Exam Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) "Improving the intelligence of an adult through education will result in that adult's descendants being born with a greater native intelligence." This statement is an example of A) Malthusianism. B) Lamarckism. C) scala naturae. D) Darwinism. E) uniformitarianism. 1) 2) In the mid-1900s, the Soviet geneticist Lysenko exposed winter wheat plants to ever-colder temperatures, collected their seeds, and then exposed the seedlings to ever-colder temperatures. He repeated his attempts over the course of decades in an attempt to evolve cold-tolerant winter wheat. Lysenko's attempts in this regard were most in agreement with the ideas of A) Darwin. B) Cuvier. C) Plato. D) Hutton. E) Lamarck. 2) 3) Charles Darwin was the first to propose A) that the Earth is older than 6,000 years. B) that evolution occurs. C)a way to use artificial selection as a means of domesticating plants and animals. D) a mechanism for how evolution occurs. E) a mechanism for evolution that was supported by evidence. 3) 4) A pattern of evolution in which most change in appearance takes place during a relatively short period of time fits the model of speciation. A) homeostatic B) punctuated gradualism C) gradualistic D) phyletic gradualism E) punctuated equilibrium 4) 5) You are examining the fossil record and notice that through time a series of fossils exhibits very little change. During the period of time you are studying, this fossil lineage can be described as exhibiting. A) paedomorphosis B) punctuation C) stasis D) genetic drift E) gradualism 5) 1
6) During drought years on the Galápagos, small, easily eaten seeds become rare leaving only large, hard-cased seeds that only birds with large beaks can eat. If a drought persists for several years, then what should one expect to result from natural selection? A) Small birds anticipating the long drought and eating more to gain weight and, consequently, growing larger beaks. B) Larger birds eating less so smaller birds can survive. C) Small birds mutating their beak genes with the result that later-generation offspring have larger beaks. D) Small birds gaining larger beaks by exercising their mouth parts. E) More small-beaked birds dying than the larger-beaked birds. The offspring produced in subsequent generations have a higher percentage of birds with large beaks. 6) 7) Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events, under the influence of natural selection? 1. Differential reproduction occurs. 2. A new selective pressure arises. 3. Allele frequencies within the population change. 4. Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship. A) 4, 2, 1, 3 B) 2, 4, 1, 3 C)4, 1, 2, 3 D) 4, 2, 3, 1 E) 2, 4, 3, 1 7) 8) A biologist studied a population of squirrels for 15 years. During that time, the population was never fewer than 30 squirrels and never more than 45. Her data showed that over half of the squirrels born did not survive to reproduce, because of competition for food and predation. In a single generation, 90% of the squirrels that were born lived to reproduce, and the population increased to 80. What inferences might you make about this population? A) The number of predators may have decreased. B) The amount of available food may have increased. C) The squirrels of subsequent generations should show greater levels of variation than previous generations because squirrels that would not have survived in the past will now survive. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C 8) 9) Which of the following is the best example of humans undergoing evolution, understood as "descent with modification"? A) reduction in the amount and coarseness of body hair over millennia B) reduction in number of hairs on the head of a balding person C) increase in weight over an individual's lifetime D) widening of the pupils of the eyes when one encounters dimly lit conditions E) increased pigment production by the skin of a person who is exposed to increased UV radiation levels 9) 10) Over evolutionary time, many cave-dwelling organisms have lost their eyes. Tapeworms have lost their digestive systems. Whales have lost their hind limbs. How can natural selection account for these losses? A) Under particular circumstances that persisted for long periods, each of these structures presented greater costs than benefits. B) It can account for these losses by the principle of use and disuse. C) These organisms had the misfortune to experience harmful mutations, which caused the loss of these structures. D) Natural selection cannot account for losses, only for innovations. E) B and D only 10) 2
11) Of the following anatomical structures, which is homologous to the wing of a bat? A) tail of a kangaroo B) dorsal fin of a shark C)arm of a human D) tail fin of a fish E) wing of a butterfly 11) 12) Ichthyosaurs were aquatic dinosaurs. Fossils show us that they had dorsal fins and tails just as fish do, even though their closest relatives were terrestrial reptiles that had neither dorsal fins nor aquatic tails. The dorsal fins and tails of ichthyosaurs and fish are A) homologous. B) examples of convergent evolution. C) adaptations to a common environment. D) A and C only E) B and C only 12) 13) If two modern organisms are distantly related in an evolutionary sense, then one should expect that A) they live in very different habitats. B) their chromosomes should be very similar. C) they should share fewer homologous structures than two more closely related organisms. D) they should be members of the same genus. E) they shared a common ancestor relatively recently. 13) 14) Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, these bones having developed from the same embryonic tissues. How do biologists interpret these similarities? A) by identifying the bones as being homologous B) by the principle of convergent evolution C) by proposing that humans, bats, and dolphins share a common ancestor D) A and C only E) A, B, and C 14) 15) Which of the following statements gives the least support to the claim that the human appendix is a completely vestigial organ? A) Individuals with a larger-than-average appendix leave fewer offspring than those with a below-average-sized appendix. B) The appendix might have been larger in fossil hominids. C) In a million years, the human species might completely lack an appendix. D) The appendix can be surgically removed with no apparent ill effects. E) The appendix can have a substantial amount of defensive lymphatic tissue in its walls. 15) 16) Logically, which of these should cast the most doubt on the relationships depicted by an evolutionary tree? A) Transitional fossils had not been found. B) DNA sequence evidence fully disagreed with morphological evidence. C) None of the organisms depicted by the tree provided DNA samples for analysis. D) Some of the organisms depicted by the tree had lived in different habitats. E) The skeletal remains of the organisms depicted by the tree were incomplete (i.e., some bones were missing). 16) 3
17) is the study of fossils. A) Morphology B) Geology C) Paleontology D) Biogeography E) Gerontology 17) 18) The modern synthesis was a fusion of. A) the fossil record and genetics B) population ecology and genetics C) biogeography and comparative embryology D) genetics and evolutionary biology E) molecular biology and comparative anatomy 18) 19) Your family is taking a long driving vacation across the midwestern and western United States. As you travel, you notice that the flowers, birds, and trees of the Midwest and the Rocky Mountains are very different. As you ponder why, you remember that such differences in the distribution of species are part of the field of. A) morphology B) anthropology C) geology D) biogeography E) paleontology 19) 20) Monkeys of South and Central America have prehensile tails, meaning that their tails can be used to grasp objects. The tails of African and Asian monkeys are not prehensile. Which discipline is most likely to provide an explanation for how this difference in tails came about? A) botany B) biochemistry C) physiology D) biogeography E) aerodynamics 20) 21) All of the following are criteria for maintaining Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium involving two alleles except A) matings must be random. B) there should be no natural selection. C)the frequency of all genotypes must be equal. D) gene flow from other populations must be zero. E) populations must be large. 21) 22) In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele a is 0.7. What is the percentage of the population that is homozygous for this allele? A) 42 B) 3 C)9 D) 30 E) 49 22) 23) In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of allele a is 0.7. What is the percentage of the population that is heterozygous for this allele? A) 30 B) 9 C)3 D) 21 E) 42 23) 4
24) In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of allele a is 0.2. What is the frequency of individuals with Aa genotype? A) 0.20 B) 0.80 C) 0.32 D) 0.42 E) Genotype frequency cannot be determined from the information provided. 24) Use the following information to answer the questions below. A large population of laboratory animals has been allowed to breed randomly for a number of generations. After several generations, 36% of the animals display a recessive trait (aa), the same percentage as at the beginning of the breeding program. The rest of the animals show the dominant phenotype, with heterozygotes indistinguishable from the homozygous dominants. 25) What proportion of the population is probably heterozygous (Aa) for this trait? A) 0.48 B) 0.18 C) 0.60 D) 0.72 E) 0.36 25) 26) In a population with two alleles, A and a, the frequency of a is 0.50. What would be the frequency of heterozygotes if the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? A) 0.10 B) 1.00 C) 0.50 D) 0.75 E) 0.25 26) 27) The following important concepts of population genetics are due to random events or chance except A) sexual recombination. B) natural selection. C) the bottleneck effect. D) the founder effect. E) mutation. 27) 28) Male satin bowerbirds adorn structures that they build, called "bowers," with parrot feathers, flowers, and other bizarre ornaments in order to attract females. Females inspect the bowers and, if suitably impressed, allow males to mate with them, after which they go off to nest by themselves. The evolution of this behavior is best described as due to A) survival of the fittest. B) artificial selection. C) disruptive selection. D) sexual selection. E) natural selection. 28) 29) Which of the following is most likely to have been produced by sexual selection? A) the ability of desert animals to concentrate their urine B) a male lion's mane C) camouflage coloration in animals D) different sizes of male and female pinecones E) bright colors of female flowers 29) 5
30) If the frequency of a particular allele that is present in a small, isolated population of alpine plants should change due to a landslide that leaves an even smaller remnant of surviving plants, then what has occurred? A) genetic drift B) a bottleneck C) microevolution D) A and B only E) A, B, and C 30) 31) In a large, sexually reproducing population, the frequency of an allele changes from 0.6 to 0.2. From this change, one can most logically assume that, in this environment, A) the allele is neutral. B) the allele reduces fitness. C) random processes have changed allelic frequencies. D) there is no sexual selection. E) the allele mutates readily. 31) 32) Through time, the movement of people on Earth has steadily increased. This has altered the course of human evolution by increasing A) nonrandom reproduction. B) gene flow. C) geographic isolation. D) genetic drift. E) mutations. 32) 33) Gene flow is a concept best used to describe an exchange between A) populations. B) chromosomes. C) individuals. D) males and females. E) species. 33) 34) The Darwinian fitness of an individual is measured by A) its physical strength. B) the number of supergenes in the genotype. C) the number of its offspring that survive to reproduce. D) how long it lives. E) the number of mates it attracts. 34) 35) When we say that an individual organism has a greater fitness than another individual, we specifically mean that the organism A) competes for resources more successfully than others of its species. B) utilizes resources more efficiently than other species occupying similar niches. C) mates more frequently than others of its species. D) lives longer than others of its species. E) leaves more viable offspring than others of its species. 35) 6
36) Cattle breeders have improved the quality of meat over the years by which process? A) directional selection B) artificial selection C) stabilizing selection D) A and B E) A and C 36) 37) Heterozygote advantage should be most closely linked to which of the following? A) directional selection B) sexual selection C) random selection D) disruptive selection E) stabilizing selection 37) 38) A balanced polymorphism exists through disruptive selection in seedcracker finches from Cameroon in which small- and large-billed birds specialize in cracking soft and hard seeds, respectively. If long-term climatic change resulted in all seeds becoming hard, what type of selection would then operate on the finch population? A) sexual selection B) stabilizing selection C) directional selection D) disruptive selection E) No selection would operate because the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. 38) In a very large population, a quantitative trait has the following distribution pattern: Figure 23.1 39) What is true of the trait whose frequency distribution in a large population appears above? It has probably undergone A) stabilizing selection. B) sexual selection. C) disruptive selection. D) directional selection. E) random selection. 39) 7
40) If the curve shifts to the left or to the right, there is no gene flow, and the population size consequently increases over successive generations, then which of these is (are) probably occurring? 1. immigration or emigration 2. directional selection 3. adaptation 4. genetic drift 5. disruptive selection A) 4 only B) 1, 2, and 3 C)4 and 5 D) 1 only E) 2 and 3 40) 41) Some species of Anopheles mosquito live in brackish water, some in running fresh water, and others in stagnant water. What type of reproductive barrier is most obviously separating these different species? A) habitat isolation B) temporal isolation C) postzygotic isolation D) gametic isolation E) behavioral isolation 41) 42) Which of the following must occur during a period of geographic isolation in order for two sibling species to remain genetically distinct following their geographic reunion in the same home range? A) ecological isolation B) reproductive isolation C) postzygotic barriers D) temporal isolation E) prezygotic barriers 42) SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. Use the following options to answer the following questions. For each description of reproductive isolation, select the option that best describes it. Options may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. gametic B. temporal C. behavioral D. habitat E. mechanical 43) two species of trout that breed in different seasons 43) 44) two species of meadowlarks with different mating songs 44) 45) two species of garter snakes live in the same region, but one lives in water and the other lives on land 45) 8
Choose among these options to answer the following questions. Each option may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. random selection B. directional selection C. stabilizing selection D. disruptive selection E. sexual selection 46) An African butterfly species exists in two strikingly different color patterns. 46) 47) Brightly colored peacocks mate more frequently than do drab peacocks. 47) 48) Most Swiss starlings produce four to five eggs in each clutch. 48) MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 49) Which of the various species concepts identifies species based on the degree of genetic exchange between their gene pools? A) paleontological B) phylogenetic C) ecological D) morphological E) biological 49) 50) For which two species concepts are anatomical features the primary criterion for determining species identities? 1. biological 2. ecological 3. morphological 4. phylogenetic 5. paleontological A) 3 and 5 B) 1 and 3 C)4 and 5 D) 1 and 2 E) 2 and 3 50) 51) Successfully breeding two individual organisms at a zoo and obtaining fertile offspring for several generations is no guarantee that the same could occur in nature (i.e., in the wild). Which species concept becomes difficult to confirm because of this fact? A) ecological B) paleontological C) morphological D) phylogenetic E) biological 51) 9
52) A biologist discovers two populations of wolf spiders whose members appear identical. Members of one population are found in the leaf litter deep within a woods. Members of the other population are found in the grass at the edge of the woods. The biologist decides to designate the members of the two populations as two separate species. Which species concept is this biologist most closely utilizing? A) biological B) morphological C) ecological D) phylogenetic E) paleontological 52) 53) What was the species concept used by Linnaeus? A) morphological B) phylogenetic C) paleontological D) biological E) ecological 53) 10
Answer Key Testname: AP BIO UNIT 2 VERSION 2 1) B 2) E 3) E 4) E 5) C 6) E 7) B 8) E 9) A 10) A 11) C 12) E 13) C 14) D 15) E 16) B 17) C 18) D 19) D 20) D 21) C 22) E 23) E 24) C 25) A 26) C 27) B 28) D 29) B 30) D 31) B 32) B 33) A 34) C 35) E 36) D 37) E 38) C 39) A 40) E 41) A 42) B 43) B 44) C 45) D 46) D 47) E 48) C 49) E 50) A 11
Answer Key Testname: AP BIO UNIT 2 VERSION 2 51) E 52) C 53) A 12