly constructed with supporting walls perpendicular to the street, 4 to 6 m apart (Panerai et al., 2005). Wooden beams in between the supporting walls carry the floors. To reduce the housing shortage in the post-war period, the government stimulated the industrialization of the building sector. New building techniques with concrete were used, resulting in efficient, but inflexible constructions (Hoogstraten, 2010). Even now, when many houses are built at once, time and short-term financial efficiency rarely induces the use of other methods. A traditional construction method based on easily transformable elements enables the user to make small-scale physical adaptations. A large-scale construction unit often impedes alterations made by the user and/ or owner. When ownership and maintenance are also organized on a large scale, extensive physical transformations are possible. Distribution Unit The distribution unit defines the connection of the individual dwelling or business facility with the public space. It is necessary to differentiate the three types, where different steps of access are needed. Leupen and Mooij for example, describe the elevator and the corridor (2008) as possible elements of distribution. Considering the first type, the entrance door, as the most direct link between individual and public space. With the second type, different individual units share an internal vertical and/or horizontal collective distribution system, before reaching their dwelling. In the third type the distribution system is organized at the level of a total block. The private units are connected with the public space via a collective open space in the block, thus the distance to the public space increases. In the traditional Dutch city, the house has a direct connection to the public space. At the end of the nineteenth century a new system was developed to independently connect stacked apartments to the street. The different apartments in a building share a collective staircase behind the main entrance. In post-war mass housing, the apartment lost its direct relationship to the public space. Instead, apartments often had their entrances along collective corridors. In recent developments the required density often results in the use of stacked apartments. To re-establish the relationship to the public space, sometimes the houses in a block are connected directly to the street or an open inner space (Theunissen, 2009). 2.2 Administrative Units Cadastral Unit The cadastral unit is a unit for the legal organization of land. The cadastre itself is an institution that has registered each plot since 1832 (V.d. Goot, 2012), including the right of use of the ground as well as quantitative and qualitative properties (Heeling et al., 2002). A specificity of the cadastre system in Amsterdam is a system of land lease installed in 1896 (ibid). Most of the ground is the property of the municipality, whereas third parties can own the built form on each plot. Urban development based on neighbourhood or district development instead of the single plot caused the size of the average cadastral plot to increase, among other things. Birgit Hausleitner, Flora Nycolaas / Physical and administrative units in the block in Amsterdam 841
PA P ERS Complex projects Institutions, politics and form 842 The apartment law in 1951 enabled a splitting of the whole cadastral plot into parts, which became necessary because of the construction of apartment buildings (Mendel, 2010, Mertens et al., 1997). Even though buildings had previously been divided into top and bottom apartments, they usually belonged to one owner. This shift from a horizontal distribution to also a vertical distribution including collectively owned open space and facilities, as well as the land lease system, make the cadastral unit system itself a very complex one. Ownership Unit Since the emergence of institutional developers and investors, the ownership unit can differ substantially from the cadastral unit. One party can own several cadastral units, which is often the case with social housing corporations. They can own blocks as a whole or in parts, which are still subdivided into different cadastral units. Sometimes a whole block is one cadastral unit, which is owned by a singular company. Buildings in such a singular cadastral unit block are further subdivided into different apartments, which have different addresses (Kadaster, 2012, DRO, 2012). Since the start of renewal, another phenomenon appeared more often in the oldest parts of the city. A person or organization bought several plots next to each other and connected the buildings internally, providing one owner with a larger spatial entity. The ownership units created in this way are not visible in the cadastre division, because they are still different cadastral units. The consequence of this process was a hidden scaling up of basic ownership units, and the partial disappearance of the fine-grained usage structure (Stadsdeel Centrum, 2011). Maintenance Unit Where apartment owners have a common interest, they are often organized in a homeowner association, Vereniging van Eigenaren (VVE, 2012). This type of organization emerges if apartments or business facilities share collective facilities, for example a collective staircase or inner courts accessible via one common entrance. Sometimes one or more buildings encircle an open space, which can be collectively or publicly maintained. This collective maintenance is usually already fixed through the design of a larger number of user units at once (Moudon, 1986). Vertically connected units, mostly apartments, are legally obliged to install such an association, which are also registered in the cadastre. As soon as a VVE is installed, common agreements on changes are necessary. Where more buildings belong to one owner, usually they are maintained as one unit. 3 a Complex Interplay of Units: Eight Case Studies in Amsterdam The analysis of different blocks allowed the study of the interplay of units over time in practice. Eight representative blocks were chosen as case studies in historical and recent neighbourhoods. The following areas were selected to represent different periods of time (Fig.2): the Grachtengordel (seventeenth century), the Frederik Hendrikbuurt, (late nineteenth century), De Baarsjes (beginning of the twentieth century) and Geuzenveld (post-war). The more recently built neighbourhoods are Java and Borneo Island, both developed in the 1990s and two examples on Haveneiland have been realized in the last decade. The coverage of the units described above, was illustrated and calculated for each block (see Fig. 3 and Fig. 4). This allowed us to draw conclusions about the simplicity or complexity of the organization of the various units within the blocks. Until the end of the nineteenth century, the coverage of all units mostly coincided, examples are the Grachtengordel and the Frederik Hendrikbuurt. The beginning of the twentieth century represented a turning point concerning the organization of the units. From circa 1920 onwards, the municipality had a strong role in the development of the city, and the scale of development grew. All units were also organized on other scales, starting with the design unit as can be seen in De Baarsjes. Since the late twentieth century small-scale development has been used again in addition to large-scale developments. The size of development sets the framework for the size of the units. Smallscale development also induces the units to be organized on a small scale. The best example of this is in the block on Borneo Island. With the increasing scale of development, the units are also often organized on a larger scale. In the case of Geuzenveld and Haveneiland 1, the design unit, the maintenance unit, and in Haveneiland 2 also the distribution and the construction unit are larger. The individual space is represented by an address. The interplay of the smallscale individual space and the units, which expanded, embedded the individual space in a collective environment. Different kinds of unit organization in blocks can be distinguished, which have either a simple or complex organization. In a simple organization most units overlap in size and distribution regardless of the scale. In the Grachtengordel generally all units are organized on the scale of the plot. The ownership of the unit is mostly equal to its user. They are one entity supported by the physical structure of the block. Sometimes parts of the stacked floors were sub-let as apartments or the basement was sub-let for shops or workshops. Simple forms of organization are also found in the recent examples like Haveneiland 2, on the scale of the block as a whole or the Scheepstimmermanstraat on Borneo Island, which was developed plot by plot. The latter shows a simple organization analogous to the historical cases (25 development units resulted in 25 of all the other units). Although more recent examples of clear, simple organization exist, they are exceptions. The majority of blocks developed since the beginning of the twentieth century had a more complex organization. The blocks in Geuzenveld, on Java Island and Haveneiland show, for example, an organization in which each unit has a different size and location in the block. Java Island is designed in relatively small units, whereas the ownership is organized on a larger scale (39 design units, 2 ownership and maintenance units). The apparent individual authority is only a formal expression. Haveneiland 1 shows further that largescale development units increase the complexity of the organization of the other units. Here, different buildings and manifold user units share collective facilities, upon which the user units in the different buildings are established. The interwoven system of ownership, use, maintenance, construction and distribution, in this case, required a larger cadastral unit. The opposite is the case on Borneo Island, where a small-scale organization of units allows small cadastral units. Until the 1940s the division between private and public space was strong and clear; the building façades were a sharp border. The Grachtengordel, the Frederik Hendrikbuurt and De Baarsjes are examples of this type of block. With the dissolution of the closed building block, inner courts became publicly accessible. This space often overlaps with the development, owner, maintenance and distribution units, which diffuses the border between private and public space, as seen in Java Island and Haveneiland 1 and 2. 4 reflection and Discussion in the Context of Urban Design Physical and administrative units form an interdependent system. The effort needed to alter the physical units is relatively high, whereas the administrative units can be changed without necessarily triggering physical change. Physical units are easiest to alter when they coincide with administrative units. An example is the combination of two ownership units into one, which can trigger physical change. The administrative units grew due to the shifting mode of development and the demand for more space for different uses. Through the different coverage of all units, many stakeholders are involved and what is allowed and what is not is frequently defined for the biggest unit, which is most often the maintenance unit. Owners thus often depend on the agreement of other stakeholders when deciding on changes and adjustments. Over time, the combination of units with different coverage has increased the complexity of the block. From the analyses of the present cases, two hypotheses can be formulated, both referring to a complex organization of units. First, complex unit organization makes physical change more difficult, and second, the adaptability of the built form to accomodate a new programme is not reduced by a more complex unit organization. Research on creative solutions in order to react to new demands will be presented in forthcoming papers by the authors of this paper. Birgit Hausleitner, Flora Nycolaas / Physical and administrative units in the block in Amsterdam 843
PA P ERS Complex projects Institutions, politics and form 844 References BUURSINK, E. 2010. Revanche van de schilderachtige ingenieursstad. Voormodernistisch Amsterdam als sociaal-economische motor van de metropoolregio. Masterthesis Universiteit van Amsterdam. http://www.slideshare.net/ ErrikB/errik-buursink-revanchevan-de-schilderachtigeingenieursstad (accessed on 27 August 2012) DRO (2012). Dienst Ruimtelijke Ordening. Accessed online on 4 August 2011 and 30 August 2012 VAN DEN GOOT, E.O. 2012. Het begin van het kadaster. In: A RCHIEF VAN HET KADASTER. vs. 34.1. http://stadsarchief.amsterdam. nl/archieven/archiefbank/overzicht/5358.nl.html# (accessed on 28 August 2012) HEELING, J., MEYER, H. & WESTRIK, J. 2002. Het ontwerp van de stadsplattegrond; De kern van de stedebouw in het perspectief van de eenentwintigste eeuw. Deel 1. Amsterdam, Uitgeverij Sun HOOGSTRATEN, D. 2010. Master of Your Own Home. DASH: The Residential Floor Plan. Standard and Ideal. Rotterdam: Nai Publishers Kadaster 2012. www.kadaster.nl. online accessed on 17 April and 6 August 2012 KOMOSSA, S., MEYER, H., RISSELA- DA, M., THOMAES, S. & JUTTEN, N. (ed.). 2005. Atlas of the Dutch Urban Block. Bussum, Uitgeverij THOTH KOMOSSA, S. 2010. The Dutch Urban Block and the Public Realm. Nijmegen, Uitgeverij Vantilt LEUPEN, B. & MOOIJ, H. 2008. Het ontwerpen van woningen, een handboek. Rotterdam, Nai Publishers LOVE, T & CRAWFORD, C. 2011. Plot Logic: Character-Building through Creative Parcelisation. In TIESDELL, S. & ADAMS, D. (eds.), Urban Design in the Real Estate Development Process. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell MENDEL, M. 2010 Erfpacht en opstal op niveau. Alternatieven voor het appartementsrecht? Masters thesis notarieel recht. Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen MERTENS, R.H.F., VENEMANS, C. & VERDOES KLEIJN G. 1997. Preadvies naar een vernieuwd appartementsrecht. Lelystad: Koninklijke Vermande MOUDON, A.V. 1986. Built for Change, Neighborhood Architecture in San Francisco. London, MIT Press PANERAI, P. 2005. The Scale of the Urban Block. in: KOMOSSA, S.; MEYER, H. (2005). Atlas of the Dutch Urban Block. Bussum, Thoth PANERAI, Ph., CASTEX, J., DEPAULE, J.-Ch. & SAMUELS, I. 2004. Urban Forms. The Death and Life of the Urban Block. Oxford, Architectural Press. (1st English edition); originally published in 1977 as: Formes urbaines, de l îlot à la barre. Paris, Bordas Stadsdeel Centrum (ed.) 2011. Conceptnota Beleidsaanpassingen Bestemmingsgebied 1012. Amsterdam: Gemeente Amsterdam. Sector Bouwen en Wonen, Afdeling Ruimtelijk Beleid THEUNISSEN, K. 2009. New Open Spaces in Housing Ensembles. DASH: New Open Space in Housing Ensembles. Rotterdam: Nai Publishers VVE Vereiniging van Eigenaren 2012. www.verenigingvaneigenaren.nl (accessed 14 April 2012) DE ZEEUW, F. 2011. Gebiedsontwikkeling in Nederland: Diepe val dwingt tot reflectie. Rooilijn vol. 44, no. 6, 404-411 Figures 1a Overlap of control and physical units within a building block 1b Location of case study building blocks in Amsterdam 2 Description of control and physical units in historic case studies 3 Description of control and physical units in recent case studies 1a 1b Birgit Hausleitner, Flora Nycolaas / Physical and administrative units in the block in Amsterdam 845
PA P ERS Complex projects Institutions, politics and form 846 2 3 New Urban Configurations / R.Cavallo et al. (Eds.) / IOS Press / 2014 The authors and IOS Press. All rights reserved. doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-365-0-847 Birgit Hausleitner, Flora Nycolaas / Physical and administrative units in the block in Amsterdam 847
contents 235 Urban voids and building renewal in Boston, New York City and Roma Paolo Carlotti The issue of change into the emerging Countries development 242 The morphological transformation from a factory to Creative Park yiying Zhou, Jiang Zhao, Yinsheng, Tian 249 Contemporary Architecture of Druskininkai Resort Vilt Migonyt 256 The morphology and the percipient analysis Regina Lustoza 262 analyzing the mutual influences between spatial distribution and thermal performance of tropical contemporary Brazilian dwellings Nathália Braga, Renato T. de Saboya 272 Design and occupancy of public spaces in social housing (São Paulo, Brasil) Denise Antonucci, Guilherme Filocomo 279 The Havana Experience with Participatory Design Arturo Valladares Building Type and the changing natural environment 286 Climate Proofing Cities laura Kleerekoper, Andy van den Dobbelsteen, Truus de Bruin- Hordijk, Machiel van Dorst 293 New building typology for Solar chimney electricity Biao Wang, Luc Adolphe, Léa D. Cot 299 adaptability, sustainability, energy retrofitting Annarita Ferrante, Elena Cattani, Case studies of building type transformation 307 Sub Landscape and Collective Housing Roger-Joan Sauquet Llonch 313 Shifting Typologies Marco Pompili 320 Post-socialist development of New Belgrade Ksenija Bunjak, Mladen Peši, Aleksandar Kuši 329 analysis of Urban Morphology on Festival Space decorated on Urban Space in the case of the Takayama Festival in spring and autumn Kenjiro Matsuura 336 Urban form, density and structure Graciela Moreno Ternero 347 The Manhattan row house as an exemplar of adaptability: 1874-2011 Garyfalia Palaiologou, Laura Vaughan 354 The Stage as an Urban Activator Felix Schmuck 361 architectural Contextualism and Emerging Hybrid Morphologies Esin Kömez 370 Density, productivity and propinquity Claire Harper 376 Urbanities Materials and Site makes... Music Architecture Poole Channa Vithana Theme 2 Infrastructure and the city 387 Introductory writing theme 2 Roberto Cavallo Infrastructures, societal changes and transformations 393 Turin and Detroit Amanda Pluviano, Sophia Psarra 402 Post-industrial infrastructure and the politics of regeneration Sergio Martín Blas 411 New meta-framework for the housing complex of political migration Seungkoo Jo 418 Re-envisioning infrastructural breaks Robert Saliba, Abir Al-Tayeb 425 High-rise and high density housing Ryo Fujimori 432 Infrastructures of the New Urban/Rural Continuum in Early 21st Century China Mary-Ann Ray, Robert Mangurian Infrastructural interventions, territorial scale and impact on developments 439 Pre-cycled Airport: strategies before airport decline ADES Research Sara Favargiotti 445 The New BreBeMi Highway Sara Riboldi 452 Itaipu Hydroelectric Power Plant and the ization process in the borderland of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina adelita Araujo de Souza, Jane Victal Ferreira 459 The Øresund Fixed Link and the Design of a New Transnational Metropolitan Area Carlotta Torricelli Changing dynamics, heritage and modi operandi 466 Peripheral Typo-morphology Po Ju Huang, Chaolee Kuo 474 Conservation of the Historical Construction Works with the Renew of City Transportation Planning Kitani Kenta, Naoaki Furukawa, An Le Vinh, Hai Phan Thanh, Takeshi Nakagawa, Shigeru Satoh 480 The persitence of public space: Downtown lisbon Mafalda Sampayo, David Rodrigues 489 Conflicting motivations in riverside design and architecture in the case of Eskisehir Hatice Günseli Demirkol 495 The City as a Network Jørgen Hauberg Measuring spatial performance 502 Making spatial diagnosis in combining Space Syntax, Spacematrix and MXI with GIS of new and old towns Akkelies van Nes, Yu Ye 510 Systemic sustainability and emerging diversity of shopping concepts in multi-agent networks annuska Rantanen, Sanna Iltanen, Anssi Joutsiniemi 518 Complexity theory, configuration and residential segregation Bardia Mashhoodi 525 an empirical research on correlation between subway station superstructure construction and sustainable development Xialu Wang, Jianwei Yan, Tong Wang 535 Measuring community benefit of infrastructure projects in Hong Kong Hendrik Tieben, Essy Baniassad, Sujata Shetty, Helen Grace contents 5 4
contents Theme 3 Complex projects 547 Introductory writing theme 3 Meta Berghauser Pont The performance of form 551 The social and economic significance of form laura Narvaez, Alan Penn, Sam Griffiths 559 a comprehensive spatial-socio classification of 40 deprived neighbourhoods in the Netherlands Akkelies van Nes, Manuel Lopez 567 Sense of Home, Sense of Place Mirko Guaralda, Gillian Lawson, Evonne Miller 574 Study of relationship between sky view factor and plaza conformation Xi Wu, Nan Liu 583 The relationship between the svf value and the spatial configurations within the mix-used commercial block Nan Liu, Wu Xi 594 Study on the relationship between high-rise residential building forms and frontal area ratio Yuanchang Li 602 visibility and climatic analysis of the capital district in Abu Dhabi master plan 2030 Rim Meziani, Nihal Saif 610 Study on the relationship between street patterns and the air quality Ying Yu, Zhi Gao, Wowo Ding 616 Solar planning in european cities Sigrid Lindner, Astrid Müller Innovative tools for analysis and design 623 Integrating design, use and operational complexities in high-density space environments Im Sik Cho, Zdravko Trivic 631 Analyzing and designing cities: vitor Oliveira, Mafalda Silva, Valério Medeiros, Ana Barros 638 Urban design with parametric maps Jernej Vidmar 645 City Information Modelling José Beirão 652 Interactive parametric design Pedro Arrobas da Silva, José Beirão 659 a configurative approach to neighborhood planning and design, promoting pedestrian mobility Pirouz Nourian, Sevil Sariyildiz 666 Informal Redundancy Giorgio Ponzo Urban Morphology 673 How grids generate ism Yodan Rofe, Itzhak Omer 679 Density, height limitation and plot pattern Lina Zhang, Wowo Ding 689 Morphological study on the unit of fabric of contemporary residential plot in Yangtze river delta, China Quan Liu, Wowo Ding 695 a study of kanazawa the castle town, its historical structure and formation Keisuke Sugano 703 a study on the alley in the lifen residential areas in hankou historical colonies, take the historical British colony as an example Jiaxiu Cai, Mei Li Architectural projects and the landscape 710 Modelling the developments in the Noorderkwartier area Arnoud de Waaijer 718 Key projects Nils Björling 726 Urban project as a tool for spatial integration of knowledge and sustainable development in the case of southern Boulevard in Skopje Ognen Marina, Alessandro armando 736 Urban Configuration Through a Constant Receptive Entity Narges Golkar, Raana Saffari Siahkali 742 What challenges: the case of high speed railway station area redevelopment Manuela Triggianese 750 architecture, absolutely critical: How to identify a promising New Urban Configuration? Sven Verbruggen 759 Stratford City/Athletes Village/East Village: Enabled by infrastructure, accelerated by global sport Jonathan Kendall Self-organisation, social engagement and the perception of space 766 Networks and opportunistic design Maria Guerreiro, Sara Eloy, Israel Guarda, Pedro Faria Lopes 777 exploring levels of participation in regeneration Jurrian Arnold, Saba Golchehr 784 Publics and their spaces: renewing ity in city and suburb Luisa Bravo, Margaret Crawford 790 Multiple perceptions as framing device for identifying relational places Claudia Scholz, Louise Brandberg Realini 799 Domesticating the street, examples, experiences, and proposals Roger-Joan Sauquet Llonch, Magda Mària, Pere Fuertes, Anna Puigjaner 807 Resilient assemblages: the complex identity of Nezu in Tokyo Milica Muminovi, Emilio Jose Garcia, Brenda Vale, Darko Radovi Institutions, politics and form 814 Politics and ism means to an end or genuine implementation? Eric Firley 820 an exploration of intercessions as a part of studying the complexity of shrinking cities Andreas Luescher, Sujata Shetty 826 Polycentrality within the Greater Paris Nathalie Roseau 832 Back to the center: In search of new residential infrastructures for public use in the consolidated city Carmen Espegel, Esperanza M. Campaña Barquero, Daniel Movilla Vega, Gustavo Rojas Pérez 839 Physical and administrative units in the block in Amsterdam Birgit Hausleitner, Flora Nycolaas Theme 4 Green spaces: the city and the territory 851 Introductory writing theme 4 Susanne Komossa, Nicola Marzot Design theory on metabolisms 859 New configurations: Towards a new metabolism Teresa Marat-Mendes 865 The role of green spaces for the resilience of a city emilio Garcia, Milica Muminovi, Brenda Vale, Darko Radovi 872 The role of morphological green spaces in the context of Brazilian cities Stael Pereira Costa, Marieta Cardoso Maciel, Maria Cristina Villefort Teixeira, Maria Manoela Gimmler Netto 878 The role of green spaces in the integration between city and territory livia Salomao Piccinini, Elio Trusiani, Décio Rigatti 884 DAR SMART: Eco-armatures for exploding african metropolis Alessandro Frigerio 891 Territorial configuration of the dead cities in northern Syria Giulia Annalinda Neglia 897 a new lesson from the territory of Bandiagara, Mali Elisa Dainese Green Design as means of joining technical, socio-economical and ecological sustainability 904 Urbs in rure? Sophia Meeres 911 Improving open spaces for a sustainable city Karin Meneguetti, Renato leão Rego 917 Densification + greenification = sustainable city Martin Aarts 923 Tracing the development of contemporary park-city relationships René van der Velde 930 Green galaxies Saskia de Wit 936 Changing public realm, natural green and artificial interior landscapes Susanne Komossa, Nicola Marzot 944 Joining outside and inside: planted terraces in multi-level buildings Elisa Bernardi contents 7 6
contents Design instruments & strategies of watermanagement 950 Green roofs as a design instrument to climate, water and energy management Peter Teeuw, Christoph Maria Ravesloot 956 Water gardens Denise Piccinini, Inge Bobbink, Mariska van Rijswijk 963 The construction of open space system integrated with stormwater management Tu Mengru, Hu XiaoNing 969 Design research in an environment of change Roberto Cavallo, Olindo Caso Theme 5 Delta ism: Living with water in the Deltas 979 Introductory writing theme 5 Han Meyer 981 Thinking Lisbon for 2100 Carlos Dias Coelho, J.P. Costa, M. Matos Silva, Andre Santos Nouri 988 Hey Delta Urbanisms!!! Don t forget the Watersheds!!! Derek Hoeferlin 996 Urban tensions in the Yangtze river delta Harry den Hartog 1003 The future of the Dutch coast Jandirk Hoekstra, Janneke van Bergen, Nikki Brand, Inge Kersten, Maike Warmerdam 1010 Form design strategy of Chinese riverside new town based on the water system structure Liu Hua, Peng Gui 1017 Tsunami disaster and form Nobuharu Suzuki 1024 living with water in the ized Mekong Delta Quang Dieu Pham 1030 Floods and design performance Renata Cavion, Magda Lombardo 1036 Reshape the villages and cities devastated and raise the communities with respect from the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami disaster Shigeru Satoh, Keisuke Sugano 1044 Modeling Space Characteristic to Lingnan Water Town Under the Background of Globalization Yao Liu 1049 Towards an Integrated Perspective of Urban Development and Flood Management Strategies in Guangzhou Based on Morphological Study Yuting Tai introduction 1058 Author Index 1072 Colophon 9 8