Gender and Development Julia Hamaus GIZ Advisor on Gender and Policy Analysis at the Non Governmental Organizations Coordinating Council for Gender and Development (NGOCC) 06.03.2012 Seite 1 Content of the presentation 1. Gender dimensions in Zambia Cultural characteristics Gender inequalities in various sectors National policies and instruments 2. Development cooperation between GIZ and NGOCC Development intervention NGOCC Work area and outputs Challenges and Opportunities 06.03.2012 Seite 2 1
Zambia Population: 12,9 million 68% live below the poverty line Major industry: copper mining HIV/AIDS prevalence 14.3% Location: Southern Africa Landlocked country like Uganda More than 3 times as big as Uganda Former British colony (until 1964) 06.03.2012 Seite 3 I. Gender dimensions in Zambia Cultural characteristics Gender stereotypes (reproductive vs. productive roles) Access to resources and opportunities (land, loans, law, employment, decision-making) Harmful practices (bride price, initiation ceremonies, forced early marriages, sexual cleansing, widow inheritance, dry sex, polygamy) 06.03.2012 Seite 4 2
Gender dimensions in Zambia Global Gender Gap Report 2011 By the World Economic Forum Global Gender Gap Index, developed in 2006, is a framework capturing gender-based disparities and tracking their progress It measures national gender gaps on political, economic, education and health-based criteria Index measures gender-based gaps in access to resources and opportunities in individual countries. Measures gender gap, not development level. Zambia was ranked 106 out of 134 countries 06.03.2012 Seite 5 Gender dimensions in Zambia Political empowerment With women representing just 14 percent of Parliament, Zambia is one of the poorest performers on affirmative action in the South African Development Community, SADC, a regional interparliamentary body made up of 15 member countries Women in parliament Year Female Male 2010 14 86 2009 15 85 2008 15 85 2007 15 85 2006 15 85 06.03.2012 Seite 6 3
Gender dimensions in Zambia Economic participation and opportunity Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Year Female Male 2010 980 1,740 2009 897 1,650 2008 725 1,319 2007 670 1,216 2006 629 1,130 06.03.2012 Seite 7 Gender dimensions in Zambia Educational attainment Literacy rate Year Female Male 2010 61 81 2009 60 76 2008 60 76 2007 60 76 2006 60 76 Enrolment in tertiary education Year Female Male 2010 2 3 2009 1 3 06.03.2012 Seite 8 4
Gender dimensions in Zambia Health and survival Maternity and Childbearing Births attended by skilled health staff (%)...46 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...41 Length of maternity leave...12 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid)...100 Provider of maternity coverage...employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)...470 Millennium Development Goal of reducing maternal mortality to 162 deaths per 100,000 births by 2015 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15 19)...151 Female HIV prevalence, aged 15 49 (%) 16 Male HIV prevalence, aged 15 49 (%).11 06.03.2012 Seite 9 Gender dimensions in Zambia Women and land Women provide the majority of labour in subsistence agriculture and generate an estimated 70% of the unpaid labour on small-scale farms, but only own a very low percentage of it Zambia has a dual legal system: Under Zambian customary law women only have user rights and no ownership rights. In rural areas, custom prohibits married women from having access to land. The acquisition of land under statutory law is difficult for women. Titles can only be acquired through a bureaucratic centralized system and fees are high. 06.03.2012 Seite 10 5
Gender dimensions in Zambia Gender Based Violence Women aged 15-44 are more at risk from rape and domestic violence than from cancer, car accidents, war and malaria In 2010, 8673 cases of GBV have been reported to the police in Zambia. A health survey revealed that 47% of all women had reported to have experienced GBV. It results that two million women, out of the six million women in Zambia, have experienced GBV. This is 210 times the number that was reported to the police. Most of the cases of GBV are not reported to the police. Many forms of GBV do not come out of police reports, such as psychological or economical abuse. Anti-GBV legislation enacted in April 2011, but so far not implemented. 06.03.2012 Seite 11 Gender dimensions in Zambia National Policies and Instruments National Gender Policy (NGP 2000) Sixth National Development Plan (SNDP 2011-2015) Zambian Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) Amendments of Penal Code Constitution, article 23 Anti-Gender Based Violence Act (Anti-GBV Act 2011) Gender policies implemented by ministries (education, health) Gender and Child Development Division (Gender Focal Points ministries, provincial and district level) 06.03.2012 Seite 12 6
II. Development Cooperation between GIZ - NGOCC To support civil society in their efforts of promoting gender equality and women s empowerment, the GIZ collaborates with NGOCC in line with its Good Governance Program. This collaboration is under the development intervention number 15 (EM 15), which offers advisory services for civil society organizations to promote democracy. 06.03.2012 Seite 13 Development Intervention To support the gender analysis of national policies and strategies To support identifying, developing and documenting good practice examples of gender mainstreaming To advise on the development of indicators to assess gender mainstreaming To assist organizing and conducting trainings for member organizations 06.03.2012 Seite 14 7
NGOCC Was established in 1985, after the United Nations' World Conference on Women in Nairobi (Kenya) Coordinates 109 organizations working in gender & development Supports its members technically and financially 06.03.2012 Seite 15 NGOCC Vision A dynamic and sustainable civil society organization leading the struggle against gender inequalities and injustices. Mission Statement To champion gender equality and equity through coordinated institutional and capacity development support to members, advocacy and linkages with local and international partners. Motto NGOCC growing everyday. 06.03.2012 Seite 16 8
NGOCC Priority areas Women in decision making Gender based violence Women and HIV & AIDS Young women s involvement Women s economical empowerment 06.03.2012 Seite 17 Work Plan Objective I MOs have sufficient expertise in gender mainstreaming and gender analysis and contribute with their work to gender equality. Outcomes Strengthened capacity in gender mainstreaming and gender analysis of the NGOCC network. Strengthened capacity of NGOCC secretariat in monitoring MOs projects from a gender perspective. Outputs 1. Step by step guide for good practices of gender mainstreaming 2. Guidelines on how to conduct gender analysis 3. Reports on monitoring MOs work from a gender perspective Activities 1. Collecting good practice examples from NGOCC and MOs 2. Presentation of research to NGOCC staff 3. Development of step by step guide 4. Presentation of guide to colleagues of NGOCC, MOs and GIZ 1. Research 2. Presentation of research to colleagues 3. Development of guidelines 4. Presentation of guidelines to NGOCC, MOs and GIZ 1. Meeting with MOs 2. Share gained information with NGOCC staff 3. Write short report about findings 4. Present findings to NGOCC secretariat 06.03.2012 Seite 18 9
1. Step by step guide of good practice examples of gender mainstreaming Good practices in gender mainstreaming can be defined as actions taken to change existing gender imbalances in order to provide equal opportunities and responsibilities for women and men. Central question Which behavior, activities, projects, analyses, guidelines or policies have contributed to increased gender awareness, changes in existing inequalities between men and women, opening up non-traditional areas for women and men within organizations and in external projects? How have they been conducted? 06.03.2012 Seite 19 1. Step by step guide of good practice examples of gender mainstreaming Findings on good practices Gender analysis Gender trainings and sensitization tools Learning from good practices of others Affirmative action (chair, director, financial management) Monitoring and evaluating gender mainstreaming 06.03.2012 Seite 20 10
06.03.2012 Seite 21 2. Guidelines on Gender Analysis Category of Enquiry Issues to Consider Framework/s Roles and Responsibilities Assets/Resources/Opportu nities Productive roles, Reproductive roles, Community participation, Community politics Human, Natural, Social, Physical, Economic Harvard Analytical Framework Social Relations Framework (distribution of resources) Power and Decision Making Household level, Community level - Social Relations Framework - Women s Empowerment Framework Needs, Priorities and perspectives Practical gender needs, Strategic gender needs, Experience and views on delivery systems - Gender Planning Framework focuses on practical and strategic needs 06.03.2012 Seite 22 11
Work Plan Objective II Gender mainstreaming in Zambian policies and gender budgeting in the national budget is promoted and increases gender equality in all development interventions. Outcomes Increased awareness of how gender needs to be addressed in the PRSP to promote gender equality. Strengthened capacity in the production of gender analysis of the NGOCC network. Strengthened capacity in identifying gender (in)sensitive budget allocations of the NGOCC network. Outputs 1. Gender Analysis of the SNDP 2. Gender Analysis of the 2011 and 2012 National Budgets Activities 1. Consultative meeting with NGOCC colleagues 2. Writing of document 3. Presentation for NGOCC staff, MOs and GIZ 1. Develop proposals about a gender sensitive national budget to the MoFNP 2. Revision of the draft analyses by the gender budgeting team 3. Consultative meeting with the gender budgeting team 4. Assisting in presenting analysis to NGOCC staff and MOs 06.03.2012 Seite 23 2. Analysis of the SNDP 1. General situation analysis of gender dimensions in Zambia 1.1 Roles and responsibilities analysis 1.1.1 Productive versus reproductive roles 1.1.2 Community participation 1.1.3 Community politics and decision making 1.2 Access to livelihood assets/resources/opportunities analysis 1.2.1 Human (education, health) 1.2.2 Natural (land and water 1.2.3 Social (institutions and social networks 1.2.4 Economic (income, credit, labour, capital) 1.3 Needs assessment 1.3.1 Women s practical and strategic needs in Zambia 2. Gender mainstreaming in the SNDP 2.1 Social Protection 2.2 Education and Skills Development 2.3 Agriculture 2.4 Health 06.03.2012 Seite 24 12
2. Analysis of the 2012 National Budget 1. Nature of Proposal: Promoting Gender Equality in the 2012 National Budget 2. Proposals for a Gender Sensitive 2012 National Budget 2.1 Tackling Current Shortcomings in Revenue Collection 2.1.1 Tackling Dependency, Unsustainable Revenue Collection and Mismanagement 2.1.2 Tackling the Externalization of Profits 2.1.3 Enforcing Progressive and Fair Taxation 2.2 Proposing Gender Sensitive Expenditure 2.2.1 Health 2.2.2 Education 2.2.3 Agriculture 2.2.4 Community Development and Social Services 06.03.2012 Seite 25 Work Plan Objective III The public s awareness of gender related topics is raised and gender equality is promoted. Outcomes Strengthened capacity of the NGOCC network in identifying gender related topics in the public field and advocating for gender equality. Increased understanding of the GBV Act by MOs and the wider public and strengthened ability to access services and to demand for rights. Outputs 1. Simplification of the GBV Act 2. Published articles and leaflets about gender related issues and gender policy analyses Activities 1. Consultative meetings with YWCA and WLSA on collaboration 2. Research on what needs to be added in the 3rd edition 3. Submitting proposals to WLSA 4. Presentation of final document to NGOCC staff, MOs and GIZ 1. Research 2. Meeting with CAP 3. Production of/input for leaflets about gender analysis of policies 4. Assisting in presentation for NGOCC staff and MOs 06.03.2012 Seite 26 13
Simplification of the Anti-GBV Act 06.03.2012 Seite 27 Challenges and Opportunities Challenges Lack of guidelines and frameworks Lack of up-dated and gender disaggregated data Misunderstanding of the concept of gender Duplication of efforts Opportunities Outreach Expertise 06.03.2012 Seite 28 14
Thank you for your attention! 06.03.2012 Seite 29 15