[ application note note ] ] P O LYM E R ANA LYSIS BY MA L D I -T O F -MS Henry Shion and Nicholas Ellor Waters Corporation, Beverly, MA, USA OV ERVIEW Molecular weight is an important parameter for synthetic polymers because it relates directly to their physical properties. The most commonly used techniques to characterize synthetic polymers, such as osmometry, cryscopy, end-group titration and light scattering, only yield an average molecular weight and do not yield any information about chemical structure or chain branching, etc. Other methods, such as gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), separate the oligomeric components of the polymer system with limited resolution. Furthermore, the accuracy of molecular weight values is limited by the need to calibrate against reference compounds. Thus these techniques are not suitable for the determination of absolute molecular weight distributions of the individual components of the polymer distribution. MALDI MS has an important advantage in synthetic polymer analysis: absolute molecular weights of oligomers can be determined, as opposed to obtaining relative molecular weights by chromatographic techniques. MALDI polymer analysis permits accurate determination of molecular weights from narrowly distributed polymers (polydispersity <1.2). INT RODUCTION Polymer distributions are typically characterized by Mn and Mw, which are calculated from the formula: Mn = (NiMi)/Ni and Mw = (NiMi2)/NiMi Ni and Mi are the abundance and mass of the ith oligomer, respectively. For the polystyrene 2 MALDI MX spectrum (Figure 1), the molecular weight averages can be calculated directly from the spectrum: Mn = 279, Mw = 2232, and polydispersity (D = MwMn) = 1.7, using programs such as Polymerix (Sierra Analytics, Modesto, CA, Figure 2 and 3) The repeating mass unit of 14.63 confirms that the analyte is a styrene-based polymer. For the peak at = 1934.83, it can easily calculate that the peak is a PS with 17 repeat styrene units (mass = 1769.71 Da). The difference of 165.12 mass units (1934.83 1769.71) is made up by the addition of 17.913 and 57.99 with 17.913 is the average mass of the silver atom (from silver-cationized PS ions). Mass 57.99 is the butyl end group. In this case, MALDI results provide good confirmation of the polymer structure. The technique can accurately determine the masses of oligomers, confirming that MALDI is a useful tool for end-group analysis as well as product confirmation. This application note demonstrates the use of the Waters MALDI micro MX for polymer characterization. This includes molecular weight averages (both the number [Mn] and weight [Mw] averaged molecular weights), polydispersity, mass of repeat units and end-group mass structure. 1 1936.9 1832.4 1937.9 241.15 24.15 1833.4 2145.21 1727.96 1728.97 2144.22 2249.27 2248.29 1623.9 1935.9 1831.3 1624.91 239.15 242.15 2353.35 1726.96 1938.1 2146.23 2143.22 2352.34 1834.2 1519.85 1622.9 2247.27 1725.95 2457.39 2354.36 183.3 1892.13 2456.39 1996.18 152.85 1788.5 1621.9 2351.34 2561.47 2458.42 1518.83 1682.99 21.24 1415.77 256.46 224.32 2562.45 1517.83 2455.4 2665.53 1578.92 2251.27 2664.5 238.37 1416.78 2355.36 2666.53 1414.78 2559.44 1474.86 2769.59 1413.77 2412.43 1311.71 2459.41 2563.46 2768.57 277.57 2517.48 2663.53 2667.53 2873.64 131.71 1312.71 262.54 2767.56 2872.64 2874.64 2771.59 2977.72 2724.6 127.64 2871.64 113.58 1161.67 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 3 31 32 33 34 35 36 Figure 1. Polystyrene 2 MALDI micro MX spectrum.
Therefore, it is more challenging to analyze unknown polymer samples by MALDI MS than unknown peptides and proteins samples because of the sample preparation issues. Very often different MALDI MS sample preparation methods (matrices, solvents, adding/removing salts, etc.) are employed for different types of polymers. Here are some of the examples from MALDI polymer analysis experiments. 1 127.58 969.54 911.5 185.64 1143.67 853.44 121.72 795.4 215.41 273.47 1259.78 214.41 1898.31 2189.54 2247.6 235.64 2363.7 737.38 1317.83 184.27 1783.2 2421.73 2479.82 1375.86 1725.18 2537.86 1724.14 2538.86 619.25 677.29 2653.93 2711.2 6 8 1 12 14 16 18 2 22 24 26 28 Figures 2 and 3. Polymerix (Sierra Analytics) is used for molecular weight distribution measurement for Polystyrene 2. EX PERIMENTAL Figure 4. Polypropylene glycol 1 and 2 (1 mg/ml) mixture MALDI micro MX spectrum. DHB (1 mg/ml) was used as the matrix. Data was acquired in reflectron mode. All major peaks are sodiated peaks. The major difference between MALDI analysis of proteins/peptides and synthetic polymers is in the ionization process. For protein/peptide MALDI analysis, most samples are ionized through protonation; for synthetic polymer MALDI experiments most samples are ionized by cationization. 1 18953.8 18643.4 19474.9 18538.7 19577.7 18434.2 19682.1 1833.4 19786.3 18227.8 18123.4 19889.2 19993.9 1819.4 221. 17915.6 235.3 17811. 2512.3 1764.2 2617. 17499.7 Some polymers, such as polyethylene glycols and polymethylmethacylate form ions with alkali metals (added to the sample or simply present as an impurity) in the form of MLi +, MNa +, and MK +, etc. Others, such as polystyrene, undergo a cationization process which preferentially involves transition metal ions, such as silver and copper 1. The actual mechanism of the cationization process remains unclear, but it appears that as the result of a gas phase collision between cation and polymer chain, the cation will link itself in some fashion to an electron-rich site on the polymer chain. 17395.5 17292.1 17187.7 16979.7 1 12 14 16 18 2 22 24 26 28 Figure 5. Polystyrene 19K (5 mg/ml in THF) MALDI micro MX spectrum. Dithranol (5 mg/ml) was used as the matrix. AgTFA (5 mg/ml) was added to the matrix and sample. Data was acquired in linear mode. All major peaks are silver cationized peaks. 272.3 2823.4 2928.5 2132.2 21135.7
[ application note ] 17571.6 16481.9 1 16283.3 16184.1 1 772.6464 1965. 15389.5 19458.3 19658.1 15193.4 14895.8 2348.4 14695.4 844.5173 21248.3 1421.6 21637.9 14195.4 83.5659 2944.8 14398.1 22929.7 888.43 92.3625 92.3138 96.2321 976.1414 162.43 1135.7813 1193.6685 1 12 14 16 18 2 22 24 26 28 Figure 6. Polymethyl methacrylate 2K (1 mg/ml) MALDI micro MX spectrum. Dithranol (25 mg/ml) was used as the matrix. Data was acquired in linear mode. All major peaks are sodiated peaks. 8 9 1 11 12 148.9788 13 14 15 1727.4363 16 17 18 19 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Figure 7. Poly-(DL-Lactide-co-glycolide) (1 mg/ml) MALDI micro MX spectrum before GPC separation. Dithranol (1 mg/ml) was used as the matrix. Data was acquired in reflectron mode. All major peaks are sodiated peaks. The spectrum does not reflect the real molecular distribution of the polymer sample. GPC MALDI polymer analysis Although MALDI MS has been used widely to provide molecular weight and structural and compositional information of synthetic polymers, one limitation of the technique is that it fails to provide correct molecular-weight values for polydisperse polymers (polydispersity, Mw/Mn >1.2). To overcome this limitation, the output of GPC can be coupled to the MALDI micro MX system by collecting GPC fractions and performing MALDI analysis off-line. The average molecular weight of each fraction is then determined, allowing calibration of the GPC curve against absolute molecular weight. The calibrated GPC trace can then be used to compute average molecular weight and molecular-weight distribution of the unfractionated polymer samples. 21.2126 1 4238.5762 4584.6354785.4629 3271.67243834.2188 4325.4932 1364.499 3241.773 1571.736 2766.4451 4482.856 481.1978 921.7535 1 929.7783 113.419 1146.4146 1355.9354 1579.747 3241.7795 3618.776 929.9463 1 93.9546 2228.844 2447.364 27.5942 275.3337 117.7274 3142.66 Here is an example of GPC MALDI analysis for Poly-(DL-Lactideable polyesters used in drug delivery. Molecular weight data for 2466.864 1 1349.49 1 co-glycolide) (PLG). OLG polymers are biocompatible and biodegrad- 567.939 5795.4712 493.759 385.63 3777.925 1519.818 1854.3126 256.6262 2186.8171 2316.967 2461.1458 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 these polymers is of importance as it relates to performance characteristics. PLG polymers are usually highly polydisperse (Pd >1.5), thus present a challenge for MALDI analysis. Figures 7 and 8 show MALDI data obtained before and after GPC (Waters Styragel HR2 4.6 x 3 mm on a Waters 616 pump with 6S controller) separation. Figure 8. Poly-(DL-Lactide-co-glycolide) (1 mg/ml) MALDI micro MX spectrum after GPC separation. Dithranol (1 mg/ml) was used as the matrix. Data was acquired in reflectron mode. All major peaks are sodiated peaks. The molecular weight distribution of the polymer sample can be calculated by combining the spectra.
MALDI analysis of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers PAMAM dendrimers represent an exciting new class of macromolecular architecture called dense star polymers. Unlike classical polymers, dendrimers have a high degree of molecular uniformity, narrow molecular weight distribution, specific size and shape characteristics, and a highly-functionalized terminal surface. The manufacturing process is a series of repetitive steps starting with a central initiator core. Each subsequent growth step represents a new generation of polymer with a larger molecular diameter, twice the number of reactive surface sites, and approximately double the molecular weight of the preceding generation. First discovered in the early 198s by Dr. Donald A. Tomalia 2 at Dow Chemical, these polymers were called dendrimers to describe their tree-like branching structure. Figure 8 shows the polymerization process of dendrimers. Figures 1 and 11 show two examples for polystyrene 19K and 41K, using PAD on the MALDI micro MX for the improvement of sensitivity. 14159.6 1 1495.2 14214.6 13687.1 13637.5 13578.3 1955.3 12716.3 12775.9 1892.4 12257.2 144.9 13177.9 12193.3 14277.4 14321.8 952.8 1386.9 11756.6 9471.7 1327.2 8673.3 14787.3 8218.5 99.4 15571. 18274.7 15983. 16794.6 17282.7 1883.7 1814.1 8 9 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Figure 9. Polyamidoamine 3 (PAMAM3) (1 mg/ml) dendrimer MALDI micro MX spectrum. DHB (1 mg/ml) was used as the matrix. Data was acquired in linear mode. All major peaks are sodiated peaks. Figure 8. Polymerization of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer. 1 188837 x4 Because of the structure, dendrimer samples tend to grasp as much salt as possible from the surroundings; thus better results are obtained by desalting the samples before mixing with the matrix. The common matrix used for dendrimer samples is DHB (2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid). Figure 9 is a MALDI spectrum for polyamindoamine 3 (PAMAM3, third generation). Fragmentations from the branches of the intact dendrimer molecule are often observed in MALDI spectrum. Post acceleration detector (PAD) Higher molecular weight samples have less sensitivity in MALDI experiments. This is especially true when the molecular weights (distributions) of polymer samples are more than 5K Dalton. Therefore, a post acceleration detector (PAD) is equipped for all MALDI micro MX, to increase sensitivity for higher molecular weight analytes. 46439 62328 94962 5 75 1 125 15 175 2 225 25 275 3 325 35 375 4 425 45 Figure 1. Polystyrene 19K (5 mg/ml) MALDI micro MX spectrum. All-trans retinoic acid (75 mg/ml) was used as the matrix. AgTFA (5 mg/ml) was added to the sample. Data was acquired in linear mode with PAD on. All major peaks (including dimer at of 38K and doubly charged peak at of 95K) are silver cationized peaks. 376294
1 2111 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 4281 Thanks to Marten Snel (Waters MS Technologies Centre, Market Development Proteomics, Manchester, UK) for constructive discussions and Martin Palmer (Waters MS Technologies Centre, Validation, Manchester, UK) for PMMA data. 132263 REFERENCES 87796 1. Karas, M., Hillenkamp, F. Anal. Chem. 6, 2299, 1988. 2. Dow Patent 4,289,872 (published 1981, filed 1979). 17129 2634 317722 337957 29826 453457 524625 57215 66288 721234 82479 85662 1 15 2 25 3 35 4 45 5 55 6 65 7 75 8 85 Figure 11. Polystyrene 41K (75 mg/ml) MALDI micro MX spectrum. All-trans retinoic acid (75 mg/ml) was used as the matrix. AgTFA (5 mg/ml) was added to the sample. Data was acquired in linear mode with PAD on. All major peaks (including doubly charged peak at of 25K and triply charged peak at of 137K) are silver cationized peaks. Waters MALDI micro MX. CONCLUSION Excellent data acquired from the MALDI micro MX have been shown for polar polymers such as polypropylene glycol; non-polar polymer, such as polystyrene; poly-dispersed polymer, such as poly-(dl-lactide-co-glycolide); dendrimer, such as polyamidoamine; and higher mass polymers such as polystyrene 189K and 41K. This application note has demonstrated that MALDI micro MX is an ideal instrument for polymer analysis. Waters and Styragel are registered trademarks of Waters Corporation. MALDI micro MX and The Science of What s Possible are trademarks of Waters Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. 27 Waters Corporation. Produced in the U.S.A. February 27 7221EN Waters Corporation 34 Maple Street Milford, MA 1757 U.S.A. T: 1 58 478 2 F: 1 58 872 199 www.waters.com