University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute

The Alexander Viability Freitag of Sustainability: Director Engineering The Diesel Role Systems of Development Clean Diesel Robert Bosch LLC University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute Focus on the Future Automotive Research Conferences 1 DS/ENS-NA 02/13/13 1383_046.ppt 2013 Robert Bosch LLC and affiliates. All rights reserved.

Topics: Market Trends and Regulations Future approach Air & Fuel management Exhaust Gas Management Tolerance Reduction Combustion Process Powertrain Summary 2 D/ENS-NA 02.13.2012 1382_046.ppt 2013 Robert Bosch LLC and affiliates. All rights reserved.

Changing Requirements Resources Power / Comfort CO 2 / Fuel Economy Emissions (HC, CO, NO x, Particulates) ACEA-Selbstverpflichtung 2008: 140g/km (-25%) 1970 1980 1990 2000 2020 2040 2060 Bosch Innovations 4 D/ENS-NA 02.06.2013 1382_046.ppt 2013 Robert Bosch LLC and affiliates. All rights reserved.

014 0.14 US PC/LD Emissions Evolution: PM [g/mi] 0.12 010 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 Tier 1 Tier 2 Bin 9 2006 vehicles - 88% Bin 10-88% 1999 vehicles - 95% -90% 0.02 Bin 5 Bin 8 0.01 0.00 007 0.07 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Bin 2 2009 Clean Diesel Vehicles NOx [g/mi] 1.2 1.4 More than 90% reduction in criteria emissions in 10 years 5 D/ENS-NA 02.06.2013 1382_046.ppt 2013 Robert Bosch LLC and affiliates. All rights reserved.

Development CO 2 fleet targets l/100 mpg km/l km US CAFE 250 10,5 22,3 9,5 9,4 24,9 10,6 LT km g CO 2 / 200 8,4 27,9 11,9 7,5 31,2 13,3 150 6,3 37,2 15,9 5,7 41,5 17,5 100 4,2 55,7 23,8 3,8 62,3 26,3 Cars 35.55 mpg* -5% 54.55 mpg*? 50 2,1 113 47,6 Gasoline (Diesel) * Combined fleet average 2000 2005 2010 2015 202030 2050 CAFE = Corporate Average Fuel Economy PC = Passenger Cars LT / LDT = Light Trucks (pick-ups, vans, SUVs) CARB = California Air Resources Board mpg = miles per gallon 6 Stringent requirements by 2025 D/ENS-NA 02.06.2013 1382_046.ppt 2013 Robert Bosch LLC and affiliates. All rights reserved.

MY2011 Passenger Car CAFE Fleet Data Fuel Economy (mp pg) 70 60 55 Bosch Footprint Based Segments 70 Subcompact Car Compact Car Passcar Fleet Midsize Car Large CUV 5% 2016 8% 2016 15% 2016 17% 2016 21% 2016 65 29% 2021 33% 2021 41% 2021 44% 2021 49% 2021 55% 2025 60% 2025 70% 2025 73% 2025 79% 2025 50 45 40 35 30 25 Small CUV 25% 2016 54% 2021 85% 2025 Large Car 29% 2016 59% 2021 91% 2025 Large SUV 58% 2016 95% 2021 134% 2025 MY 2025 MY 2021 MY 2016 20 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 Footprint (sqft) MY2017 - MY2025 targets based on corrected NPRM 11/30/11 Source: Martec 2011/Bosch 7 D/ENS-NA 02.06.2013 1382_046.ppt 2013 Robert Bosch LLC and affiliates. All rights reserved.

Fuel Economy (mp pg) Focus on the Future UMTRI conference 13 Feb. 2013 MY2011 Passenger Car CAFE Fleet Data 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 Gasoline and Diesel Passenger Cars Jetta Sportwagon Diesel Golf Diesel Jetta Sedan BMW 3-Series BMW 3-Series Audi A3 14% above 2016 15% above 2016 Diesel Gasoline Diesel Diesel 6% 2021 4% 2021 17% above 2016 31% 2016 0% 2016 25% above 2016 28% 2025 25% 2025 2% 2021 62% 2021 23% 2021 7% above 2021 23% 2025 94% 2025 48% 2025 11% 2025 Jetta Sportwagon Gasoline 18% 2016 46% 2021 75% 2025 Golf Gasoline 18% 2016 46% 2021 76% 2025 Jetta Sedan Gasoline 15% 2016 42% 2021 70% 2025 MY 2025 MY 2021 MY 2016 Audi A3 Gasoline 13% 2016 39% 2021 66% 2025 20 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 MY2017 - MY2025 targets based on corrected NPRM 11/30/11 Footprint (sqft) Source: Martec 2011 8 RBNA/MKR, C/AIR-NA 2/20/2012 110728 CO2 Standard Customer Presentation 2012 Robert Bosch LLC and affiliates. All rights reserved.

DS-NA Key Indicators U.S. Clean Diesel Vehicle Launch Calendar New Vehicle Launches by 2018= 36 2013 2014 2015 2016 Audi A6 (3.0L) Audi A7 (3.0L) Audi A8 (3.0L) BMW 325 (2.0L) Chevrolet Cruze (2.0L) Mazda 6 (2.2L) MB E250 (2.2L) VW Beetle Conv. (2.0L) Audi Q5 (3.0L) Jeep Grand Cherokee (3.0L) MB GLK 250 (2.2L) MB ML 250 (2.2L) 2L) Ford Transit (3.2L) Announced by OEM = Not Announced by OEM 9 DS/MKL1-NA 02/13/13 1383_046.ppt 2013 Robert Bosch LLC and affiliates. All rights reserved.

Powertrain diversification for Today and the Future gasoline gasoline diesel gasoline diesel alternative fuels dual fuel diesel alternative fuels EV / range extender EV / battery EV / fuel cell EV (battery / fuel cell) hybrid hybrid EV / range extender 1997 2010 2015 Variety of Technical solution needed d to address energy reduction? 11 DS/ENS-NA 02/13/13 1383_046.ppt 2013 Robert Bosch LLC and affiliates. All rights reserved.

New powertrains: Estimated world market volumes 120 112 117 12 Volume es [Mio. Vehicles] 100 80 60 40 20 0 87 84 (96%).267 2.014.756 105 (93%) 109 (93%) 144 1.44 172 1.72 4.8 5.36 1.45 1.64 2013 2018 2020 ICE (gasoline / diesel / FlexFuel) Full Electric Vehicles Hybrid Vehicles (w/ ICE Engine) Others (CNG, LPG) Source: Internal Internal Combustion Engines will remain the predominant power train for the near future Internal DS/MKL1-NA 1/2013 2013 Robert Bosch LLC and affiliates. All rights reserved.

Optimizing the Diesel System Air Management Swirl-/Throttle Valve Turbo Charger/VGT* Fuel Injection System New Generations Multiple Injections Reduced Tolerance Optimized Nozzle Combustion Process Reduction of compression ratio Combustion strategies Tolerance Reduction Zero Fuel Calibration Fuel Balancing Control Individual Cylinder Control Powertrain Hybrid Technology Exhaust gas management Fast Catalyst Light-Off (reduce thermal losses) Diesel Particulate Filter NOx storage catalyst Catalystst temp control 14 D/ENS-NA 02.06.2013 1382_046.ppt 2013 Robert Bosch LLC and affiliates. All rights reserved. *VGT= Variable Geometry Turbo

Optimizing the Diesel System Air Management Swirl-/Throttle Valve Turbo Charger/VGT* Fuel Injection System New Generations Multiple Injections Reduced Tolerance Optimized Nozzle Combustion Process Reduction of compression ratio Combustion strategies Tolerance Reduction Zero Fuel Calibration Fuel Balancing Control Individual Cylinder Control Powertrain Hybrid Technology Exhaust gas management Fast Catalyst Light-Off (reduce thermal losses) Diesel Particulate Filter NOx storage catalyst Catalystst temp control 23 D/ENS-NA 02.13.2012 1382_046.ppt 2013 Robert Bosch LLC and affiliates. All rights reserved. *VGT= Variable Geometry Turbo

Hybrid: No longer a gasoline story BMEP [ba ar] 22 NO X Soot 20 Fuel Consumption in g/kwh High Low 15 18 210 10 16 High 14 220 5 Low 230 220 12 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 1000 2000 3000 4000 10 N [1/min] CO HC 230 20 230 8 240 15 Low Low 6 240 240 10 270 4 270 300 270 300 2 300 500 400 5 400 Disadvantage 400 500 Area High High 0 500 0 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 1000 2000 3000 4000 1000 2000 3000 4000 Engine Speed [rpm] Engine Speed [rpm] Engine Speed [rpm] BMEP [bar] BMEP [bar] 20 24 D/ENS-NA 02.13.2012 1382_046.ppt 2013 Robert Bosch LLC and affiliates. All rights reserved.

Electrical Power demand Recuperation Potential Performance in Electric Driving i Efficiency Chain of Drivetrain Strong Hybrid Strong Hybrid Mild Hybrid w/ mech. drive w/o mech. drive Low Mid High Low High High Very Low High Very high Mid High Mid CO 2 Potential Mid High Mid Architectures engine Clutch or t/con engine motor engine IMG 25 motor AMT or AT mech. coupled AMT: Automated Manual Transmission clutch AT: Automatic Transmission t/con: torque converter AT w/o t/con or AMT Elimination of engine low load area requires pure electrical driving + - Battery Parallel architecture with a single clutch is a smart solution with low complexity D/ENS-NA 02.13.2012 1382_046.ppt 2013 Robert Bosch LLC and affiliates. All rights reserved. Inverter

Parallel Strong Hybrid Single Clutch Diesel Engine: DI 1.6l, Pmax = 85 kw Gearbox: 6-speed AMT E-Motor: IMG, Pmax = 25 kw Battery: Li-Ion, Capacity = 1.5 kwh Diesel Engine E-Motor Gearbox AMT: Automated Manual Transmission IMG: Integrated Motor Generator SES SES: Standard Electric Starter Elimination of engine low load area requires pure electrical driving Parallel architecture with a single clutch is a smart solution with low complexity 26 D/ENS-NA 02.13.2012 1382_046.ppt 2013 Robert Bosch LLC and affiliates. All rights reserved.

State of Charge in Wh 0-200 -400-600 -800 Full Test (NEDC) Split Test (UDC + EUDC) Vehicle Speed Split Test: Battery balance is also forced at the end of UDC mission ctional) ional*) tive CO 2 Em t of conventi convenc Cumulat (per cent 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% UDC EUDC Conventional Vehicle ~20 % CO2 reduction Hybrid - Full Test Hybrid - Split test CO 2 emission reduction by combining urban with extra urban driving 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 * Basis: CO 2 Emission in g Time in s of Conventional Vehicle in NEDC 27 D/ENS-NA 02.13.2012 1382_046.ppt 2013 Robert Bosch LLC and affiliates. All rights reserved. NEDC=New European Driving Cycle UDC=Urban Driving Cycle EUDC=Extra Urban Driving Cycle

(per cen nt of convent tional*) Basis: CO 2 Emission in g/km of Conventional Vehicle* in NEDC 25% -9% NEDC UDC EUDC NEDC UDC EUDC NEDC UDC EUDC Conventional Vehicle HEV Full Test HEV Split Test 28 *Conventional Vehicle: 1470 kg IW, 1.6 l Diesel Engine, Euro 5; HEV: 1590 kg IW, 1.6 l Diesel Engine + 25 kw E-Motor Reduced CO 2 emission difference between urban and extra urban driving with hybrid D/ENS-NA 02.13.2012 1382_046.ppt 2013 Robert Bosch LLC and affiliates. All rights reserved.

Summary: Cont. work ongoing to further improve fuel economy Diesel will maintain advantage compared to gasoline LEV III work ongoing New Technologies provide emissions i benefit GHG reduction work ongoing New Technologies provide GHG benefit Full system approach required to meet FE and criteria emission targets 30 D/ENS-NA 02.13.2012 1382_046.ppt 2013 Robert Bosch LLC and affiliates. All rights reserved.