Chapter 13: The Lymphatic System and Immunity 1. What is the function of the lymphatic system? A) returns fluid to the bloodstream B) absorbs fat molecules C) defend the body against disease D) all of these 2. Lymph vessels are similar to cardiovascular A) arteries. B) veins. C) arteries and veins. 3. What enters the subclavian vein? A) lymphatic duct B) lymphatic vessel C) lymphatic trunk D) all of these 4. What does red bone marrow do? A) produces red blood cells B) produces white blood cells C) produces red and white blood cells D) none of these 5. Which produce antibodies? A) T lymphocytes B) macrophages C) B lymphocytes D) all of these 6. The tonsils are composed of A) Peyer's patches. B) lymph atic nodules. C) stem cells. Page 101
7. Which are in lymph nodes? A) lymphocytes B) macrophages C) lymphocytes and macrophages 8. Lymphoma is A) cancer of lymphoid tissue. B) swelling of lymph nodes due to infection. C) swelling due to excess tissue fluid. D) infection of a lymphatic vessel. 9. Lymphangitis is A) cancer of lymphoid tissue. B) swelling of lymph nodes due to infection. C) swelling due to excess tissue fluid. D) infection of a lymphatic vessel. 10. Lymphadenitis is A) cancer of lymphoid tissue. B) swelling of lymph nodes due to infection. C) swelling due to excess tissue fluid. D) infection of a lymphatic vessel. 11. Edema is A) cancer of lymphoid tissue. B) swelling of lymph nodes due to infection. C) swelling due to excess tissue fluid. D) infection of a lymphatic vessel. 12. The red pulp in the spleen contains A) macrophages. B) lymphocytes. C) red blood cells. Page 102
13. The thymus is A) larger in adults. B) larger in children. C) the same size in adults and children. 14. Acid secretion occurs in the A) respiratory tract. B) intestine. C) stomach. 15. Cilia are located in the A) respiratory tract. B) intestine. C) stomach. 16. Normal occurring bacteria live in the A) respiratory tract. B) intestine. C) stomach. 17. Complement A) is a series of proteins. B) attracts phagocytes. C) causes bacteria cells to burst. D) is described by all of these characteristics. 18. Interferon is a defense against A) bacteria. B) viruses. C) fungi. 19. Histamine A) increases the activity of macrophages. B) makes the capillary more permeable. C) prevents viral reproduction. D) kills bacteria. Page 103
20. Pus consists of A) dead tissue. B) dead bacteria. C) living white cells. 21. T cells and B cells are A) antigens. B) lymphocytes. C) macrophages. D) neutrophils. 22. B cells enlarge and divide, forming A) plasma cells. B) memory cells. C) plasma cells and memory cells. 23. Plasma cells produce A) antibodies. B) histamines. C) T cells. D) antigens. 24. Antibodies bind to A) foreign substances. B) antigens. C) bacteria. 25. T cells are responsible for A) antibody-mediated immunity. B) cell-mediated immunity. C) plasma cells. D) memory cells. Page 104
26. T cells A) are activated by macrophages. B) may stimulate B cells. C) release cytokinesis. D) are described by all of these characteristics. 27. Cytotoxic T cells may attack A) antigen-bearing cells. B) cancer cells. C) infected cells. 28. Allergies are due to A) an excess number of antigens. B) not enough antibodies formed. C) antibodies being produced for substances that ordinarily would do no harm to the body. 29. What is meant by an autoimmune disease? A) antibodies are produced too automatically B) antibodies act against the individual's own tissue C) antibodies are not produced D) antigens resist antibodies 30. A vaccine contains A) antigens. B) antibodies. C) antihistamines. D) lymphocytes. 31. A booster A) raises the antibody titer. B) is given after the initial vaccine. C) raises the antibody titer and is given after the initial vaccine. Page 105
32. Active immunity A) occurs when antibodies are given. B) occurs as a result of exposure to antigens. C) means that antibodies are not made by the recipient. D) occurs when antibodies are given and means that antibodies are not made by the recipient. 33. Passive immunity A) occurs when antibodies are given. B) is short-lived. C) can only occur in breast-feeding infants. D) occurs when antibodies are given and is short-lived. 34. Antibodies given to individuals have come from A) recovered donors. B) immunized horses. C) individuals never exposed to the disease. D) recovered donors and immunized horses. 35. In which case does the recipient start making antibodies to the specific disease? A) passive immunity B) active immunity C) when given the antibodies D) passive immunity and when given the antibodies 36. causes antibodies to attack the neuromuscular junction. A) Rheumatoid arthritis B) Multiple sclerosis C) Myasthenia gravis 37. affects the joints. A) Rheumatoid arthritis B) Multiple sclerosis C) Myasthenia gravis Page 106
38. causes antibodies to attack the myelin sheath. A) Rheumatoid arthritis B) Multiple sclerosis C) Myasthenia gravis 39. The diseases mentioned in question 31 are referred to as A) infectious. B) antigen induced. C) autoimmune. D) age induced. 40. Describe the structure and function of a lymph node. lymph node has a fibrous capsule of connective tissue that dips down into the node and divides it into nodules. Each nodule contains a sinus filled with lymphocytes and macrophages. The function of the node is to purify the lymph of infectious organisms and other debris. 41. Describe the structure and function of the spleen and the thymus. Ans: The spleen is structured like a lymph node but it filters blood. The thymus gland varies in size. It contains lymphocytes, which are destined to become T cells. It secretes a hormone called thymosin, which stimulates the immune system. 42. Describe the antibody-mediated immunity response. cells are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity. When an antigen combines with a B-cell receptor, the B cell enlarges and divides to give plasma cells and memory cells. The plasma cells produce antibodies capable of attacking the antigen. This results in immunity. 43. Why do elderly people have more infections than younger people? Ans: They have lower resistance to disease than the younger person. For example, their thymus gland is almost nonfunctional. 44. Explain the process of inflammation. Include the function of histamine in the process. fter an injury occurs, histamine is released, which causes the capillaries to dilate. The dilated capillaries cause the skin to redden and proteins and fluids escape, resulting in swelling. Neutrophils and monocytes begin to phagocytize microbes, which have entered through the injured skin. As the body tries to overcome the infection, some neutrophils die and produce pus. 45. How does interferon work in the body? Ans: When a tissue cell is infected by a virus, the cell produces and secretes interferon. Interferon binds to receptors on the surface of noninfected cells, causing them to produce substances that interfere with viral replication. Page 107
46. Trace the flow of lymph from the lymphatic capillaries to the bloodstream. Ans: lymphatic capillary, lymph atic vessels, thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct, left subclavian vein or right subclavian vein, bloodstream. 47. Explain the antibody-antigen reaction. How does it cause the destruction of microbes? ntibodies bind to specific antigens on the surfaces of microbes in a lock-and-key fashion. This binding prohibits viruses and bacteria from damaging body cells and marks the microbes for destruction by nonspecific defense mechanisms like phagocytosis or complement. 48. How do newborns acquire passive immunity? How is nursing involved? ntibodies cross the placenta from the mother's blood and supply a newborn with passive immunity. These antibodies eventually disappear and the infant becomes more susceptible to infections. Breast-feeding prolongs passive immunity because antibodies are transferred to the infant in the milk. 49. Explain the difference between AIDS and SCID. Ans: SCID is an immune deficiency disorder that is inherited. AIDS is an immune deficiency disorder that is acquired as a result of a viral infection. 50. Differentiate between nonspecific and specific defense, and give examples of each. Ans: Nonspecific defenses protect the body against all types of pathogens and include barriers to entry, the inflammatory reaction, and protective proteins. Specific defenses protect the body against specific pathogens and include the activities of the lymphocytes. B lymphocytes produce antibodies against specific pathogens and T lymphocytes attack cells bearing specific antigens. 51. Describe how vaccines function to provide immunity. vaccine that will be used to protect an individual from a particular pathogen will contain antigens like those found on the surface of that pathogen. When B lymphocytes encounter these antigens they respond by producing antibodies. The antibodies provide immunity. 52. Differentiate between passive and active immunity. Ans: Passive immunity occurs when an individual is given antibodies to combat a particular pathogen. Active immunity only occurs when an individual produces his or her own antibodies against a pathogen. 53. Apoptosis is A) a form of cell division. B) the production of antibodies. C) a nonspecific defense. D) programmed cell death. Page 108
54. Which is a primary lymphatic organ? A) lymph node B) spleen C) thymus D) tonsil 55. Which is a form of nonspecific defense? A) antibody-mediated immunity B) cell-mediated immunity C) natural killer cells D) All of these choices are correct. 56. Which molecule creates holes in plasma membranes of virus-infected or cancel cells? A) cytokine B) interleukin C) perforin D) interferon 57. Describe the three stages of HIV infection as presented in the text. ategory A The affected individual is an asymptomatic carrier. The HIV blood test is positive and the infection can be transmitted, yet there are no symptoms. Category B The affected individual may exhibit swollen lymph nodes, night sweats, fatigue, fever, diarrhea, and thrush and herpes infections. Category C The affected individual develops a fatal opportunistic disease. Page 109