Human Factors and Fatigue: Progress and Products Federal Aviation Dr. William B. Johnson Chief Scientific & Technical Advisor for Human Factors in A/C Maintenance Systems bill-dr.johnson@faa.gov
AVS Organization Associate Administrator, AVS-1 Peggy Gilligan Deputy Associate Administrator, AVS-2 John Hickey Aircraft Certification Service AIR Flight Standards Service AFS Office of Aerospace Medicine AAM Office of Accident Investigation and Prevention AVP Air Traffic Safety Oversight AOV Office of Rulemaking ARM Office of Quality Integration & Executive Services AQS Over 7,200 Employees dedicated to Aviation Safety Federal Aviation 1 1of 39
Chief Scientist Specialties (21) Aeronautical Communications Advanced Avionics & Electrical Advanced Composite Materials Advanced Control Systems Aircraft Computer Software Aircraft Safety Analysis Crash Dynamics Electromagnetic Interference Engine Dynamics & Safety Fatigue and Damage Tolerance Flight Deck Human Factors Flight Environmental Icing Flight Loads / Aero Elasticity Flight Management Flight Simulation Systems Nondestructive Evaluation Maintenance Human Factors Metallurgy Propulsion Control Systems Vulnerability Discovery & Safety Measure Programs Wake Turbulence Federal Aviation 2 2of 39
Presentation Plan How to See and Recall HF Basics Alertness / Fatigue (with interventions) Questions and Discussion Federal Aviation 3 3of 39
Use Special Spectacles to see Human Factors Federal Aviation 4 4of 39
People who perform the job Environment for work - Organizational and physical Actions (tasks) performed as part of the job Resources like equipment, tools, procedures, and more Federal Aviation 5 5of 39
Example People Topics Physical Size Gender Age Strength The five senses Physiological Health Nutrition Lifestyle Alertness/fatigue Chemical dependency Psychological Experience Knowledge Training Attitude Emotional state Psychosocial Interpersonal relations Ability to communicate Empathy Leadership Professionalism Federal Aviation 6 6of 39
Workshop to ident HF problems* 30 Participants FAA AFS AIR CAMI Non-FAA MRO (1) OEM (2) NTSB (1) Transport Canada (1) *Conclusions not necessarily endorsed by organizations Federal Aviation 7 7of 39
The Top 8 Mx HF Challenges* Pre-Workshop Ranking Fatigue/Alertness Technical Knowledge/Skill Return-on-Investment Complacency/ Tech Pubs Workplace Pressure Shiftwork Safety Culture General Work Environs Post-Workshop Ranking 1 Use of Technical Pubs 2 Fatigue/Alertness 3 Safety Culture 4 Event Reporting Data (MEDA, LOSA, ASAP) 5 Return-on-Investment 6 Establish HF as Priority 7 Professionalism (Gen gaps, etc.) 8 Required Inspection Items *Based on Rank Order Federal Aviation 8 8of 39
Comparing Mx HF Challenges in US and European Union EASA Group Measure effectiveness of HF Expand HF to all Mx Organiz. Fatigue Risk Management Address Organiz. Factors Improving Reg. Oversight North American 1 Use of Technical Pubs 2 Fatigue/Alertness 3 Safety Culture 4 Event Reporting Data (MEDA, LOSA, ASAP) 5 Return-on-Investment 6 Establish HF as Priority 7 Professionalism (Gen gaps, etc.) 8 Required Inspection Items *Based on Rank Order Federal Aviation 9 9of 39
Suggestions from Fatigue Workshop 1. Public Relations (Mantra, HAI & ATA, Case for change, Promotional campaign) 2. Fatigue Education (For maintainers, in schools, and for families) 3. Hours of Service Limits (Duty time limit changes) 4. Fatigue Risk Management System (FRMS) (Fitness-forduty policy and responsibility) *Based on Rank Order Federal Aviation 10 of 39 10
Workshop Suggestions (cont.) 5. Fatigue Assessment Tools 6. Accountability in SMS for ignoring HF (Integrate FRMS with SMS) 7. Get sleep history from LOSA data (Collect ASAP data for risk analysis) *Based on Rank Order Federal Aviation 11 11 of 39
Presentation Plan How to See and Recall HF Basics Alertness / Fatigue (with interventions) Questions and Discussion Federal Aviation 12 of 39 12
Fatigue as a Contributing Factor? Date Flight Location Ftl. Contributing Factors? 06/99 AAL 1420 Littlerock AR 01/03 Air Midwest 5481 10/04 Corporate Airlines 5966 08/06 Comair 191 Charlotte, NC Kirksville, MO Lexington, KY 13 Pilot awake for 31 hrs, First Officer on a 3-day, 6-leg sequence 21 Flight Control Misrigging 13 CRM, Extended hour, minimum rest, tough schedule, 6th flight segment 49 Wrong runway for take-off, early AM Federal Aviation 13 of 39 13
A Timely Statement? Since no serious person would dismiss potentially detrimental consequences of fatigue to aviation, continuing studies of fatigue are being conducted. Time changes, equipment changes, and responsible monitoring of altered conditions in relation to fatiguing factors is a communal requirement of those engaged in aviation (Mohler, 1965). Federal Aviation 14 of 39 14
Plain Language Version Fatigue is a serious challenge in aviation for many reasons. We have to do something about it! (Bill Johnson, Now!) Federal Aviation 15 of 39 15
FAA Fatigue Studies by Scientific Specialty: Auditory fatigue Fatigue and Stress Cariorespiratory Assessment of Decongestants- Antihistamine on Altitude, +Gz and Fatigue Tolerance Effects of prior physical exertion on tolerance to Hypoxia, Orthostatic Stress, & Physical Fatigue Blink rate as a Measure of Fatigue Effects of Alcohol on Fatigue Shiftwork, Age, and Performance in ATC Effect of Maintenance Working Environments on fatigue Ocular Correlates of Fatigue Shift Rotation Assessment Predicting Fatigue with Voice Analysis Analysis on incident reports and surveys Training, scheduling, measuring, and other interventions 60s - 80s 90s 2000s Federal Aviation 16 of 39 16
We know What fatigue is What causes it How to measure it How it affects performance, generally and specifically What are the countermeasures That proper schedules for quality sleep are critical That personal responsibility is important Federal Aviation 17 of 39 17
Who must take action? Company Regulator Fatigue Management Labor Science Federal Aviation 18 of 39 18
The Next Steps Generate a Collective Will to address fatigue challenges Improve investigative techniques related to fatigue/fitness for duty Create and implement the interventions Validate real-time fatigue assessment technologies & countermeasures Regulate/Guide FRMS Measure the impact of FRMS Reinforce the business/safety case for proper rest Federal Aviation 19 of 39 19
Presentation Plan How to See and Recall HF Basics Alertness / Fatigue (with interventions) Questions and Discussion Federal Aviation 20 of 39 20
www.mxfatigue.com Federal Aviation 21 of 39
From www.mxfatigue.com 2+ hrs. of web-based training on fatigue Award-wining 20 minute fatigue video Web-based fatigue assessment software Return on Investment software Order DVDs and more Federal Aviation 22 of 39 22
Fatigue Countermasure Training Utilize Available Resources Alarm_Clock_Problem.wmv Federal Aviation 23 of 39 23
FAA Fatigue Awareness Video Federal Aviation 24 of 39 24
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From www.mxfatigue.com 2+ hrs. of web-based training on fatigue Award-wining 20 minute fatigue video Web-based fatigue assessment software Return on Investment software Order DVDs and more Federal Aviation 26 of 39 26
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Fill in the Blanks for ROI Federal Aviation 30 of 39 30
The Directions to ROI Federal Aviation 31 of 39 31
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100% Return Federal Aviation 35 of 39 35
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From www.mxfatigue.com 2+ hrs. of web-based training on fatigue Award-wining 20 minute fatigue video Web-based fatigue assessment software Return on Investment software Order DVDs and more Federal Aviation 37 of 39 37
Presentation Plan How to See and Recall HF Basics Alertness / Fatigue (with interventions) Questions and Discussion Thank you, Bill Johnson Federal Aviation 38 of 39 38
FRMS Process Federal Aviation 39 of 39 39