Recent progress in rechargeable batteries enabling future transportation Peter H.L.Notten Eindhoven University of Technology Philips Laboratories p.h.l.notten@tue.nl
Present-day Energy Chain Power plant
Future Sustainable Energy Chain Power plant Wind Solar µ-heat-power Heat pumps
Residential Storage In-Home Fluctuating sources Require ~20% storage! Residential storage
Electrical vehicles : The dream
Plug-in (Hybrid) Electrical Vehicles Plug-in Electric 2-Wheelers already widely accepted in Eastern Asia Plugged in: The end of the oil age, World Wide Fund for Nature 2008.
Plug-in (Hybrid) Electrical Vehicles Electric Vehicle (EV) Plug-in Hybrid Electrical Vehicles (PHEV) Plugged in: The end of the oil age, World Wide Fund for Nature 2008.
Plug-in (Hybrid) Electrical Vehicles Advantages: Much more efficient than ICE (> 2x) Significant reduction in CO 2 emissions (< 2x) Zero emission with sustainable energy sources! Environmental friendly, no urban pollution! Cost effective during life-time already now! Grid stabilization versus electricity trading Silent driving! Disadvantages: High initial investment Limited driving range Recharging time not instantaneous Silent driving!
Plug-in (Hybrid) Electrical Vehicles Plugged in: The end of the oil age, World Wide Fund for Nature 2008.
P(H)EV Storage Residential storage in Electrical Vehicles
Electricity storage Physical Super-capacitors Pseudo-capacitors Electrochemical Batteries Redox-flow cells Metal-air systems
Physical storage in (Super)capacitors Based on Electrochemical double layers εε C = o A d
Electricity storage Physical Super-capacitors Pseudo-capacitors Electrochemical Batteries Redox-flow cells Metal-air systems
Rechargeable battery chemistries System Sealed Lead Acid ( (SLA) NiCd NiMH Li-systems - Li-ion - Li-gel - Li-polymer - Li-metal
Rechargeable battery chemistries System Advantages Disadvantages Sealed Lead Acid ( (SLA) Cheap Heavy Overdischarging NiCd Power density Pollution NiMH Li-systems - Li-ion - Li-gel - Li-polymer - Li-metal Energy density - Volumetric Energy density - Gravimetric Gas formation Expensive Electronics - Control - Safety
Rechargeable battery chemistries System Advantages Disadvantages Sealed Lead Acid ( (SLA) Cheap Heavy Overdischarge NiCd Power density Pollution NiMH Li-systems - Li-ion - Li-gel - Li-polymer - Li-metal Energy density - Volumetric Energy density - Gravimetric Gas formation Expensive Electronics - Control - Safety
1. Gas phase Two ways to form a hydride H 2 gas Solid dis H diffusion 2 2H ad 2H abs (Hydride) ass
New Hydrogen storage materials for - future hydrogen economy? - new generation NiMH batteries? Hydrogen storage
1. Gas phase Two ways to form a hydride H 2 gas Solid 2. Electrochemically e - dis H diffusion 2 2H ad 2H abs (Hydride) ass Electrolyte Electrode red ox diffusion H 2 O + e - OH - + H ad H abs (Hydride)
NiMH battery concept Nickel electrode Hydride electrode e - H 2 O NiOOH xoh - MH x H 2 capacity Ni(OH) 2 OH - ch OH - d M xh 2 O xe - Separator impregnated with KOH solution
Thermodynamics and kinetics of batteries
Thermodynamics and kinetics of batteries
NiMH battery concept Overcharge Ni 4 OH - 2H 2 O + O 2 + 4e - MH Overdischarge Ni 2e - + 2H 2 O - 2OH - + H 2 MH capacity Nickel electrode O 2 e - H 2 O NiOOH Ni(OH) 2 OH - H 2 ch OH - d Hydride electrode xoh - MH x M xh 2 O xe - Separator impregnated with KOH solution H 2
Simple CC-charging NiMH batteries 7 70 E [V] 1.6 E 6 5 60 50 T [ C] 1.4 4 40 T P [bar] 3 30 1.2 P 2 20 1 10 1 0 25 50 75 100 125 0 State-of-charge
Li-ion battery concept lithium electrode cobaltoxide electrode LiC e - Li + - CoO 2 storage capacity ch Li + charge C Li + e - d LiCoO 2 discharge
Li-ion battery concept lithium electrode cobaltoxide electrode LiC e - Li + - CoO 2 storage capacity ch Li + charge C Li + e - d LiCoO 2 discharge
More complex CCCV charging Li-ion Voltage [V] 4.3 4.1 I max S V max 1.5 Current [A] 1 3.9 (a) 3.7 (b) I min S 3.5 0 30 60 90 0 120 Time [min] 0.5
Impact CV-charging on cycle-life 1300 1100 Capacity [mah] 900 700 500 CV=4.3 V Standard-CCCV 300 100 0 100 200 300 400 500 Cycle number CV=4.2 V
Periodic table of elements
Efficiency rechargeable batteries excellent Not affected by an inefficient Carnot cycle η = 1 T T cold hot Discharge voltage curves as f(i) 60 min I > T < 1.2 min New generation LiTiO 2 + LiMn 2 O 4 batteries
Efficiency rechargeable batteries Not affected by an inefficient Carnot cycle Discharge voltage curves as f(i) Discharge Efficiency as f(i) 60 min n = 1 60 min 1.2 min I > T < 1.2 min I > T < New generation LiTiO 2 + LiMn 2 O 4 batteries
Well-to-wheel efficiency Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) η ICE 17% IEA Prospects for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells