Introduction to Music

Review Johann Sebastian Bach Baroque Suite Chorale and Church Cantata Organ Music George Frideric Handel Oratorio

Seven Years War 1756 1763

Seven Years War 1756 1763 Louis XVI in France 1774 1792

Seven Years War 1756 1763 Louis XVI in France 1774 1792 Am. Declaration of Independence 1776

Seven Years War 1756 1763 Louis XVI in France 1774 1792 Am. Declaration of Independence 1776 French Revolution 1789

Seven Years War 1756 1763 Louis XVI in France 1774 1792 Am. Declaration of Independence 1776 French Revolution 1789 Napoleon: first French consul 1799

Seven Years War 1756 1763 Louis XVI in France 1774 1792 Am. Declaration of Independence 1776 French Revolution 1789 Napoleon: first French consul 1799 Napoleonic Wars 1803 1815

Seven Years War 1756 1763 Louis XVI in France 1774 1792 Am. Declaration of Independence 1776 French Revolution 1789 Napoleon: first French consul 1799 Napoleonic Wars 1803 1815 Goethe: Faust 1808

Seven Years War 1756 1763 Louis XVI in France 1774 1792 Am. Declaration of Independence 1776 French Revolution 1789 Napoleon: first French consul 1799 Napoleonic Wars 1803 1815 Goethe: Faust 1808 Austin: Pride and Prejudice 1813

Scientific advances changed world view

Scientific advances changed world view Faith in the power of reason

Scientific advances changed world view Faith in the power of reason Undermining of traditional authority

Scientific advances changed world view Faith in the power of reason Undermining of traditional authority Age of Enlightenment

Scientific advances changed world view Faith in the power of reason Undermining of traditional authority Age of Enlightenment Rise of the middle class worker

Scientific advances changed world view Faith in the power of reason Undermining of traditional authority Age of Enlightenment Rise of the middle class worker Visual arts moved away from the ornate Baroque style

Scientific advances changed world view Faith in the power of reason Undermining of traditional authority Age of Enlightenment Rise of the middle class worker Visual arts moved away from the ornate Baroque style Favored light colors, curved lines, and graceful ornaments

Classical Style Transition to Period 1730 1770

Classical Style Transition to Period 1730 1770 C.P.E. and J.C. Bach: early pioneers

Classical Style Transition to Period 1730 1770 C.P.E. and J.C. Bach: early pioneers Concentrated on simplicity and clarity

Classical Style Term Classical

Classical Style Term Classical Greek and Roman antiquity

Classical Style Term Classical Greek and Roman antiquity Supreme accomplishment of lasting appeal

Classical Style Term Classical Greek and Roman antiquity Supreme accomplishment of lasting appeal Anything that is not rock, jazz, folk, or popular

Classical Style Term Classical Greek and Roman antiquity Supreme accomplishment of lasting appeal Anything that is not rock, jazz, folk, or popular Music and visual arts stress balance and clarity of structure

Three main composers: Joseph Haydn Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Ludwig van Beethoven

Characteristics of the Classical Style Contrast of Mood

Characteristics of the Classical Style Contrast of Mood Contrasts both between & within movements

Characteristics of the Classical Style Contrast of Mood Contrasts both between & within movements Flexibility of Rhythm

Characteristics of the Classical Style Contrast of Mood Contrasts both between & within movements Flexibility of Rhythm Multiple rhythmic patterns for variety

Characteristics of the Classical Style Contrast of Mood Contrasts both between & within movements Flexibility of Rhythm Multiple rhythmic patterns for variety Texture

Characteristics of the Classical Style Contrast of Mood Contrasts both between & within movements Flexibility of Rhythm Multiple rhythmic patterns for variety Texture Mostly homophonic, but with frequent shifts

Characteristics of the Classical Style Melody

Characteristics of the Classical Style Melody Tuneful, easy to remember

Characteristics of the Classical Style Melody Tuneful, easy to remember Composers borrowed popular tunes

Characteristics of the Classical Style Melody Tuneful, easy to remember Composers borrowed popular tunes Dynamics

Characteristics of the Classical Style Melody Tuneful, easy to remember Composers borrowed popular tunes Dynamics Emotions expressed in shades of dynamics

Characteristics of the Classical Style Melody Tuneful, easy to remember Composers borrowed popular tunes Dynamics Emotions expressed in shades of dynamics Use of gradual dynamic changes

Characteristics of the Classical Style Melody Tuneful, easy to remember Composers borrowed popular tunes Dynamics Emotions expressed in shades of dynamics Use of gradual dynamic changes Related to development of the piano soft/loud

The Classical Orchestra

The Classical Orchestra Increase in size of orchestra standard group of four sections

The Classical Orchestra Increase in size of orchestra standard group of four sections Strings: first & second violins, violas, cellos, double bass

The Classical Orchestra Increase in size of orchestra standard group of four sections Strings: first & second violins, violas, cellos, double bass Woodwinds: 2 each flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons

The Classical Orchestra Increase in size of orchestra standard group of four sections Strings: first & second violins, violas, cellos, double bass Woodwinds: 2 each flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons Brass: 2 each French horns, trumpets

The Classical Orchestra Increase in size of orchestra standard group of four sections Strings: first & second violins, violas, cellos, double bass Woodwinds: 2 each flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons Brass: 2 each French horns, trumpets Percussion 2 timpani

The Classical Orchestra Composers exploited individual tone colors

The Classical Orchestra Composers exploited individual tone colors Each section had a special role

The Classical Orchestra Composers exploited individual tone colors Each section had a special role Strings most important with violins taking the melody

The Classical Orchestra Composers exploited individual tone colors Each section had a special role Strings most important with violins taking the melody Woodwinds added contrasting tone

The Classical Orchestra Composers exploited individual tone colors Each section had a special role Strings most important with violins taking the melody Woodwinds added contrasting tone Horns & trumpets brought power to loud passages

The Classical Orchestra Composers exploited individual tone colors Each section had a special role Strings most important with violins taking the melody Woodwinds added contrasting tone Horns & trumpets brought power to loud passages Timpani used for rhythmic bite & emphasis

Classical Forms Instrumental works consist of several movements that contrast in tempo & character

Classical Forms Instrumental works consist of several movements that contrast in tempo & character First movement fast

Classical Forms Instrumental works consist of several movements that contrast in tempo & character First movement fast Second movement slow

Classical Forms Instrumental works consist of several movements that contrast in tempo & character First movement fast Second movement slow Third movement dance related

Classical Forms Instrumental works consist of several movements that contrast in tempo & character First movement fast Second movement slow Third movement dance related Fourth movement Fast

Classical Forms Movements might use different forms

Classical Forms Movements might use different forms A B A

Classical Forms Movements might use different forms A B A Theme and Variations

Classical Forms Movements might use different forms A B A Theme and Variations Sonata

Classical Forms Movements might use different forms A B A Theme and Variations Sonata Minuet and Trio

Classical Forms Movements might use different forms A B A Theme and Variations Sonata Minuet and Trio Rondo

Classical Forms Movements might use different forms A B A Theme and Variations Sonata Minuet and Trio Rondo Movements often contrast themes vividly

Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period Changing society affected musicians

Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period Changing society affected musicians Haydn: worked 30 years for aristocratic family

Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period Changing society affected musicians Haydn: worked 30 years for aristocratic family Mozart: began at court, broke away, died poor

Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period Changing society affected musicians Haydn: worked 30 years for aristocratic family Mozart: began at court, broke away, died poor Beethoven: successful as an independent musician

Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period Prospering middle class wanted aristocratic pleasures (theatre, literature, music)

Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period Prospering middle class wanted aristocratic pleasures (theatre, literature, music) Public concerts became common, with middle class purchasing tickets

Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period Prospering middle class wanted aristocratic pleasures (theatre, literature, music) Public concerts became common, with middle class purchasing tickets Demand for printed music, instruments & music lessons

Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period Prospering middle class wanted aristocratic pleasures (theatre, literature, music) Public concerts became common, with middle class purchasing tickets Demand for printed music, instruments & music lessons Composers wrote music that would sell

Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period Prospering middle class wanted aristocratic pleasures (theatre, literature, music) Public concerts became common, with middle class purchasing tickets Demand for printed music, instruments & music lessons Composers wrote music that would sell Serious compositions flavored by folk and popular music

Vienna in the 18th Century

Vienna Became the musical capital of Europe

Vienna Became the musical capital of Europe Musicians came to study and be recognized

Vienna Became the musical capital of Europe Musicians came to study and be recognized Aristocrats wintering there would bring their orchestras

Vienna Became the musical capital of Europe Musicians came to study and be recognized Aristocrats wintering there would bring their orchestras Musicians, including Mozart and Beethoven, frequently played gigs in wealthy homes

Vienna Became the musical capital of Europe Musicians came to study and be recognized Aristocrats wintering there would bring their orchestras Musicians, including Mozart and Beethoven, frequently played gigs in wealthy homes Many musicians also worked in serenading street bands

Theme and Variations Single part form no contrasting B section (A A A A )

Theme and Variations Single part form no contrasting B section (A A A A ) Basic idea repeated again and again

Theme and Variations Single part form no contrasting B section (A A A A ) Basic idea repeated again and again Each repeat alters (varies) the musical idea

Theme and Variations Single part form no contrasting B section (A A A A ) Basic idea repeated again and again Each repeat alters (varies) the musical idea Each variation is about the same length as the original idea

Theme and Variations Single part form no contrasting B section (A A A A ) Basic idea repeated again and again Each repeat alters (varies) the musical idea Each variation is about the same length as the original idea Variations may alter melody, harmony, rhythm, dynamics, timbre, or all of these

Haydn: Symphony No. 94 Surprise, Mvt. 2

Minuet and Trio Ternary form based upon stately court dance of the Baroque

Minuet and Trio Ternary form based upon stately court dance of the Baroque Each ternary part is itself ternary: Minuet Trio Minuet A B A : a : : b a : : c : : d c : a b a

Minuet and Trio Ternary form based upon stately court dance of the Baroque Each ternary part is itself ternary: Minuet Trio Minuet A B A : a : : b a : : c : : d c : a b a Return of the Minuet is usually marked on the music as da capo

Mozart: Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K. 525, Mvt. 3 Minuet and Trio Form Minuet Trio Minuet A B A : a : : b a : : c : : d c : a b a

Rondo Features a tuneful main theme that returns over and over

Rondo Features a tuneful main theme that returns over and over Lively, pleasing and simple to remember

Rondo Features a tuneful main theme that returns over and over Lively, pleasing and simple to remember Main theme alternates contrasting sections

Rondo Features a tuneful main theme that returns over and over Lively, pleasing and simple to remember Main theme alternates contrasting sections A B A C A (small rondo)

Rondo Features a tuneful main theme that returns over and over Lively, pleasing and simple to remember Main theme alternates contrasting sections A B A C A (small rondo) A B A C A B A (large rondo)

Rondo Features a tuneful main theme that returns over and over Lively, pleasing and simple to remember Main theme alternates contrasting sections A B A C A (small rondo) A B A C A B A (large rondo) Note similarity to modern Pop music forms

Beethoven: String Quartet in C Minor, Op. 18, No. 4 Fourth movement, Rondo

Sonata Form Refers to form of a single movement

Sonata Form Refers to form of a single movement Ternary form (A B A) three main sections

Sonata Form Refers to form of a single movement Ternary form (A B A) three main sections Exposition

Sonata Form Refers to form of a single movement Ternary form (A B A) three main sections Exposition Initial statement of first and second themes

Sonata Form Refers to form of a single movement Ternary form (A B A) three main sections Exposition Initial statement of first and second themes Entire section usually repeated

Sonata Form Development

Sonata Form Development Tension building section

Sonata Form Development Tension building section Themes broken into fragments motives

Sonata Form Development Tension building section Themes broken into fragments motives Recapitulation

Sonata Form Development Tension building section Themes broken into fragments motives Recapitulation Resolution of tension

Sonata Form Development Tension building section Themes broken into fragments motives Recapitulation Resolution of tension Re-statement of first and second themes

Sonata Form Development Tension building section Themes broken into fragments motives Recapitulation Resolution of tension Re-statement of first and second themes Often concludes with a tag or tail Coda

Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, First Mvt Sonata Form

Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, First Mvt Sonata Form Exposition

Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, First Mvt Sonata Form Exposition Development

Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, First Mvt Sonata Form Exposition Development Recapitulation

Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, First Mvt Sonata Form Exposition Development Recapitulation Coda

Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, First Mvt

Looking Ahead Classical Symphony Classical Concerto Classical Chamber Music Joseph Haydn Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Ludwig van Beethoven