Jacek F. Gieras Advancements in Electric Machines With 235 Figures Springer
Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Why electric machines continue to naturally grow 1 1.2 Status of electric motors 4 1.2.1 A.c. motors 4 1.2.2 Brushless PM motors 6 1.2.3 Stepping motors 9 1.2.4 Switched reluctance motors 10 1.2.5 Servo motors 11 1.3 Progress in electric machines technology 12 1.4 Mechatronics 13 1.5 Microelectromechanical systems 13 1.6 Superconductivity 14 1.7 Solid state converters 19 1.8 Energy conservation 21 1.9 Power quality 23 1.10 Recyclable electric machines 24 2 Material engineering 27 2.1 Laminated silicon steels 27 2.2 High saturation ferromagnetic alloys 31 2.3 Amorphous ferromagnetic materials 36 2.4 Soft magnetic powder composites 36 2.5 Permanent magnets 43 2.5.1 Characteristics of PM materials 43 2.5.2 Rare-earth permanent magnets 44 2.5.3 Halbach array 47 2.6 Wire insulation with heat activated adhesives 48 2.7 High temperature materials 49 2.7.1 High temperature ferromagnetic materials 49 2.7.2 High temperature insulating materials and conductors. 49 2.8 Superconductors 50
VIII Contents 2.8.1 Classification of HTS wires 50 2.8.2 HTS wires manufactured by American Superconductors 53 2.8.3 HTS wires manufactured by SuperPower 56 2.8.4 Bulk superconductors 58 2.9 Nanostructured materials 62 2.9.1 Carbon nanotubes 62 2.9.2 Soft magnetic nanocrystalline composites 65 2.10 Magnetic shape memory materials 68 3 High power density machines 71 3.1 Permanent magnet transverse flux motors 71 3.2 Permanent magnet disc type motors 76 3.3 Permanent magnet motors with concentrated non-overlapping coils 77 3.4 Motors for refrigeration compressors 78 3.5 Induction motors with cryogenic cooling system 79 4 High speed machines 81 4.1 Requirements 81 4.2 Microturbines 82 4.3 Compressors 88 4.4 Aircraft generators 89 4.5 High speed multimegawatt generators 96 4.5.1 Directed energy weapons 96 4.5.2 Airborne radar 97 4.5.3 Megawatt airborne generator cooling system 99 4.6 Comparison of cooling techniques for high speed electric machines 102 4.7 Induction machines with cage rotors 103 4.8 Induction machines with solid rotors 109 5 Other types of novel motors 115 5.1 Written pole motor 115 5.2 Piezoelectric motors 118 5.3 Bearingless motors 119 5.4 Slotless motors 121 5.5 Coreless stator permanent magnet brushless motors 123 5.5.1 Disc type coreless motors 123 5.5.2 Cylindrical type motors with coreless stator winding... 126 5.6 Integrated starter generator 129 5.7 Integrated electromechanical drives 130 5.8 Induction motors with copper cage rotor 131
Contents IX 6 Electric motors for medical and clinical applications 135 6.1 Electric motors and actuators 135 6.2 Material requirements 138 6.3 Control 139 6.4 Implanted blood pumps 140 6.5 Motorized catheters 146 6.6 Plaque excision 147 6.7 Capsule endoscopy 148 6.8 Minimally invasive surgery 151 6.9 Challenges 156 7 Generators for portable power applications 157 7.1 Miniature rotary generators 157 7.1.1 Mini generators for soldiers at battlefields and unmanned vehicles 157 7.1.2 Coreless stator disc type microgenerators 163 7.2 Energy harvesting devices 164 8 Superconducting electric machines 171 8.1 Low speed HTS machines 171 8.1.1 Applications 171 8.1.2 Requirements 173 8.1.3 HTS synchronous motor for ship propulsion rated at 5 MW 174 8.1.4 Test facility for 5 MW motors 177 8.1.5 HTS motor for ship propulsion rated 36.5 MW 180 8.1.6 Superconducting synchronous generators 183 8.1.7 Dynamic synchronous condenser 185 8.1.8 HTS synchronous generators developed by Siemens... 185 8.1.9 Japanese HTS machines 189 8.1.10 Bulk HTS machines 196 8.1.11 HTS synchronous generator built in Russia 198 8.1.12 HTS d.c. homopolar generator 199 8.2 High speed HTS generators 202 8.2.1 First prototype of high speed superconducting generators 202 8.2.2 Homopolar generators with stationary superconducting winding 205 8.2.3 Design of HTS rotors for synchronous generators 207 8.3 Market readiness 209 9 Naval electric machines 213 9.1 Background 213 9.2 Power train of electric ships 217 9.3 Propulsion units 218
X Contents 9.3.1 Shaft propulsion 218 9.3.2 Azimuth thrusters 219 9.3.3 Pod propulsors 220 9.3.4 Integrated motor-propeller 221 9.4 Generators for naval applications 223 9.5 Electric motors for naval applications 224 9.5.1 Large induction motors 224 9.5.2 Large wound rotor synchronous motors 225 9.5.3 Large PM motors 225 9.5.4 Axial flux disc type PM brushless motors 226 9.5.5 Transverse flux motors 228 9.5.6 IMP motors 229 9.5.7 Superconducting motors 234 10 Scenario for nearest future 235 10.1 Computer hardware 235 10.1.1 Hard disc drive motors 235 10.1.2 Cooling fan motors 237 10.2 Residential and public applications 238 10.2.1 Residential applications 238 10.2.2 Public life applications 241 10.2.3 Automotive applications 242 10.3 Land, sea and air transportation 242 10.3.1 Hybrid electric and electric vehicles 242 10.3.2 Marine propulsion 246 10.3.3 Electric aircraft 247 10.4 Future trends 251 Abbreviations 255 References 259 Index 271