GUIDE OF HOW TO WRITE BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES 1- THE OBJECTIVE OF A BIBLIOGRAPHY.. p.2 2- SOME GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS OF HOW TO WRITE BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES... p.2 3- BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE OF WORKS.. p.3-4 4- BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE OF A THESIS, MEMOIRE p.4 5- BIBILIOGRAPHICAL NOTE OF ACTS OF CONGRESS, COLLOQUIUM.. p.5 6- BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE OF A PERIODICAL ARTICLE.. p.6 7- BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE OF WEBSITES p.6 8- BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE OF OTHER MEDIA SUPPORTS (CD-Rom, video) p.6 9- BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE OF LEGAL TEXTS (Law, Decree). p.6 10- CLASSIFICATION OF BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES.... p.7-8 a) Classification in order of appearance of quotations b) Alphabetical classification by order of Authors name c) Classification by theme
1. THE OBJECTIVE OF A BIBLIOGRAPHY The studied work and writing of a scientific text suggests thorough research of information supported by previous works. Exploiting this material enables the development of personal reflection. The main purpose of a bibliography is to allow the readers to acknowledge the sources which served to develop ones argument and the area of research. These references will enable the identification and location of the documents. Each of the mentioned and analyzed documents contribute to the scientific credibility of the work of research. To facilitate the reading of a work of research, it is advisable to reference the quoted works by writing a separate section entitled Bibliographical references. Writing a bibliography suggests effectively identifying the documents and underlining their important elements in describing for each one (author, title, publisher, date of publication, place of publication, etc ). In order to write references one must apply certain rules and ISO norms. This simplified guide aims to help you write the bibliographical references of your memoires or reports. It includes the precise rules which will enable you to reference retained documents while respecting a logical and coherent presentation. 2- SOME GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS ON HOW TO WRITE BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES. The rule which must be applied is to use a coherent system for all the references, to respect a total homogeneity in the writing of each reference. There are several types of bibliographical references (work, article, thesis, act of congress) and several supports (media, CD-ROM ). A bibliographical reference consists of elements of data which allows the identification of documents without ambiguity. These elements (author, title, edition, date of publication ) must respect a precise order. The bibliographical references must be presented in a chosen style for each element (character size 12-, police-times New Roman-, capital letter, small letter, ). An author can be a single person or a collective (eg : Directorate of Books and Readership). If the number of authors is over 3, you should only quote the 3 first ones as indicated on the source, followed by «et al». And if no authors are specified, begin the note with the title. If the book is managed or coordinated by a main author, indicate the author followed by (dir.).
For an author whose several texts are mentioned, it is necessary to begin with those for which he is the only author. One can then respect the chronological order of publication for all his texts. 3. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE OF A WORK A) Complete Works (paper) Name/First Name of the author or authors (date of publication), title of the work: subtitle of the work, edition (1st, 2 nd edition ), place of publication : publisher, number of pages (last number indicated in the book), (title of the collection, N of the collection) ISBN (Optional) Examples : GILBERT Patrick (1998), L Instrumentation de gestion : la technologie de gestion, science humaine, Paris : Economica, 147 p, (Coll. Gestion) 2 7178 3603 9 D IRIBARNE Philippe, HENRY Alain, CHEVRIER Sylvie, et al. (1998) Cultures et mondialisation : gérer par-delà les frontières, Paris : Seuil, 354 p, (coll. La Couleur des idées) 2 02 034 87 64 BREALEY Richard A., MYERS Stewart C., ALLEN Franklin, (2006), Corporate Finance, (8 th ed.), New York: Mc Graw Hill, 1028 p 007 111551X BOUVIER Alain, (2004), Management et Sciences Cognitives, Paris : PUF, 127 p, (coll. Que Sais-je?, n 1200) b) Complete Works (electronic) AUTHOR (date of publication), title of work [on line], Edition, place of publication: Publisher, (Title of the Collection, n of the Collection), available on <URL> (date consulted) IBSN (optional) Examples : OCDE (2006), Perspectives de l Emploi de l OCDE : stimuler l emploi et les revenus [en ligne], Paris, OECD, disponible sur : <http : //www. oecd.org/home, (consulté le 21/06/2006) c) Chapter and works with the same author. AUTHOR, (date of publication), Title of the chapter, In: Title of the work, Edition, Place of publication: Publisher, pagination (p. x-x), (Title of the collection, n of the collection) ISBN (optional) Example :
BARTOLI Annie, (2005), Les nouveaux axes de modernisation des organisations publiques, In : Le Management dans les organisations publiques, 2 ème éd., Paris : Dunod, p. 366-400 (coll. Management public) 210 04 89 003 d) Chapter and works with different authors AUTHOR, (date of publication), Title of the chapter, In : author(s) of the work, (+ managed for, by, or coordinated for, by ), Title of the work, Edition, place of publication : publisher, pagination (p.x-x), (title of the collection, n of the collection, ISBN (optional) Example : CADIX Alain, (2005), Entreprise et territoire : le cas français des pôles de compétitivité, In : DE BOISSIEU Christian, DENEUVE Carole (Dir.), Les entreprises françaises 2005 : le retour du volontarisme industriel?, Paris : Economica, p. 163-182 2 71 78 50 597 e) Chapter and work with the same author (electronic resource) AUTHOR, (date of publication), title of chapter, In : Title of the work [on line], edition, place of publication: publisher, (title of the collection, n of the collection), available on : <URL> (date consulted) Exemple : COPELAND Tom, KOLLER Tim, MURRIN Jack (2002), Pourquoi évaluer la valeur [en ligne] In : La stratégie de la valeur, Paris : Eyrolles, disponible sur : http://glr.methodes.free.fr/livres_finance/strategie_de_la_valeur.html (consulté le 21/06/2006) 4. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE OF A THESIS, INTERNSHIP REPORT A thesis or a student report, are described as a book with mention of thesis or report and elements such as subject, the defense of one s thesis, the school and year of the defense. a) Thesis, memoire, report of internship (paper) AUTHOR, title, type of work (thesis, report ), subject, location of the defense of one s thesis, the university and year, number of volumes and of pages. Example: ARNAUD Gilles, Les apports d une psychanalyse organisationnelle : instrumentation ou questionnement pour les sciences de gestion? Thèse de Doctorat, sciences de gestion, Toulouse : LIRHE, Université des Sciences Sociales Toulouse 1, Janvier 2001, 2 vol., 264 p. b) Thesis, memoire, report of Internship (electronic)
AUTHOR, title [on line], type of work, subject, location of the defense of one s thesis, the university and year, number of pages, available on : <URL> (date consulted). Example: GUEGEN Gaël, Environnement et management stratégique des PME : le cas du secteur Internet [en ligne], thèse de Doctorat, Sciences de gestion, Montpellier : Université Montpellier 1, Décembre 2001, 583 p., disponible sur <http//www.sciencesde gestion.com/these/index.html > (consulté le 22/06/2006). 5. Bibliographical note of acts of congress, colloquium a) Acts of congress, meeting, conference (paper) AUTHOR, (year of publication), title of the conference, place of the conference, place of publication: publisher, number of pages, (title of the collection, n of the collection) ISBN (optional) Example: AFM (2002), Colloque AFM 2001 : 17 ème Congrès de l Association Française du Marketing, Deauville, Paris : AFM, 854 p. b) Acts of congress, meeting, conference (electronic) AUTHOR, date of publication, title [on line], title of the conference, place of the conference, place of publication: publisher, available on : <URL> (date consulted) Example: AIMS (2006), Actes de la Conférence de l Association Internationale de Management Stratégique [en ligne], Annecy, Paris : AIMS, disponible sur : <http://www.strategieaims.com/aims06/actes0655.html, (consulté le 22/06/2006) c) Communication in a conference (electronic) AUTHOR (date of publication), title of the communication [on line], In : Author, title of the conference, date of the conference, place of publication: publisher, number of pages (title of the collection, n of the collection). ISBN (optional) Exemple : LACOSTE Denis, FAVOREU Christophe, LAVIGNE Stéphanie, RIGANONI Eric, (2006), L impact de la structure actionnariale sur les stratégies de diversification des grandes entreprises françaises, [en ligne] In / Actes de la Conférence de l AIMS 2006, Annecy, Paris : AIMS, 854 p, et disponible sur : <http://www.strategieaimscom/aims06/www.irege.univ-savoie.fr/aims/programme/pdf/sp11%20lacoste.pdf> (consulté le 22/06/2006)
6. Bibliographical note of a periodical article AUTHOR (date of publication), title of the article, TITLE OF PERIODIC, date of publication, tome, volume, number, pagination. ISSN (optional) Examples: RAKOTO Philémon (2005), Caractéristiques de l information, surcharge d informations et qualité de la prédiction, Comptabilité-Contrôle-Audit : la revue de l Association Francophone de Comptabilité, tome 11, vol 1, mai 2005, p 23-38 ISSN : 1262-2788 BEATTY Joy E., JOFFE Rosalind (2006), An overlooked dimension of diversity: the career effects of chronic illness, Organizational Dynamics, vol 35, issue 2, 2006, p. 182-195 ISSN : 0090-2616 Et disponible sur : http://www.sciencedirect.com (consulté le 22/06/2006) 7. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE OF WEBSITES AUTHOR (or organization), title of the home page, [on line], available on : <URL>, (date consulted) Example : IMD (International Institute for Management Development), publications/working paper series [en ligne], disponible sur : http://www01.inad.ch/research/publications/papers/index.cfm?papersyear=2005, (consulté le 23/06/2006) 8. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE OF OTHER MEDIA SUPPORTS (CD-ROM, VIDEO) AUTHOR (year of publication), title (support), place of publication: publisher ADIT (Agence pour la Diffusion de l Information Technologique) (2005), Veille stratégique, intelligence économique : un nouvel atout concurrentiel pour l entreprise (CDROM) Strasbourg :ADIT. 9. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE OF LEGAL TEXTS (LAW, DECREE) a) Bibliographical reference of a law, a decree (paper) AUTHOR, (date of publication), title, Official Journal, n of OJ, number of pages
Exemple : MINISTERE DE L ECONOMIE, DES FINANCES, ET DE L INDUSTRIE (2005), Loi n 2005-1719 du 30 décembre 2005 de finances pour 2006, Journal Officiel n 304 du 31 décembre 2005, p. 20597-20612 b) Bibliographical reference of a law, a decree électronic) AUTHOR, (date of publication), title [on line], Official Journal, n of OJ, available on : <URL> (consulted on ). Example: MINISTERE DE L ECONOMIE, DES FINANCES, ET DE L INDUSTRIE (2005), Loi n 2005-1719 du 30 décembre 2005 de finances pour 2006 [en ligne], Journal Officiel n 304 du 31 décembre 2005, p. 20597-20612. Disponible sur : <http//www.legifrance.gouv.fr> (consulté le 23/06/2006). 9. CLASSIFICATION OF BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES It is important that the list of bibliographical reference is classified. Various classifications are possible : a) Alphabetical classification by order of Authors name This is the most often used. It enables a significant reading of the bibliography for specialists in the domain who know most of the authors and can find their way around easily. b) In chronological order of date of publication (indicated in brackets) It enables an understanding of the evolution of the thematic. This method is sometimes called the Harvard system. It is often used by researchers of exact sciences. c) The classification in order of appearance of quotations in the text The use of quotation in a text is rather common. This classification can be identified by a number. In this case, the bibliographical references are numerically classified. In the text, the quotations are numbered in order of appearance. The numbers are placed in between quotation marks. Example in the text: «C. Levy-Leboyer [2] signale à ce sujet» Dans la partie «Références bibliographiques» classée par numéro chronologique : [1] MAISONNEUVE G (1981), Modèles du corps et psychologie esthétique, Paris : Presses Universitaires de France, 125 p. [2] LEVY-LEBOYER C. (1990), Evaluation du personnel, quelles méthodes choisir?, Paris : Editions d organisation, 221 p. [3]. d) Classification by theme For this type of classification, the bibliographical references are classified within each defined section. In each themed section, the references are classified either in alphabetical order of authors, or by date of publication, or in chronological order of the number of quotations in the text.
For every type of classification it is possible to make a sub-classification by different types of documents (book, article of periodical, Website, CD-ROM ). However if the reference is well written the category of the document will appear clearly during its reading. Finally, the bibliographical references can be classified at the end of every chapter or in a global list at the end of the document for the entire text or chapter by chapter.