Diesel Technology and Black Carbon Allen Schaeffer Executive Director
Overview Diesel Engines 101 Uses, diesel vs. gasoline, unique aspects of diesels New Technology vs. old technology Diesel Engines and the Environment Clean Diesel System yields impressive clean air and BC benefits Measures to reduce emissions are proven, effective and in place Performance of clean diesel technology Black Carbon emissions and Diesel Engines- Policy issues Growth in light duty diesel cars and light trucks Modernizing and Upgrading existing engines and equipment
Introduction to Diesel Engines Compared to gasoline engines diesel has 10-12% more energy per gallon than gasoline is most efficient internal combustion engine; (20-40% more fuel efficient than gasoline Engines have no spark plugs uses compression ignition Diesel has unmatched unique combination of power density, performance, fuel efficiency, cost-effectiveness, scalability reliability, fuel availability, established nationwide fuel & maintenance infrastructure.
How important are diesel engines? Diesels Power Over 94% of all goods movement (Barge, Truck, Rail); Over 2/3 of all farm and construction equipment Over 70% of all transit buses; over 90 percent of all school buses 100% of freight locomotives; passenger rail Nearly all powered by diesel (except Amtrak NE corridor); 100% of marine work boats, Majority of fire and rescue equipment, larger emergency generators.
What is Clean Diesel? Clean Diesel System Engines Fuels Emissions Treatment
Clean Diesel Technology Systems Approach to Reduce Emissions USE of CLEANER FUEL-- Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel (California Sept 2006 all sectors; Federal Oct 2006 highway only; all sectors by 2010) ENABLES ENGINES -- to produce fewer emissions and then USE EXHAUST FILTERS AND CATALYSTS for final clean-up Result is Near-zero Emissions and Clean Technology 99+% Cleaner than Uncontrolled Engines Further NOx Emission Reductions in 2010-2014
Near Zero Emissions Path for All Diesel engines
Results
Emissions (tons/day) Air quality impacts: diesel PM a declining part of California s air emissions inventory 40 35 30 25 South Coast Air Basin On-Road Motor Vehicle Exhaust PM 2.5, Brake/Tire Wear PM 2.5, and Lead Emissions Inventory Brake and Tire Wear Gasoline Vehicle Lead Emissions Gasoline Vehicle Exhaust PM Light-Duty Diesel Exhaust PM Lt-Hvy and Med-Hvy-Duty Diesel Exhaust PM Diesel School and Urban Bus Exhaust PM Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Exhaust PM 20 15 10 5 0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Calendar Year Source: Sierra Research 2005)
NCx/NMHC/CO g/hp-hr Average Emissions Data from CARB; 2008 Clean diesel Emissions Performance: compared to Alternative Fuels 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 2000 and 2007 CA Engine Cert Data Diesel and CNG NOx NMHC CO PM 2000 Diesel 2000 CNG 2007 Diesel 2007 CNG - - - - - - - - - - 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 PM g/hp-hr
2007 Clean Diesel Technology (ACES I): Substantially lower emissions than expected Source: HEI ACES Phase I Release June 18,2009; www.healtheffects.org, www.crcao.org
Perspective on Clean: 60:1
BLACK CARBON POLICY ISSUES AND DIESEL Light duty diesel vehicles Existing heavy-duty engines, vehicles and equipment
Light Duty Diesel for Consumers: GHG and CAFÉ strategy Light duty diesels: 20-40 percent more MPG than gasoline. Clean diesel cars/pickups sales grew in 2009 diesel from 2.1% to 3.7% share of all vehicles hybrids: 2.1% to 2.9% (Source Wards Auto; 2009 year end data) More light duty diesel cars likely in US as new CAFÉ requirements are implemented. (ex. new diesel from Mazda, 2012) Q: Are the CO2 savings from diesel energy efficiency outweighed by concerns about other GHGs black carbon? A: NO. New Generation of Clean Diesel Cars now near zero PM emissions (Tier II Bin 5,) utilize various particulate filter/catalyst combinations. ICCT comments to NHTS/EPA on GHG Café Rule ICCT suggests considering diesel technology for small passenger cars and assessing their costs and benefits.
Fuel Type Emission Controls Enhance Diesel Benefit CO2-only Euro 3/4 Diesel without DPF vs Petrol 201 206 Diesel NET GHG Benefit 2% Diesel with DPF vs Petrol CO2 + Black Carbon 172 208 17% Source: ICCT Analysis 170 180 190 200 210 CO2-eq g/km (GWP20 Results are preliminary and have not yet been reviewed by ICCT participants.
Use of Bio and Renewable diesel fuels further enhances diesel GHG performance 285 280 275 CA Well-To-Wheel GHG per Mile: 4 Cylinder Diesel Midsize Car 270 265 260 255 250 245 240 235 Renewable Diesel ULSD B5 B10 B20 Source: California Energy Commission, June 2007 Biodiesel
Modernizing and Upgrading: Retrofit Q: There are an estimated 20 million heavy-duty on and off-road diesel engines and equipment engines in use. Can emissions of particulate matter be reduced? A: YES; many (but not all) can by one or more of the following: Retrofit: Apply emissions control technology (filters, catalysts) Repower: Replace engine with newer model Replace: Replace entire machine/engine Refuel: Use cleaner fuels (alone/in conjunction with) Rebuild: Rebuild engines to original or improved specs
Examples of Retrofit Technology: Oxidation catalyst Catalyzed Regenerative Trap Cut-Away CRT Image Courtesy of Johnson Matthey
Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) Voluntary incentive based program established under EPACT; Senators Voinovich, Carper, Clinton, Inhofe, Feinstein; strong bipartisan support -- passed 92 to 1 Authorizes $200M/year for diesel retrofits ARRA pumped $300M into program First year report to Congress: $49.2 M awarded, resulted in 119 grants, 14,000 engines, will result in 46,000 tons of NOx reduction; 2,200 tons of PM2.5; PM related benefits = $580M to $1.4B annually Cost benefit ratio $13-$20 environmental and health benefits for every $1 invested Popular program with $2Billion in viable projects, w/matching funds left on the table Save the date!: Briefing on DERA May 14, 2010 at 10:00 am Senate
Summary Today US accounts for 6 percent of all global BC emissions; by 2020 only 2 percent. New generation of US clean diesel technology has near zero emissions of fine particles. (majority of new engines by 2014). Clean diesel technologies are robust and proving emissions benefits even beyond what was expected. Cleaner fuel essential to upgrading of low emissions diesel engines and the use of any emissions control technology (especially for PM). Increased use of light duty diesel cars is a net positive 17 % over gasoline for reducing energy consumption and lowering GHG emissions. Use of biofuels and particularly renewable diesel fuels could further reduce GHG emissions.
Thank you Allen Schaeffer Executive Director aschaeffer@dieselforum.org 301-668-7230 Members of the Diesel Technology Forum: BASF, BMW, BP, BOSCH, BorgWarner, Caterpillar Inc., Corning, Cummins Inc.,Deere & Company, Detroit Diesel, Delphi Diesel Systems, Donaldson Co., Ford Motor Company, General Motors, Johnson Matthey, MTU Detroit Diesel, Navistar, Tenneco, Umicore Autocat, Volvo/Mack Powertrain, Volkswagen of America, Association of Diesel Specialists, Western States Petroleum Association. Celebrating 10 years as the leading advocate for clean diesel power.