Baterías de flujo: conceptos y aplicación futura. Catalonia Institute for Energy Research

Transcription

1 Baterías de flujo: conceptos y aplicación futura Cristina Flox Catalonia Institute for Energy Research 26 de Mayo del 2016, Barcelona

2 ÍNDICE 1. DEFINICIÓN: Conceptos y arquitectura 2. VENTAJAS 3. APLICACIÓN 4. MERCADO 5. EJEMPLOS 6. FUTURO

3 Flow Batteries: Basic Concepts REDOX FLOW BATTERY Reduction and oxidacion reactions STORE ENERGY in LIQUID ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION CONVENTIONAL BATTERY Lithium ion battery

4 Flow Batteries: Architecture and Components GOING WITH THE FLOW CONVENTIONAL Li-ion BATTERY e-(discharge) LOAD OR POWER SOURCES e-(discharge) Anode Ion exchange membrane Catode Anolyte A n+ /A (n-1)+ e- e- A n+ A (n-1)+ Carriers B m+ B (m+1)+ e- e- Catholite B m+ / B (m+1)+

5 Advantages of flow batteries Power rating and energy rating decoupled: versatility Redox reactions are fast in most cases: fast response time Long cycle life: durability Allow full discharge without suffering damage: robustness Self-discharge can be minimized since electrolytes are stored separately Modularity: easy upgrading Allows instant recharge (mechanical) W Δh = E Anolyte Anolyte Catholite Catholite Anolyte Catholite kw ΔVolumen 100kW..MW

6 Main parameters: Cell voltage and Energy density e-(discharge) Anode LOAD OR POWER SOURCES Ion exchange membrane e-(discharge) Cathod e Flow Batteries performance is depended on the reaction between electroactive species/ electrode Anolyte e- Carriers A n+ A (n-1)+ e- B m+ e- Catholite A n+ /A (n-1)+ B m+ / B (m+1)+ B (m+1)+ Ec=Ec-Ea e- C: Concentration n: number of electrons involved in redox reaction V: potential of cell (depending of equilibrium potentials of active species in the cathodic and anodic half cells)

7 Classification flow batteries Wh L -1 NASA 40 WhL -1 M. Skyllas-Kazakos 50 WhL WhL -1 Flow battery scheme for chemistries Timeline of the development of RFB over the past 40 years

8 60 kwh DischargeTime (Hr) Local back up Li-Ion Ni-MH SYSTEM RATINGS Transmission&Distribution back up Peak shaving, load leveling and price arbitrage Stability Power Quality VR FW Zn-Br EDLC v v Ni-Cd v Na-S Na-S L/A CAES Energy management PSH CAES Compressed Air EDLC Dbl-Layer Capacitors FW Flywheels L/A Lead-Acid Li-Ion Lithium-Ion Na-S Sodium-Sulfur Ni-Cd Nickel-Cadmium Ni-Mh Nickel Metal Hydride PSH Pumped Hydro VR Vanadium Redox Zn-Br Zinc- Bromine 1,000 RatedPower(MW)

9 All-liquid flow batteries Inorganic flow batteries Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRB) Characteristics - same metal used in both compartments: no crossover contamination -catholyte (1-2 M VOSO M H 2 SO 4 ), anolyte (0.5-1 M V 2 (SO 4 ) M H 2 SO 4 ), proton or anion-exchange membrane -V 2 SO 4 solution protected with N 2 atmosphere SINCE SULFURIC ACID SOLUTION is used as supporting electrolyte, carbonacuos material are preferaly chosen as electrode for : -high surface area -chemical stability -wide potential window side Redox process E red ocv/v (vs SHE) + VO H + + e VO 2+ + H 2 O V 2+ V 3+ + e 0.26 Cell voltage: 1.26V

10 300 kwh mm (7ft) Market overview: RFB large scale application 10kW/100kWh 60 kwh mm (8ft) mm (15 ft)

11 Market overview: VRFB for self-consumption (home application) (6.4kWh, 3.3 kw) 100 kg 860 mm 10kWh, 2kW 10kWh, 2kW 15,30 KWh, 5kW 2.08 m 15/20/25/30 kwh, 5kW 2.15 m 1300 mm Ambient temperature range: -20 to 55ºC 1.33 m 180 mm Almost unlimited energy storing Safe and environmental Flexible energy storage device Robust and durable (up to 20 year) with low maintenance requirements Low self-discharge 11

12 Vanadium Redox Flow Battery: REDOX 2015 project Prototype : 25 KW/52 KWh

13 Comparison of technology feature Source: EERA Joint Programme Smart Grids, Deliverable D4.1 Source* : 2011 Technology Map of the European Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET-PLAN)

14 Levelized Cost of storage energy: LCOSE

15 Flow Batteries: Versatile energy storage solution Wh L WhL WhL -1 Li metal Li-S Na SSFB WhL WhL WhL -1 Metal-free RFB All-Cu Timeline of the development of FB over the past 40 years

16 Semi solid Flow Batteries: Ejemplos bibliográficos: Sistema Voltaje de descarga (V) Densidad de energía teórica (WhL -1 ) Densidad de energía teórica (Wh kg 1 ) Li Co O 2 2, Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 Li Ni 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 3, Li Co O 2 grafito 3, Costes : SSFB euros/kg en material de electrodo euros /Kg en electrolito euros kwh en suspensiones VFRB kwh (EASE- EERA road map)

17 Power (kw/m 2 ) PbAcid 0.22 Li-ion 0.01 (Gf/LFP) VFRB 2.85 Lithium ion battery Tehachapi, California 32 MWh 6,300 square-foot Darling. et al Energy and Environmental Science, 2014, VFRB 1,6 MWh Baterías de flujo de vanadio 1 L ~ 40 kwh Baterías de flujo semi solidas 1 L ~ kwh 3040 m3 19 ft 1 MWh VFRB 25000L SSFB 6666L 8 ft 20 ft

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