Section 1 Charlemagne Unites German Kingdoms Chapter 13 European Middle Ages, 500-1200 Middle Ages new European society with roots in: Classical heritage of Rome Roman Catholic beliefs Germanic customs Compare chart/map on p.174/5 and map on p.351 Commerce invasions destroy business/trade Population shifts from urban to rural Germanic Kingdoms Medieval Europe Learning decline in literacy Language Latin broke into dialects Germanic kingdoms Family ties and personal loyalty Lord and followers, mead halls, mutual helps Clovis unified the Franks Battle of Tolbiac and Christianity 511 Franks united into one kingdom Alliance between Frankish Kingdom and the Church Clovis Battle of Tolbiac 1
Christianity Benedict and Scholastica Spread by politics and missionaries Monasteries No private possessions Life of religious devotion Females became nuns (convents) Places of education/knowledge Schools, libraries, scriptoria Benedict and Scholastica Gregory I Gregory the Great 590 Gregory (the Great) became pope Broadened papacy to include secular power Church revenues = soldiers, public works, care for the poor Gregorian chant Christendom spiritual kingdom on earth, ruled from Rome, spreading from Italy to England and from Spain to Germany Carolingians Battle of Tours 719 Charles Martel (the Hammer) became major domo 732 Battle of Tours Pepin the Short Fought the Lombards for the pope King by the grace of God Carolingian Dynasty Frankish rulers from 751-987 2
Pépin le Bref Charlemagne Ruled from 768-814 Reunited western Europe through conquest 800 Pope crowns Charles Roman Emperor Carolingian Revival Limited noble authority (centralization) Created schools and monasteries to promote learning Successors gradually grew weaker Charlemagne Charlemagne s Empire Coronation of Charlemagne Section 2 Feudalism in Europe Vikings Scandinavian, seafaring raiders Renowned for quality of their ships Explored and settled all of Europe Gradually accepted Christianity Magyars nomads from modern-day Hungary Swept through Europe on horseback Did not settle in places they raided Muslims mostly from North Africa Early goal = conquer Europe Later goal = plunder 3
Gokstad Ship Viking Illustration Feudalism = political system Rollo and Normandy Lord landowner who grants fiefs Fief grant of land from lord to vassal Vassal servant who receives a fief Knights mounted soldiers who received fiefs in return military service Serfs could not legally leave the land where they served Feudal Obligations Manorialism = economic system Manor lord s estate Lords provided: housing, land, protection Serfs (in return) tended land/animals and maintained the estate Peasants lives restricted to their manor Manor = manor house, church, workshops, village, fields/pasture/woods/streams Mostly self-sufficient 4
Manor Life Medieval Manor Taxes grain, marriage, fields Tithe 1/10 to the church Crowded (mostly one-room) cottages Want warmth? Bring the pigs inside! Beds = straw (infested with bugs) Diet? Vegetables, bread, cheese, ale. Daily life? Work, even for children. Life expectancy? 35 years at most. Why? Because God determined a person s status. Section 3 The Age of Chivalry Medieval Knight Knights Charles Martel began using them after witnessing Muslim cavalry Technology leather saddles and stirrups Feudal society Knights protected the lands of feuding nobles Granted a fief in return for military service = wealth to pursue the arts of warfare Vassal expectation to fight and train Knight Sculpture from Stockholm Chivalry Chivalry is a code! A lifestyle! Three masters: feudal lord, heavenly Lord, chosen lady Protect the weak and poor Loyalty, bravery, courtesy Reality was harsher than the ideals 5
Knights Training 7 trained in another lord s house as a page 14 served a knight as a squire 21 became a knight in full Local fighting and tournaments Warfare = brutality Castles and keeps protected families Boiling water, oil, molten metals, crossbows, catapults, fire, etc. Literature Eleanor of Aquitaine Idealization of feudal life Poetry Arthur and Charlemagne The Song of Roland Duty to lord vs. duty to lady Troubadours travelling poets-musicians Eleanor of Aquitaine ideal of many poets Women Inferior to men (reinforced by church teachings) Noble Could inherit land, deploy soldiers, act as commander of castle Reality confined to domestic duties or a convent Peasant Work in homes/fields, bear children, care for family Daughters taught by mothers Section 4 The Power of the Church Gelasius I Emperors should bow to popes spiritual authority Popes should bow to emperors political authority Church structure = hierarchy Clergy officials/ministers of the church Sacraments religious rites (vital to Medieval Christians for attaining salvation) Holidays festivals (Christmas and Easter) Canon Law church-created system of laws and justice Punishments = excommunication and interdict 6
Church and State Otto the Great Pope Leo III and Charlemagne Otto the Great Ruler in medieval Germany Gained power by alliances with the church at the expense of the nobles Gained title of emperor by fighting for the pope Holy Roman Empire German-Italian state established in 900s Holy Roman Empire Church vs. State Lay investiture laity appoint clergy 1075 Gregory VII banned lay investiture Henry IV of Germany ordered Gregory to resign Gregory excommunicated Henry 1077 Henry forced to beg forgiveness at Canossa 1122 Concordat of Worms (Henry V and Calistus II) Church alone could appoint a bishop Emperor could veto the appointment Henry s struggle = nobles gained power Canossa Concordat of Worms 7
Frederick I Barbarossa Frederick I Holy Roman Empire Led armies against numerous enemies Nobles repeatedly rebelled Lombard League Defeated by crossbows at Battle of Legnano Died in 1190 empire crumbled Future German emperors were unable to revive Charlemagne s empire 8