New materials for PV Mirjam Theelen

New materials for Mirjam Theelen

2 A little bit about myself Born in Eindhoven 2001-2007 Study chemistry in Nijmegen Solid State Chemistry Physical Chemistry 2007-present Scientist at TNO (Eindhoven) Research topic: solar cell materials, like TCO s and CIGS Also PR and project management activities 2010-present Parttime PhD student TU Delft / TNO: Reliability of CIGS Parttime research scientist TNO: Deposition of CIGS layers

3 1. Electricity from the sun 2. New types of solar cells 3. CIGS 4. Organic 5. Questions and discussion

4 1. Electricity from the sun 2. New types of solar cells 3. CIGS 4. Organic 5. Questions and discussion

5 Energy demand Electricity from sunlight? Demand for sustainable and cheap sources of energy is growing now Can this be achieved? Time

Global energy supply 6 500.000.000.000.000.000.000 ExaJoule/year Joule/year Irridation sun 5.000.000 ExaJoule/year 6 Lezing Fontys, 2 juni 2009 Source: Prof. W. Sinke - ECN

7 0.01% of the sunlight is enough to yield electricity for the whole planet Source: Prof. W. Sinke - ECN 7 Lezing Fontys, 2 juni 2009

8 More and more EPIA = European Photovoltaic Industry Association

9 Solar energy needs to be cheap Source: Prof. W. Sinke - ECN

10 10 1. Electricity from the sun 2. New types of solar cells 3. CIGS 4. Organic 5. Questions and discussion

11 These are familiar Sources: http://mirror-uk-rb1.gallery.hd.org http://www.triplepundit.com

12 But these as well? Sources: Bosch Solar Uni Solar

13 Source: L. Kazmerski - NREL

14 technologies High efficiency for space or concentration Crystalline silicon Thin film Low cost concepts

technologies Mirjam TheelenNew materials for 15 City of the Sun,NL Toyota Crystalline silicon Monocrystalline Multicrystalline Ribbons Module efficiency: ~13-20% Würth Solar Helianthos First Solar Thin film Thin film silicon Copper-indium/gallium selenide (CIGS) Cadmium telluride (CdTe) Module efficiency ~ 7-13% ECN/Holst Centre Amolf New concepts Super cheap concepts Very high efficiency concepts Source: prof. W. Sinke ECN

16 Technologies of the future At the same costs For lower costs Lower price per kwh electricity

17 Shares of the technologies Megawatts installed Gigawatts installed New technologies Terawatts installed Sources: - Photon International 03 2011 - Solar Generation 6 - Arnulf Jaeger-Waldau (private comm.) - prof. W. Sinke

18 Lower prices for higher production volumes Wat staat op de as? Crystalline silicon Thin film

19 1. Electricity from the sun 2. New types of solar cells 3. CIGS 4. Organic 5. Questions and discussion

Mirjam Theelen New materials for 20 November, 23th 2011 CIGS: Highest thin film cell efficiency CIGS

21 CIGS how does it look like?

22 CIGS - Complicated material Copper Indium (Gallium) di(sulfide/selenide) Crystal structure: tetragonal chalcopyrite Band gap: 1.04eV 1.68eV Direct semiconductor High absorptivity: absorption length >1µm Absorber thickness: 2 µm (thin film) Source: Chen et al. 2007

23 CIGS - Many different deposition routes Mo Cu,Ga,In,Se CdS ZnO Co-evaporation (of sputtering) under Se atmosphere CIG precursor - Sputtering - Printing - Electrochemical Selenisation (H 2 Se, Se vapor) Deposit Se layer (Se-vapor) Crystallisation (RTP) CIGS Cu substrate In, Ga galvanic Deposit Se layer (Se-vapor) Crystallisation (RTP)

24 CIGS - For sale now Problems with scaling up to modules: Module efficiency in the factory is still a lot lower then cell efficiency in the laboratory Source: Photon International 2010

25 CIGS - Many different module types Global Solar AQT Flisom Solyndra Odersun Würth Solar

26 1. Electricity from the sun 2. New types of solar cells 3. CIGS 4. Organic 5. Questions and discussion

Mirjam Theelen New materials for 27 November, 23th 2011 O: Solar cells of the future? O

28 O O = Organic PhotoVoltaics Made of polymers Other name: polymer solar cells Active material is made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen No scarce materials no recycling problems No expensive materials CHEAP! O Me O C 6 H 13 PCBM S n P3HT

29 Polymer solar cells - composition Metal electrode - + - Active polymer layer: two components Conductive polymer Transparant electrode Glass substrate TEM photo Source: prof. dr. R. Janssen TU Eindhoven

30 Polymer solar cells - materials - C 6 H 13 S n P3HT O O Me PCBM Source: prof. dr. R. Janssen TU Eindhoven

31 O for sale now But more in the future! Source: Konarka

Questions 32