Cleaner vehicle fleets in Central and Eastern Europe

Transcription

1 Cleaner vehicle fleets in Central and Eastern Europe Technical Training for Fleet Managers Thursday 18 September 2008 Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe Szentendre, Hungary

2 Agenda 18 th September 8:30 Registration of participants 9:00 Welcome and tour de table 9:15 Session 1: Sustainable transport and the importance of cleaner fleet management 10:30 Coffee Break 10:45 Session 2: Presentation of the cleaner fleet management toolkit 12:30 Session 3: Group session - Learning to use the toolkit 13:30 Lunch 14:30 Session 4: Cleaner fleet management in practice, by Turgut Yildiz, Country general manager, TNT Express Turkey 15:00 Session 5a: Practical session 16:30 Coffee Break 16:45 Session 5b: Next steps to a cleaner fleet strategy 18:00 Close

3 Objectives & Expectations What are yours? Objectives UNEP for this training: Train public and private fleet managers in the practical use and application of the Cleaner Fleet Management Toolkit within their own institution Discuss opportunities to improve the environmental performance of your fleet Have organizations defining building blocks that are relevant for your clean fleet strategy Expectations Public and private fleet managers use their fleet specific data to begin development of cleaner fleet strategies during training Increased awareness of cleaner fleet solutions and available UNEP support in this area Exchange of opinions and ideas from all participants as they can be useful for the other organizations as well

4 Emission Control Technologies Catalytic converters Ceramic or metallic substrate with an Active coating incormporating Aluminium, oxydes and precious metals like Platinum (Pt), Palladium (Pd) and Rhodium (Rd) These elements accelerate the reactions without being used itself Particulate Filters Gas forced to flow through the walls, filtering out PM Can have a catalytic coating for regeneration (or with fuel) Traps and adsorbers Store pollutants before releasing it to: React over catalytic materials when reached the optimal operation conditions (like temperature) More info on and

5 Three Way Catalyst Spark engine vehicles only (gasoline, LPG, CNG) Requires unleaded petrol fuel Reductions strongly depend on sulfur contents New & retrofit option Reduces NOx ~70%: 2NO x xo 2 + N 2 HC ~50%: 2C x H y + (2x+y/2)O 2 2xCO 2 + yh 2 O CO ~50%: 2CO + O 2 2CO 2

6 Examples of TWCs Catalytic converter on a Dodge Ram Van Catalytic converter on a Saab 9-5

7 Diesel Oxydation Catalyst Uses excess of oxygen in exhaust gas stream CO + ½O 2 CO 2 and HC + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O with >90% eff. Reduces the Soluble Organic Fraction of the PM by 15-40% No reduction of NO x ( SCR and NO x traps) Sulfur <500 ppm required, <150 ppm recommended Retrofitting on Pre-Euro vehicles usually is too expensive

8 Diesel Particulate Filter Converters are unable to affect elemental carbon DPF collects particles A clogging soot filter creates back pressure, so regeneration cycle to burn off the accumulated soot <50 ppm Sulfur required <15 ppm recommended Pre-Euro to Euro II trucks and buses cannot be retrofitted with DPFs (requires electronic injection system)

9 Selective Catalytic Reduction Reduces NO x : NO x + O 2 N 2 + H 2 O (various reactions) Urea as a catalyst, e.g. ammonia or AdBlue Adding AdBlue reduces the total fuel costs SCR also reduces emissions of HC (~80%) and PM (~25%) sulfur <50 ppm diesel required

10 Analyze your fleet and initiate a strategy Use or estimate your fleet data Use the toolkit to estimate your emissions Identify your options for improvements What are realistic goals for your organization? Develop a draft strategy for a cleaner fleet Presentations of some of the draft strategies Group discussion and analysis of strategies

11 Practical steps to take following this training Collect fleet Data, so that you can measure improvements Calculate or estimate your environmental Impact Start by applying the toolkit Search for other more accurate information sources, like vehicle handbooks, manufacturers websites, test reports, etc. Identify your Options for improvement Start with the options in the toolkit Search for other options as well Define your Clean Fleet Management Strategy Short term strategy (incl. quick wins) Medium term strategy Long term strategy Develop Indicators for monitoring Indicators should be independent of future changes of business The perfect baseline is seldom possible Ensure there is high level Commitment Start your strategy Inform each other (and us) on your results! See the participants list for contact details.

12 Quiz Questions

13 Quiz: A new vehicle? Q: Is it possible to drive a Toyota Prius in Serbia (both unleaded& leaded petrol fuel available with max ppm / 0.2% sulfur) A: Yes, if you buy unleaded fuel only, you can drive the Prius. However, as low sulfur petrol fuel is recommended (but not required), the 3 way catalytic converter usually installed when imported second hand- will not reduce the emissions properly. Q: Is it possible to import the latest diesel Landcruiser in Africa? A: Yes. As all diesel emission control technologies require low or ultra low sulfur diesel, these technologies will not be installed in vehicles manufactured for Africa.

14 Source: Low-Sulphur gasoline and diesel: the key to lower vehicle emissions, Katherine O. Blumberg, Michael P. Walsh, and Charlotte Pera, prepared by for the International Council on Clean Transportation, May nts/low-sulfur_icct_2003.pdf Sulfur Impacts on emissions TWC = Three Way Catalyst DOC = Diesel Oxidation Catalyst SCR = Selective Catalytic Reduction DPF = Diesel Particulate Filter control technologies

15 Quiz: the effects of sulfur Q: Sulphur significantly reduces the life of engines. When the sulphur level was decreased from 10,000 ppm to 1,000 ppm, by what percentage did the average engine life increase?

16 The effect of sulfur on engine life 100 Engine life increase (%) high average low PPM sulphur A: Going from to 1000 ppm (1,5% to 0,1%) sulfur in fuel, is estimated to increase engine life by 80 to 90%.

17 Quiz: CO2 from cars Q: How much CO 2 is emitted by a single 1000 km trip by a new passenger car like the Opel Astra 1.6? A: Fuel consumption acc. To Ecotest: 6,99 L/100 km = 14,3 km/l So for 1000 km 69,9 L of fuel will be consumed, emitting 69,9 x 2,35 = 164 kg of CO 2.

18 Quiz: CO2 from airplanes Q: How much CO2 is emitted by a single flight Amsterdam- Nairobi? A: Distance: km; Fuel consumption: 249 liter 0,625 ton CO2, plus air pollutants Source: KLM CO2 calculator

19 Quiz: Air Pollution Q: How many people die prematurely due to air pollution? A: WHO estimates 800,000 people die prematurely every year due to air pollution

20 Quiz: Fuel Economy Q: What's the fuel economy of the new Toyota Prius (in km/l)? A: According to the New European Drive Cycle: 5,02 L/100km = 19,9 km/l A2: US New Combined Drive Cycle: 46 MPG = 19,6 km/l (19,1 on highways, 20,4 in city traffic)

21 Hybrid Electric Vehicles Step Technologies Degree of hybridization 1 Avoiding energy losses during idling by shutting off the combustion engine. 2 Recuperating energy from regenerative braking. 3 Using the battery energy to assist the engine and downsizing the engine Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle, e.g. the Honda Civic 4 Running the combustion engine at its maximum load, where the engine efficiency maximizes. 5 Driving without the combustion engine running Full HEV, e.g. Toyota Prius 6 Enlarging the battery pack and recharging it with energy from a wall plug Plug-in Hybrid: Under development

22 Benefits of Hybrids The best results are achieved when: a large share of the traffic is urban or Stop & Go traffic, increasing the benefits of regenerative braking and high annual mileage, reducing the payback period of the additional investment high fuel prizes, increasing the value of the fuel saved and so reducing the pack period used in densely populated areas, where the reduction of polluting emissions contribute to the health of a large number of people governments have a programme supporting fuel efficient vehicles by financial or other incentives, like dedicated lanes Typical fleets to use HEVs for: Private and business passenger vehicles, exposed to traffic jams City taxis Light Duty Delivery trucks Transit buses and School buses Waste collection trucks

23 Total cost of ownership 50,000 Total Cost of Ownership for a Hybrid at fuel prizes 1.4 and 2.0 $/ltr, excluding any tax incentives Costs for buying the car Maintenance Fuel costs for km USD 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 - $22,400 $14,000 $4,500 $17,000 Conventional (1.4$/ltr) $4,500 $21,500 Hybrid (1.4$/ltr) $32,000 $20,000 $4,500 $17,000 Conventional (2$/ltr) $4,500 $21,500 Hybrid (2$/ltr) Assuming fuel consumptions: 20 km/ltr (= 0.05 ltr/km) for the hybrid 12, 5 km/ltr for a comparable conventional car (=0.08 ltr/km), Expected life time of km reduction of fuel consumption will be 6000 litres.

24 Source: HybridCenter.org Some hybrid models Honda Civic Hybrid Gen. 2 Toyota Prius Gen. 1 Ford Escape Hybrid (4WD) Mercury Mariner Hybrid (4WD) Lexus LS 600hL Honda Accord Hybrid Lexus GS 450h Nissan Altima Hybrid Toyota Camry Hybrid Lexus RX 400h (4WD) Toyota Highlander (4WD) Honda Insight 2

25 Examples of Passenger cars fleets Vancouver Hybrid Taxi Fleet NY will have their taxis all hybrid by 2012 London: Congestion charge not to be paid by hybrid taxis

26 Filling in the fleet inventory Fill in the numbers of vehicles, the kms driven, and the fuel consumption. If you don t have exact numbers then a good estimate will be enough. If you don t know your vehicles EMISSION STANDARD according to the Euro standard then use the text below to approximate with the age of the vehicle. Most developing countries in Africa and parts of Asia rely on a mix of imported vehicles and locally assembled vehicles. Locally assembled are usually pre-euro or Euro I standard due to lack of national emission standards. Imported vehicles have the standard from the country they were imported. Emission standards in Asia are generally lagging behind EU, US and Japanese standards with 10 years (except China catching up). However, even if imported with a high emission standard, this standard soon deteriorates due to lack of effective I&M programmes and high sulfur levels in diesel. Anything beyond Euro I requires <500 ppm of sulfur in diesel which is currently not available in many developing countries (2000 up to 7000 ppm). Examples: 1. Any vehicle bought and driven in an EU country year 2000 = Euro III 2. An truck assembled in Kenya the year 2000 = Euro I 3. Any truck made in EU year 2000 and imported to Kenya = Euro I due to high sulphur levels in diesel Emission Standard Year of introduction in the EU (Similar in the US and Japan) Requirements. Pre Euro <1992 Euro I , Unleaded petrol Euro II , 2005 in China 500 ppm diesel & petrol Euro III , 2007 in China 350 ppm diesel, 150 ppm petrol Euro IV ppm diesel & petrol Euro V Euro VI

27 Toyota Land Cruiser Information from: US EPA s green vehicle guide FIA s Ecotest

28 Fuel Qualities Lead/Unleaded Petrol Fuel Leaded Petrol: North Korea Myanmar Yemen Dual system: Bosnia and Herzegovina Montenegro Serbia Tajikistan Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Uzbekistan Afghanistan Algeria Iraq Morocco Tunisia Unleaded only: All other countries Source:

29 Fuel Quality: Diesel sulfur levels