International Journal of Applied Mathematical Research, (3) (13) 43-47 c cience Publishing Corporation www.sciencepubco.com/index.php/ijamr Confidence interval for number of population in dynamical stochastic exponential population growth models Morteza Khodabin*, Mohammad Ahmad Naeini Department of Mathematics, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran Department of Computer Engineering, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran *Corresponding author E-mail: m-khodabin@kiau.ac.ir Abstract In this paper, the confidence interval for the solution of stochastic exponential population growth model where the so-called parameter, population growth rate is not completely definite and it depends on some random environmental effects is obtained. We use Iran population data in the period 191-6 as an example. Keywords: Brownian motion process; Ito integral; Exponential growth model; Confidence interval. 1 Introduction Population growth models are abstract representation of the real world objects, systems or processes to illustrate the theoretical concepts that in these days are increasingly being used in more applied situations such as predicting future outcomes or simulation experimentation. In mathematical literature, many population models have been considered, from deterministic and stochastic population models where the population size is represented by a discrete random variable, to very complex continuous stochastic models. A nonrandom case, ignore natural variation and produce a single value result, while a stochastic model incorporates some natural variation in to model to state unpredictable situations such as weather or random fluctuations in resources and will generate a mean or most probable result. Nowadays, the well-known model like logistic play a major role in modern ecological theory. The paper [], introduce numerical approximations for population growth models. In paper [3], the stochastic and generalized stochastic exponential population growth models are introduced. o, in the present paper, We construct a confidence interval for number of population obtained in [3]. tochastic concepts and Ito integral Definition.1 (Brownian motion process). Brownian motion B(t) is a stochastic process with the following properties. (i)(independence of increments) B(t) B(s), for t > s, is independent of the past. (ii) (Normal increments) B(t) B(s) has Normal distribution with mean and variance t s. This implies (taking s = ) that B(t) B() has N(, t) distribution. (iii) (Continuity of paths) B(t), t are continuous functions of t. Definition. Let {N(t)} t be an increasing family of σ-algebras of sub-sets of Ω. A process g(t, ω) from [, ) Ω to R n is called N(t)-adapted if for each t the function ω g(t, ω) is N(t)-measurable. Definition.3 Let ν = ν(, T ) be the class of functions f(t, ω) : [, ) Ω R such that, (i) (t, ω) f(t, ω), is B F-measurable, where B denotes the Borel σ-algebra on [, ) and F is the σ-algebra on Ω. (ii) f(t, ω) is F t -adapted, where F t is the σ-algebra generated by the random variables B(s); s t.
44 International Journal of Applied Mathematical Research (iii) E [ f (t, ω)] <. Definition.4 (The Itô integral), [1]. Let f ν(, T ), then the Itô integral of f (from to T) is defined by f(t, ω)db(t)(ω) = lim n where, φ n is a sequence of elementary functions such that Theorem.5 (The Itô isometry). Let f ν(, T ), then Proof. see [1]. φ n (t, ω)db(t)(ω), (limit in L (P )) E [ (f(t, ω) φ n (t, ω)) ], as n. E [ ( f(t, ω)db(t)(ω)) ] = E [ f (t, ω) ]. Definition.6 (1-dimensional Itô processes), [1]. Let B(t) be 1-dimensional Brownian motion on (Ω, F, P ). A 1-dimensional Itô process (stochastic integral) is a stochastic process X(t) on (Ω, F, P ) of the form or where dx(t) = u + vdb(t), X(t) = X() + u(s, ω)ds + v(s, ω)db(s), P [ v (s, ω)ds <, for all t ] = 1, P [ u(s, ω) ds <, for all t ] = 1. Theorem.7 (The 1-dimensional Itô formula). Let X(t) be an Itô process given by (1) and g(t, x) C ([, ) R), then Y (t) = g ( t, X(t) ), is again an Itô process, and dy (t) = g ( ) g ( ) 1 g ( )( ), t, X(t) + t, X(t) dx(t) + t, X(t) dx(t) () t x x where (dx(t)) = (dx(t))(dx(t)) is computed according to the rules. =.db(t) = db(t). =, db(t).db(t) =. (3) Proof. see [1]. (1) 3 Exponential population growth models Exponential model as a J-shaped process, refers to continuous population growth in an unlimited environment which is appropriate for populations with overlapping generations. In deterministic cases, we assume that a(t) = r(t) is an accurate and nonrandom given function whereas in stochastic forms, a(t) at time t is not completely definite and it depends on some random environment effects, i.e. a(t) = r(t) + noise, where r(t) is a nonrandom function of time variable that means the growth rate of population at time t whereas we do not know the exact behavior of noise term, we can set, a(t) = r(t) + α(t)w (t), where W (t) = db(t) is one dimensional white noise process and B(t) is a one dimensional brownian motion and α(t) is nonrandom function that shows the infirmity and intensity of noise at time t.
International Journal of Applied Mathematical Research 45 3.1 Dynamical deterministic exponential population growth model Consider the following simple population growth model dn(t) It s solution is = r(t)n(t). N(t) = N() exp ( r(s)ds ), if r(t) = r, then N(t) = N()e rt. 3. Dynamical stochastic exponential population growth model The stochastic exponential model is as follows then dn(t) = ( r(t) + α(t) db(t) ) N(t), dn(t) = ( r(t) + α(t)db(t) ) N(t), (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) we can find that [3] N(t) = N() exp ( (r(s) 1 α (s))ds + 4 Confidence interval ince N(t) is a random process, we can construct an confidence interval for it. α(s)db(s) ). (9) Theorem 4.1 Let α(t) be non-random such that α (s)ds <, then (1 ɛ) % confidence interval for N(t) is given by N(t) = N() exp ( t (r(s) 1 α (s))ds ) exp ( t ± Z ɛ α (s)ds ) (1) proof: It is easy to see that if α(t) is non-random such that α (s)ds <, then its Itô integral Y (t) = α(s)db(s) is a Gaussian process with zero mean and variance given by α (s)ds. o we can rewrite (9) as where Thus so we can put or N(t) = N() exp ( (r(s) 1 α (s))ds ) exp ( α(s)db(s) ) = D(t) exp ( α(s)db(s) ), Z ɛ D(t) = N() exp ( (r(s) 1 α (s))ds ). α(s)db(s) = ln N(t) D(t) N(, α (s)ds ), α (s)ds ln N(t) t D(t) Z ɛ α (s)ds, D(t) exp( Z ɛ α (s)ds) N(t) D(t) exp(z ɛ α (s)ds),
46 International Journal of Applied Mathematical Research Table 1: Number of population and population growth rate (Iran). Y ear N(t) r(t) 13 977 135 1456.14976785 131 11185.1473539 1315 11964.1434563 13 1833.1456511 135 14159.151471 133 1637.179651 1335 1895474.193499 1345 57887.195555 1355 3378744.89836 1365 494451.53666 137 55837163.539149 1375 655488.459658 1385 749578.3615 which is equal to (1). In special case, if r(t) = r and α(t) = α, we can write (9) as and (1) as N(t) = N() exp ( (r 1 α )t + αb(t) ), (11) N() exp ( (r 1 α )t Z ɛ α t ) N(t) N() exp ( (r 1 α )t + Z ɛ α t ). (1) 5 Numerical example The following table represent the number of population of Iran in the period 13-1385. In table 1, we assume that t= correspond to 13, and so the initial population is N() = 977. We compute the population growth rate r(t) by the following relation N(t) r(t) = t N() 1. The scatter plot of r(t) shows that we can fit multiple linear regression for r(t) as below ˆr(t) =.153.67t +.13t.14t 3, t. (13) with R squared =.98. Here we assume that α(s) = 1 1 15 1+s. o for example if we put t = 9, we get 9 ˆr(s)ds = 1.74879, 9 α (s) ds =.14, 9 α (s)ds =.48, 9 α(s)db(s) =.1457. By using above outputs and from (9) the prediction of population at time t will be ˆN(9) = 977 e 1.74879.14+.1457 = 6391144.67. (14) Consequently, the 95 percent confidence interval for N(t) would be 4186446.75 N(t) 7881677.85 (15)
International Journal of Applied Mathematical Research 47 References [1] B. Oksendal, tochastic Differential Equations, An Introduction with Applications, Fifth Edition, pringer-verlag, New York, (1998). [] Kamel Al-Khaled, Numerical approximations for population growth models, Applied Mathematics and Computation 16 (5) 865-873. [3] khodabin, M., Maleknejad, K., Rostami, M., Nouri,M. Interpolation solution in generalized stochastic exponential population growth model, Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 53: 191-19. (11).