Searching New Materials for Energy Conversion and Energy Storage
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1 Searching New Materials for Energy Conversion and Energy Storage ZÜRICH & COLLEGIU UM HELVE ETICUM R. NES SPER ETH 1. Renewable Energy 2. Solar Cells 3. Thermoelectricity 4. Fast High Energy Li-Ion Batteries 5. Light Emitting Devices 6. Hydrogen Storage 7. Luminescent Materials 8. New Materials Nanochemistry UIO 1
2 Optical Excitations and Colours E E Nanochemistry UIO R. NESPER ETH ZÜRICH & COLLEGIUM HELVETICUM
3 Light absorption and -emission ETICUM UM HELVE & COLLEGIU ZÜRICH & R. NES SPER ETH E-k diagram illustrating (a) Photon absorption in a direct bandgap semiconductor (b) Photon absorption in an indirect bandgap semiconductor assisted by phonon absorption (c) Photon absorption in an indirect bandgap semiconductor assisted by phonon emission. Nanochemistry UIO
4 Excitation and Charge Separation ETICUM UM HELVE & COLLEGIU SPER ETH ZÜRICH & R. NES Electron hole separation for avoiding quenching or recombination of charges Nanochemistry UIO
5 Solar Energy R. NESPER ETH ZÜRICH & COLLEGIUM HELVETICUM Nanochemistry UIO 5
6 Searching New Materials for Energy Conversion and Energy Storage ZÜRICH & COLLEGIU UM HELVE ETICUM R. NES SPER ETH 1. Renewable Energy 2. Solar Cells 3. Thermoelectricity 4. Fast High Energy Li-Ion Batteries 5. Light Emitting Devices 6. Hydrogen Storage 7. Luminescent Materials 8. New Materials Nanochemistry UIO 6
7 Solar Energy Spectrum ETICUM UM HELVE & COLLEGIU SPER ETH ZÜRICH & R. NES Power reaching earth 1.37 kw/m Nanochemistry UIO 7
8 Solar Cells - Better than Biology? R. NES SPER ETH ZÜRICH & COLLEGIU UM HELVE ETICUM A newly established low band gap for indium nitride means that the indium gallium nitride system of alloys (In 1-x Ga x N) covers the full solar spectrum Nanochemistry UIO 8
9 Solar cell Working Principle R. NESPER ETH ZÜRICH & COLLEGIUM HELVETICUM Nanochemistry UIO 9
10 Efficiency Losses in Solar Cell R. NES SPER ETH ZÜRICH & COLLEGIU UM HELVE ETICUM 1 = Thermalization loss 2 and 3 = Junction and contact voltage loss 4 = Recombination loss After Y. Wakchaure: ppt Nanochemistry UIO 10
11 CdTe/CdS Solar Cell ETICUM UM HELVE & COLLEGIU ZÜRICH & R. NES SPER ETH CdTe : Bandgap 1.5 ev; Absorption coefficient 10 times that of Si CdS : Bandgap 2.5 ev; Acts as window layer Limitation : Poor contact quality with p-cdte (~ 0.1 Ωcm 2 ) After Y. Wakchaure: Nanochemistry UIO 11
12 Solar Cells Grätzel Cell R. NESPER ETH ZÜRICH & COLLEGIUM HELVETICUM Nanochemistry UIO 12
13 Solar Cell after M. Grätzel Nanochemistry UIO 13 R. NESPER ETH ZÜRICH & COLLEGIUM HELVETICUM
14 Grätzel Cell Liquid Electrolyte - Working Principle ZÜRICH & COLLEGIU UM HELVE ETICUM R. NES SPER ETH Nanoscopic TiO 2 spherical particles Electron excitation on dye Ru-complexes Ru 2+ Ru 3+ Electron injection & conduction to electrode TiO 2 conduction band percolation through TiO 2 packing Hole injection at dye Hole transport to cathode cathode reaction Ru 3+ +I - Ru 2+ +I I - +I 2 diffusion i I e - 2I Nanochemistry UIO 14
15 Grätzel Cell Electron Excitation - Dye R. NES SPER ETH ZÜRICH & COLLEGIU UM HELVE ETICUM Electron excitation on dye MLCT type Long alkyl chains extent into hydrophobic organic hole conductor Nanochemistry UIO 15
16 DSS Cell Non-liquid Hole Conductor R. NESPER ETH ZÜRICH & COLLEGIUM HELVETICUM Nanochemistry UIO 16
17 DSS-Cell Time Scales Loss Processes Nanochemistry UIO 17 R. NESPER ETH ZÜRICH & COLLEGIUM HELVETICUM
18 Grätzel Cell Possible Enhancement R. NES SPER ETH ZÜRICH & COLLEGIU UM HELVE ETICUM TiO 2 Nano Fibers energy conversion efficiency can rise to 33% in theory better percolation = higher efficiency Nanochemistry UIO 18
19 Tandem Cell for Water Cleavage ZÜRICH & COLLEGIU UM HELVE ETICUM R. NES SPER ETH Based on two photosystems connected in series as shown in the electron flow diagram: A thin film of nanocrystalline tungsten trioxide, WO 3 (ref. 34), or Fe 2 O 3 (ref. 35) serves as the top electrode absorbing the blue part of the solar spectrum. The valenceband holes (h+) created by band-gap excitation of the film oxidizewater to oxygen: and the conduction-band electrons are fed into the second photosystem consisting of the dye-sensitized nanocrystalline TiO 2 cell discussed above. The latter is placed directly under the WO3 film, capturing the green and red part of the solar spectrum that is transmitted through the top electrode. The photovoltage generated by the second photosystem enables hydrogen to be generated by the conductionband electrons. The overall reaction corresponds to the splitting i of water by visible light. There is close analogy to the Zscheme (named for the shape of the flow diagram) that operates in photosynthesis. In green plants, there are also two photosystems connected in series, one that oxidizes water to oxygen and the other generating the compound NADPH used in fixation of carbon dioxide. Grätzel, M. The artificial leaf, bio-mimetic photocatalysis. Cattech 3, 3 17 (1999) Nanochemistry UIO 19
20 Two-Photon Solar Conversion System R. NESPER ETH ZÜRICH & COLLEGIUM HELVETICUM Nanochemistry UIO 20
21 Silverclusters, Photography & Calzaferri Cell R. NESPER ETH ZÜRICH & COLLEGIUM HELVETICUM Nanochemistry UIO 21
22 Silverclusters and Solar Conversion R. NESPER ETH ZÜRICH & COLLEGIUM HELVETICUM Nanochemistry UIO 22
23 Silverclusters and Solar Conversion R. NESPER ETH ZÜRICH & COLLEGIUM HELVETICUM Nanochemistry UIO 23
24 Silverclusters and Solar Conversion R. NESPER ETH ZÜRICH & COLLEGIUM HELVETICUM Nanochemistry UIO 24
25 Flexible Thin Film Cells Nanochemistry UIO 25 R. NESPER ETH ZÜRICH & COLLEGIUM HELVETICUM
26 Flexible Thin Film Cells Nanochemistry UIO 26 R. NESPER ETH ZÜRICH & COLLEGIUM HELVETICUM
27 Multiband Cells R. NES SPER ETH ZÜRICH & COLLEGIU UM HELVE ETICUM Intermediate band formed by impurity levels. Process 3 also assisted by phonons Limiting efficiency is 86.8% Nanochemistry UIO 27
28 Thermophotovoltaic Cell ZÜRICH & COLLEGIU UM HELVE ETICUM R. NES SPER ETH Burner:- Burns fuel and heats up the emitter. Emitter:- Emits radiant heat energy. Filter:- Selectively allows suitable radiation through to the PhotoVoltaic cell. The remaining radiation is reflected back to the emitter to maintain the temperature and improve efficiency. Thermophotovoltaic cell:- the radiation incident on the cell causes a potential across the cell, just like in a solar cell but with heat radiation. Filter passes radiations of energy equal to bandgap of solar cell material Emitter radiation matched with spectral sensitivity of cell High Illumination Intensity ( ~ 10 kw/m 2 ) Nanochemistry UIO 28
29 Thermophotovoltaic Cells ETICUM UM HELVE & COLLEGIU SPER ETH ZÜRICH & R. NES Efficiency almost twice of ordinary photocell Nanochemistry UIO 29
30 Present State of Cell Development Nanochemistry UIO 30 R. NESPER ETH ZÜRICH & COLLEGIUM HELVETICUM
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