Eegy Techology Syem Aalyi Pogamme h://www.iea-ea.og/web/documeaio.a Documeaio fo he TIMES Model PART II Ail 2005 Auho: Richad Loulou Ai Lehilä Ami Kaudia Uwe Reme Gay Goldei 1
Geeal Ioducio Thi documeaio i comoed of hee Pa. Pa I comie eigh chae coiuig a geeal deciio of he TIMES aadigm wih emhai o he model geeal ucue ad i ecoomic igificace. Pa I alo iclude a imlified mahemaical fomulaio of TIMES a chae comaig i o he MARKAL model oiig o imilaiie ad diffeece ad chae decibig ew model oio. Pa II comie 7 chae ad coiue a comeheive efeece maual ieded fo he echically mided modele o ogamme lookig fo a i-deh udeadig of he comlee model deail i aicula he elaiohi bewee he iu daa ad he model mahemaic o coemlaig makig chage o he model equaio. Pa II iclude a full deciio of he e aibue vaiable ad equaio of he TIMES model. Pa III decibe he GAMS cool aeme equied o u he TIMES model. GAMS i a modelig laguage ha alae a TIMES daabae io he Liea Pogammig maix ad he ubmi hi LP o a oimize ad geeae he eul file. I addiio o he GAMS ogam wo model ieface (VEDA-FE ad VEDA-BE) ae ued o ceae bowe ad modify he iu daa ad o exloe ad fuhe oce he model eul. The wo VEDA ieface ae decibed i deail i hei ow ue guide. 2
PART II: REFERENCE MANUAL 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR PART II 1 INTRODUCTION... 8 1.1 Baic oaio ad coveio... 8 1.2 GAMS modellig laguage ad TIMES imlemeaio... 9 2 SETS... 10 2.1 Idexe (Oe-dimeioal e)... 10 2.2 Ue iu e... 15 2.2.1 Defiiio of he Refeece Eegy Syem (RES)... 15 2.2.1.1 Pocee... 16 2.2.1.2 Commodiie... 20 2.2.2 Defiiio of he ime ucue... 20 2.2.2.1 Time hoizo... 20 2.2.2.2 Timelice... 22 2.2.3 Muli-egioal model... 23 2.2.4 Oveview of all ue iu e... 26 2.3 Defiiio of ieal e... 32 3 PARAMETERS... 38 3.1 Ue iu aamee... 38 3.1.1 Ie- ad exaolaio of ue iu aamee... 38 3.1.2 Iheiace ad aggegaio of imeliced iu aamee... 42 3.1.3 Oveview of ue iu aamee... 44 3.2 Ieal aamee... 107 3.3 Reo aamee... 118 4 VARIABLES... 125 4.1 VARACT(v)... 128 4.2 VARBLND(bleo)... 129 4.3 VARCAP()... 129 4.4 VARCOMNET(c)... 129 4.5 VARCOMPRD(c)... 129 4.6 VARDNCAP(u)... 129 4.7 VARELAST(cjl)... 130 4.8 VARFLO(vc)... 130 4.9 VARIRE(vcie)... 130 4.10 VARNCAP(v)... 131 4.11 VAROBJ(y 0 ) ad elaed vaiable... 132 4.11.1 VAROBJR( y 0 )... 132 4.11.2 INVCOST(y)... 132 4.11.3 INVTAXSUB(y)... 132 4.11.4 INVDECOM(y)... 133 4.11.5 FIXCOST(y)... 133 4.11.6 FIXTAXSUB(y)... 133 4.11.7 VARCOST(y)... 133 4
4.11.8 ELASTCOST(y)... 133 4.11.9 LATEREVENUES(y)... 133 4.11.10 SALVAGE(y 0 )... 133 4.12 VARSIN/SOUT(vc)... 134 4.13 Vaiable ued i Ue Coai... 134 4.13.1 VARUC(uc)... 134 4.13.2 VARUCR(uc)... 135 4.13.3 VARUCT(uc)... 135 4.13.4 VARUCRT(uc)... 135 4.13.5 VARUCTS(uc)... 135 4.13.6 VARUCRTS(uc)... 135 4.13.7 VARUCSU(uc)... 135 4.13.8 VARUCSUS(uc)... 135 4.13.9 VARUCRSUS(uc)... 135 4.13.10 VARUCRSU(uc)... 135 5 EQUATIONS... 136 5.1 Noaioal coveio... 136 5.1.1 Noaio fo ummaio... 136 5.1.2 Noaio fo logical codiio... 137 5.1.3 Uig Idicao fucio i aihmeic exeio... 137 5.2 Objecive fucio EQOBJ... 138 5.2.1 Ioducio ad oaio... 138 5.2.1.1 Noaio elaive o ime... 139 5.2.1.2 Ohe oaio... 140 5.2.1.3 Remide of ome echology aibue ame (each i idexed by )... 140 5.2.1.4 Dicouig oio... 140 5.2.1.5 Comoe of he Objecive fucio... 140 5.2.2 Iveme co: INVCOST(y)... 141 5.2.3 Taxe ad ubidie o iveme... 148 5.2.4 Decommiioig (dimalig) caial co: COSTDECOM(y)... 148 5.2.5 Fixed aual co: FIXCOST(y) SURVCOST(y)... 153 5.2.6 Aual axe/ubidie o caaciy: FIXTAXSUB(Y)... 160 5.2.7 Vaiable aual co VARCOST(y) y EOH... 160 5.2.8 Co of demad educio ELASTCOST(y)... 161 5.2.9 Salvage value: SALVAGE (EOH1)... 161 5.2.10 Lae eveue fom edogeou commodiy ecyclig afe EOH LATEREVENUE(y)... 169 5.2.11 The wo dicouig mehod fo aual ayme... 170 5.3 Coai... 172 5.3.1 Equaio: EQACTFLO... 174 5.3.2 Equaio EQ(l)ACTBND... 175 5.3.3 Equaio: EQ(l)BLND... 176 5.3.4 Boud: BNDELAST... 177 5.3.5 Equaio: EQ(l)BNDNET/PRD... 178 5.3.6 Equaio: EQ(l)CAPACT... 179 5.3.7 Equaio: EQ(l)CPT... 184 5.3.8 Equaio: EQ(l)COMBAL... 186 5.3.9 Equaio: EQECOMPRD... 195 5.3.10 Equaio: EQ(l)CUMNET/PRD... 196 5.3.11 Equaio EQDSCNCAP... 198 5.3.12 Equaio: EQDSCONE... 199 5.3.13 Equaio: EQ(l)FLMRK... 200 5.3.14 Equaio: EQ(l)FLOBND... 203 5.3.15 Equaio: EQ(l)FLOFR... 205 5.3.16 Equaio elaed o exchage (EQIRE EQIREBND EQXBND)... 206 5.3.16.1 Equaio EQIRE... 213 5.3.16.2 Equaio: EQ(l)IREBND... 216 5.3.16.3 Equaio: EQ(l)XBND... 219 5
5.3.17 Equaio: EQ(l)INSHR EQ(l)OUTSHR... 227 5.3.18 Equaio: EQPEAK... 223 5.3.19 Equaio: EQPTRANS... 226 5.3.20 Equaio: EQSTGTSS/IPS... 229 5.3.20.1 EQSRGTSS: Soage bewee imelice (icludig igh-oage device):... 230 5.3.20.2 EQSTGIPS: Soage bewee eiod... 231 5.3.21 Equaio: EQ(l)STGIN / EQ(l)STGOUT... 232 5.3.22 Ue Coai... 233 5.3.22.1 Equaio: EQ(l)UC / EQEUC... 247 5.3.22.2 Equaio: EQ(l)UCR / EQEUCR... 248 5.3.22.3 Equaio: EQ(l)UCT / EQEUCT... 249 5.3.22.4 Equaio: EQ(l)UCRT / EQEUCRT... 250 5.3.22.5 Equaio: EQ(l)UCRTS / EQEUCRTS... 251 5.3.22.6 Equaio: EQ(l)UCTS / EQEUCTS... 252 5.3.22.7 Equaio: EQ(l)UCSU / EQEUCSU... 260 5.3.22.8 Equaio: EQ(l)UCRSU / EQEUCRSU... 262 5.3.22.9 Equaio: EQ(l)UCRSUS / EQEUCRSU... 264 5.3.22.10 Equaio: EQ(l)UCSUS / EQEUCSUS... 266 5.3.22.11 Equaio: EQ(l)UCSU / EQEUCSU... 271 5.3.22.12 Equaio: EQ(l)UCRSU / EQEUCRSU... 273 5.3.22.13 Equaio: EQ(l)UCRSUS / EQEUCRSU... 275 5.3.22.14 Equaio: EQ(l)UCSUS / EQEUCSUS... 277 6 THE ENDOGENOUS TECHNOLOGICAL LEARNING (ETL) OPTION... 279 6.1 Se Swiche ad Paamee... 279 6.2 Vaiable... 285 6.2.1 VARCCAP()... 286 6.2.2 VARCCOST()... 286 6.2.3 VARDELTA(k)... 287 6.2.4 VARIC()... 287 6.2.5 VARLAMBD(k)... 288 6.3 Equaio... 289 6.3.1 EQCC()... 291 6.3.2 EQCLU()... 292 6.3.3 EQCOS()... 293 6.3.4 EQCUINV()... 295 6.3.5 EQDEL()... 296 6.3.6 EQEXPE1(k)... 297 6.3.7 EQEXPE2(k)... 298 6.3.8 EQIC1()... 299 6.3.9 EQIC2()... 300 6.3.10 EQLA1(k)... 301 6.3.11 EQLA2(k)... 302 6.3.12 EQOBJSAL(cu)... 303 6.3.13 EQOBJINV(cu)... 304 7 THE TIMES CLIMATE MODULE... 305 7.1 Fomulaio of he TIMES Climae Module... 305 7.1.1 Aoach ake... 305 7.1.1.1 Coceaio (accumulaio of CO2)... 306 7.1.1.2 Radiaive focig... 306 7.1.1.3 Temeaue iceae... 307 7.2 Iu aamee of he Climae Module... 308 7.3 Climae elaed Vaiable... 310 7.3.1 VARCO2TOT()... 310 7.3.2 VARCO2ATM() VARCO2UP() VARCO2LOW()... 310 6
7.4 Climae Equaio... 310 7.4.1 Equaio: EQCO2TOT... 310 7.4.2 Equaio: EQCO2ATM... 311 7.4.3 Equaio: EQCO2UP... 312 7.4.4 Equaio: EQCO2LOW... 313 7.4.5 Equaio: EQMXCONC... 315 7.5 Reoig Paamee... 316 7.5.1 DTFORC... 316 7.5.2 DTATM... 317 7.5.3 DTLOW... 318 7.6 Defaul value of he climae aamee... 320 7.7 GAMS imlemeaio... 321 7.7.1 Secificaio of aamee... 321 7.7.2 Climae elaed Vaiable... 323 7.7.3 Equaio... 323 7.7.4 Examle of ue... 324 7.7.5 Exoig eul o VEDA4... 324 7.8 Refeece fo chae 7... 325 7
1 Ioducio The uoe of he Refeece Maual i o lay ou he full deail of he TIMES model icludig daa ecificaio ieal daa ucue ad mahemaical fomulaio of he model Liea Pogam (LP) fomulaio a well a he Mixed Iege Pogammig (MIP) fomulaio equied by ome of i oio. A uch i ovide he TIMES modelle/ogamme wih ufficiely deailed ifomaio o fully udead he aue ad uoe of he daa comoe model equaio ad vaiable. A olid udeadig of he maeial i hi Maual i a eceay eequiie fo ayoe coideig makig ogammig chage i he TIMES ouce code. The Refeece Maual i ogaized a follow: Chae 1 Baic oaio ad coveio: lay he goudwok fo udeadig he e of he maeial i he Refeece Maual; Chae 2 Se: exlai he meaig ad ole of vaiou e ha ideify how he model comoe ae goued accodig o hei aue (e.g. demad device owe la eegy caie ec.) i a TIMES model; Chae 3 Paamee: elaboae he deail elaed o he ue-ovided umeical daa a well a he ieally couced daa ucue ued by he model geeao (ad eo wie) o deive he coefficie of he LP maix (ad eae he eul fo aalyi); Chae 4 Vaiable: defie each vaiable ha may aea i he maix boh exlaiig i aue ad idicaig how if fi io he maix ucue; Chae 5 Equaio: ae each equaio i he model boh exlaiig i ole ad ovidig i exlici mahemaical fomulaio; Chae 6 The Ue Coai: exlai he famewok ha may be emloyed by modelle o fomulae addiioal liea coai which ae o a of he geeic coai e of TIMES wihou havig o bohe wih ay GAMS ogammig; Chae 7 The Lumy Iveme faciliy ad Chae 8 The Edogeou Techological Leaig caabiliy. 1.1 Baic oaio ad coveio To ai he eade he followig coveio ae emloyed coiely houghou hi chae: Se ad hei aociaed idex ame ae i lowe ad bold cae e.g. com i he e of all commodiie; Lieal exlicily defied i he code ae i ue cae wihi igle quoe e.g. UP fo ue boud; Paamee ad cala (coa i.e. u-idexed aamee) ae i ue cae e.g. NCAPAF fo he availabiliy faco of a echology; Vaiable ae i ue cae wih a efix of VAR e.g. VARACT coeod o he aciviy level of a echology. Equaio ae i ue cae wih a efix of EQ o EQ(l) wih he laceholde (l) deoig he equaio ye (l=e fo a ic equaliy l=l fo a iequaliy wih he lef 8
had ide em beig malle o equal he igh had ide em ad l=g fo a iequaliy wih he lef had ide em beig geae o equal he igh had ide em)e.g. EQCOMBAL i he commodiy balace coai ad 1.2 GAMS modellig laguage ad TIMES imlemeaio TIMES coi of geeic vaiable ad equaio couced fom he ecificaio of e ad aamee value deicig a eegy yem fo each diic egio i a model. To couc a TIMES model a eoceo fi alae all daa defied by he modelle io ecial ieal daa ucue eeeig he coefficie of he TIMES maix alied o each vaiable of Chae 4 fo each equaio of Chae 5 i which he vaiable may aea. Thi e i called Maix Geeaio. Oce he model i olved (oimied) a Reo Wie aemble he eul of he u fo aalyi by he modelle. The maix geeaio eo wie ad cool file ae wie i GAMS 1 (he Geeal Algebaic Modellig Syem) a oweful high-level laguage ecifically deiged o faciliae he oce of buildig lagecale oimiaio model. GAMS accomlihe hi by elyig heavily o he coce of e comoud idexed aamee dyamic looig ad codiioal cool vaiable ad equaio. Thu hee i vey a og yegy bewee he hiloohy of GAMS ad he oveall coce of he RES ecificaio embodied i TIMES makig GAMS vey well uied o he TIMES aadigm. Fuhemoe by aue of i udelyig deig hiloohy he GAMS code i vey imila o he mahemaical deciio of he equaio ovided i Chae 5. Thu he aoach ake o imleme a TIMES model i o maage he iu daa by mea of a (ahe comlex) eoceo ha hadle he eceay exceio ha eed o be ake io coideaio o oely couc he maix coefficie i a fom eady o be alied o he aoiae vaiable i he eecive equaio. GAMS alo iegae eamlely wih a wide age of commecially available oimie ha ae chaged wih he ak of olvig he acual TIMES liea (LP) o mixed iege (MIP) oblem ha eee he deied model. Thi e i called he Solve o Oimiaio e. CPLEX o XPRESS ae he oimie mo ofe emloyed o olve he TIMES LP ad MIP fomulaio. The adad TIMES fomulaio ha oioal feaue uch a lumy iveme ad edogeou echology leaig. I addiio a modelle exeieced i GAMS ogammig ad he deail of he TIMES imlemeaio ca defie addiioal equaio module o eo ouie module baed o a exeio mechaim which allow he likage of hee module o he adad TIMES code i a flexible way (ee PART III chae 3) To build u ad aalye a TIMES model eveal ofwae ool have bee develoed i he a o ae cuely ude develome o ha he modelle doe o eed o ovide he iu ifomaio eeded o build a TIMES model diecly i GAMS. Thee ool ae he model ieface VEDA-FE ANSWER-TIMES a well a he eoig ad aalyig ool VEDA-BE. 1 GAMS A Ue Guide A. Booke D. Kedick A. Meeau R. Rama GAMS Develome Cooaio Decembe 1998. 9
2 Se Se ae ued i TIMES o gou eleme o combiaio of eleme wih he uoe of ecifyig qualiaive chaaceiic of he eegy yem. Oe ca diiguih bewee oedimeioal ad muli-dimeioal e. The fome e coai igle eleme e.g. he e c coai all ocee of he model while he eleme of muli-dimeioal e ae a combiaio of oe-dimeioal e. A examle fo a muli-dimeioal e i he e o which ecifie fo a oce he commodiie eeig ad leavig ha oce. Two ye of e ae emloyed i he TIMES famewok: ue iu e ad ieal e. Ue iu e ae ceaed by he ue ad ued o decibe qualiaive ifomaio ad chaaceiic of he deiced eegy yem. Oe ca diiguih he followig fucio aociaed wih ue iu e: defiiio of he eleme o buildig block of he eegy yem model (i.e. egio ocee commodiie) defiiio of he ime hoizo ad he ub-aual ime eoluio defiiio of ecial chaaceiic of he eleme of he eegy yem. I addiio o hee ue e TIMES alo geeae i ow ieal e. Ieal e eve o boh eue oe exceio hadlig (e.g. fom wha dae i a echology available o i which ime-lice i a echology emied o oeae) a well a omeime ju o imove he efomace o mooh he comlexiy of he acual model code. I he followig ecio he ue iu e ad he ieal e will be eeed. A ecial ye of e i a oe-dimeioal e alo called idex which i eeded o build mulidimeioal e o aamee. A he highe level of he oe-dimeioal e ae he mae o domai e ha defie he comeheive li of eleme (e.g. he mai buildig block of he efeece eegy yem uch a he ocee ad commodiie i all egio) emied a all ohe level wih which GAMS efom comlee domai checkig helig o auomaically eue he coece of e defiiio (fo iace if he oce ame ued i a aamee i o elled coecly GAMS will iue a waig). Theefoe befoe elaboaig o he vaiou e he idexe ued i TIMES ae dicued. 2.1 Idexe (Oe-dimeioal e) Idexe (alo called oe-dimeioal e) coai i mo cae he diffee eleme of he eegy model. A li of all idexe ued i TIMES i give i Table 2. Examle of idexe ae he e c coaiig all ocee he e c coaiig all commodiie o he e alleg coaiig all egio of he model. Some of he oe-dimeioal e ae ube of aohe oe-dimeioal e e.g. he e comiig he o-called ieal model egio i a ube of he e alleg which i addiio alo coai he o-called exeal model egio 2. To exe ha he e deed o he e alleg he mae e alleg i u i backe afe he e ame : (all). The e cg comie all commodiy gou 3. Each commodiy c i coideed a a commodiy gou wih oly oe eleme he commodiy ielf. Thu he commodiy e c i a ube of he commodiy gou e cg. Aa fom idexe ha ae ude ue cool ome idexe have fixed eleme o eve a idicao wihi e ad aamee ad hould o be modified by he ue (Table 1). The oly exceio o hi ule i he e cg: while he oce gou IRE NST PRV 2 The meaig ad he ole of ieal ad exeal egio i dicued i Secio 2.2. 3 See Secio 2.2.1 fo a moe i-deh eame of commodiy gou. 10
PRW STG ad STK ae ued wihi he code ad mu o be deleed he ohe oce gou may be modified by he ue. Table 1: Se wih fixed eleme Se/Idex ame Deciio bd(lim) Idex of boud ye; ube of he e lim havig he ieally fixed eleme LO UP FX. comye Idicao of commodiy ye; iiialized o he eleme DEM (demad) NRG (eegy) MAT (maeial) ENV (eviome) FIN (fiacial) bu he ue ca defie ay li fo comye i MAPLIST.DEF wih he exceio of he edefied eleme DEM ENV FIN MAT NRG. lim Idex of limi ye; ieally fixed o he eleme LO UP FX N. ie Exo/imo exchage idex; ieally fixed o he wo eleme: IMP adig fo imo ad EXP adig fo exo. io Iu/Ouu idex; ieally fixed eleme: IN OUT ; ued i combiaio wih ocee ad commodiie a idicao whehe a commodiy ee o leave a oce. cg Li of oce gou; ieally eablihed i MAPLIST:DEF a: CHP: combied hea ad owe la DISTR: diibuio oce DMD: demad device ELE: eleciciy oducig echology excludig CHP HPL: hea la MISC: micellaeou PRE: echology wih eegy ouu o fallig i he gou of he ohe eegy echologie REF: efiey oce RENEW: eewable eegy echology XTRACT: exacio oce. The ue may adju hi li o ay dijoi gou deied. The followig gou ae equied by he model heefoe mu o be deleed by he ue: IRE: ie-egioal exchage oce PRV: echology wih maeial ouu meaued i volume ui PRW: echology wih maeial ouu meaued i weigh ui NST: igh (off-eak) oage oce STG: oage oce STK: ockilig oce. lvl Idex of imelice level; ieally fixed o he eleme ANNUAL SEASON WEEKLY DAYNITE. ucgye Idex of ieally fixed key ye of vaiable: = ACT CAP COMPRD COMCON FLO IRE NCAP ued i aociaio wih he ue coai. ucame Li of ieally fixed idicao fo aibue able o be efeeced a coefficie i ue coai (e.g. he flow vaiable may be mulilied by he aibue FLOCOST i a ue coai if deied): = ACTCOST ACTBNDUP ACTBNDLO ACTBNDFX CAPBNDUP CAPBNDLO CAPBNDFX GROWTH FLOCOST FLODELIV FLOSUB FLOTAX NCAPCOST NCAPITAX NCAPISUB. 11
Table 2: Idexe i TIMES Idex 4 Aliae 5 Relaed Idexe 6 age Deciio Idex fo age (umbe of yea ice iallaio) io a aamee haig cuve; defaul eleme 1-200. all alleg All ieal ad exeal egio. bd bdye lim Idex of boud ye; ube of lim havig he ieally fixed eleme LO UP FX. c cg comy e com com1 com2 com3 comg cg1 cg2 cg3 cg4 cg c Ue defied 7 li of all commodiie i all egio; ube of cg. Ue defied li of all commodiie ad commodiy gou i all egio 8 ; each commodiy ielf i coideed a commodiy gou; iiial eleme ae he membe of comye. Idicao of commodiy ye; iiialized o he eleme DEM (demad) NRG (eegy) MAT (maeial) ENV (eviome) FIN (fiacial) bu he ue ca defie ay li fo comye i MAPLIST.DEF wih he exceio of he edefied eleme DEM ENV FIN MAT NRG. cu cu Ue defied li of cuecy ui. daayea y Yea fo which model iu daa ae ecified. ie imex Exo/imo exchage idicao; ieally fixed = EXP fo exo ad IMP fo imo. io iou Iu/Ouu idicao fo defiig whehe a commodiy flow ee o leave a oce; ieally fixed = IN fo ee ad OUT fo leave. j k Idicao fo elaic demad e ad equece umbe of he hae/muli cuve; defaul eleme 1-50. Idex fo kik oi i ETL fomulaio; cuely limied o 1-6 {ca be exeded i <cae>.u file by icludig SET KP / 1* /; fo -kik oi. lim limye l bd Idex of limi ye; ieally fixed = LO UP ll FX ad N. c Ue defied li of all ocee i all egio 9. 4 Thi colum coai he ame of he idexe a ued i hi docume. 5 Fo ogammig eao aleaive ame (aliae) may exi fo ome idexe. Thi ifomaio i oly eleva fo hoe ue who ae ieeed i gaiig a udeadig of he udelyig GAMS code. 6 Thi colum efe o oible elaed idexe e.g. he idex c i a ube of he idex cg. 7 VEDA comile he comlee li fom he uio of he commodiie defied i each egio. 8 VEDA comlie he comlee li fom he uio of he commodiy gou defied i each egio. 9 VEDA comlie he comlee li fom he uio of he ocee defied i each egio. 12
Idex 4 Aliae 5 Relaed Idexe 6 Deciio ayea y modlyeay Yea fo which a iveme ae ecified; ayea mu be befoe he begiig of he fi eiod. cg Li of oce gou; ieally eablihed i MAPLIST:DEF a: CHP: DISTR: DMD: ELE: HPL: MISC: PRE: combied hea ad owe la diibuio oce demad device eleciciy oducig echology excludig CHP hea la micellaeou echology wih eegy ouu o fallig i he gou of he ohe eegy echologie efiey oce REF: RENEW: eewable eegy echology XTRACT: exacio oce. The ue may adju hi li o ay dijoi gou deied. The followig gou ae equied by he model ad heefoe mu o be deleed by he ue: IRE: ie-egioal exchage oce PRV: echology wih maeial ouu meaued i volume ui PRW: echology wih maeial ouu meaued i weigh ui NST: igh (off-eak) oage oce STG: oage oce STK: ockilig oce. eg all Exlici egio wihi he aea of udy. all Timelice diviio of a yea a ay of he lvl level. 2 l mileoy y Reeeaive yea fo he model eiod. eg Techologie modelled wih edogeou echology leaig. lvl Timelice level idicao; ieally fixed = ANNUAL SEASON WEEKLY DAYNITE. u ui uicom uica Li of all ui; maiaied i he file UNITS.DEF. ucgy e uc uiac Fixed ieal li of he key ye of vaiable: fixed = ACT CAP COMPRD COMCON FLO IRE NCAP. Ue ecified uique idicao fo a ue coai. 13
Idex 4 Aliae 5 Relaed Idexe 6 ucame ui Deciio The li of idicao aociaed wih vaiou aibue ha ca be efeeced i ue coai o be alied whe deivig a coefficie (e.g. he flow vaiable may be mulilied by he aibue FLOCOST o eee exediue aociaed wih aid flow i a ue coai if deied): = ACTCOST ACTBNDUP ACTBNDLO ACTBNDFX CAPBNDUP CAPBNDLO CAPBNDFX GROWTH FLOCOST FLODELIV FLOSUB FLOTAX NCAPCOST NCAPITAX NCAPISUB. Li of caaciy block ha ca be added i lumy iveme oio; defaul eleme 0-100; he eleme 0 decibe he cae whe o caaciy i added. uiac u Li of aciviy ui; maiaied i he file UNITS.DEF. uica u Li of caaciy ui; maiaied i he file UNITS.DEF. uico m u Li of commodiy ui; maiaied i he file UNITS.DEF. v modlyea ayea Uio of he e ayea ad coeodig o all modellig eiod. y allyea k ll daayea ayea modlyea mileoy Yea ha ca be ued i he model; defaul age 1850-2200; ude ue cool by he dolla cool aamee $SET BOTIME yyyy ad $SET EOTIME i he <cae>.run file. 14
2.2 Ue iu e The ue iu e coai he fudameal ifomaio egadig he ucue ad he chaaceiic of he udelyig eegy yem model. The ue iu e ca be goued accodig o he ye of ifomaio elaed o hem: Oe dimeioal e defiig he comoe of he eegy yem: egio commodiie ocee; Se defiig he Refeece Eegy Syem (RES) wihi each egio; Se defiig he ie-coecio (ade) bewee egio; Se defiig he ime ucue of he model; Se defiig vaiou oeie of ocee o commodiie. The fomulaio of ue coai alo ue e o ecify he ye ad he feaue of a coai. The ucue ad he iu ifomaio equied o couc a ue coai i coveed i deail i Chae 5 ad heefoe will o be eeed hee. I he followig ubecio fi he e elaed o he defiiio of he RES will be decibed (ubecio 2.2.1) he he e elaed o he ime hoizo ad he ub-aual eeeaio of he eegy yem will be eeed (ubecio 2.2.2). The mechaim of defiig ade bewee egio of a muli-egioal model i dicued i ubecio 2.2.3. Fially a oveview of all oible ue iu e i give i ubecio 2.2.4. 2.2.1 Defiiio of he Refeece Eegy Syem (RES) A TIMES model i ucued by egio (all). Oe ca diiguih bewee exeal egio ad ieal egio. The ieal egio () coeod o egio wihi he aea of udy ad fo which a RES ha bee defied by he ue. Each ieal egio may coai ocee ad commodiie o deic a eegy yem wheea exeal egio eve oly a oigi of commodiie (e.g. fo imo of imay eegy eouce o fo he imo of eegy caie) o a deiaio fo he exo of commodiie. A egio i defied a a ieal egio by uig i i he ieal egio e () which i a ube of he e of all egio all. A exeal egio eed o exlici defiiio all egio ha ae membe of he e all bu o membe of ae exeal egio. A TIMES model mu coi of a lea oe ieal egio he umbe of exeal egio i abiay. The mai buildig block of he RES ae ocee () ad commodiie (c) which ae coeced by commodiy flow o fom a ewok. A examle of a RES wih oe ieal egio (UTOPIA) ad wo exeal egio (IMPEXP MINRNW) i give i Figue 1. All comoe of he eegy yem a well a ealy he eie iu ifomaio ae ideified by a egio idex. I i heefoe oible o ue he ame oce ame i diffee egio wih diffee umeical daa (ad deciio if deied) o eve comleely diffee commodiie aociaed wih he oce. 15
Exeal egio Ieal egio UTOPIA IMPEXP OIL HYD URN FEQ HCO GSL DSL ELC RH RL TX NOX E01 E51 RHE E21 SRE E31 E70 RL1 RHO TXD MINRNW TXE TXG Figue 1: Examle of ieal ad exeal egio i TIMES 2.2.1.1 Pocee A oce may eee a idividual la e.g. a ecific exiig uclea owe la o a geeic echology e.g. he coal-fied IGCC echology. TIMES diiguihe hee mai ye of ocee: Sadad ocee; Ie-egioal exchage ocee ad Soage ocee. 2.2.1.1.1 Sadad ocee The o-called adad ocee ca be ued o model he majoiy of he eegy echologie e.g. codeig owe la hea la CHP la demad device uch a boile coal exacio ocee ec. Sadad ocee ca be claified io he followig gou: PRE fo geeic eegy ocee; PRW fo maeial oceig echologie (by weigh); PRV fo maeial oceig echologie (by volume); REF fo efiey ocee; ELE fo eleciciy geeaio echologie; HPL fo hea geeaio echologie; CHP fo combied hea ad owe la; DMD fo demad device; DISTR fo diibuio yem; MISC fo micellaeou ocee 16
via he e cma(cg). Thi gouig doe o affec he oeie of he adad ocee 10 o he maix bu i ieded fo eoig uoe. The e i maiaied i he MAPLIST.DEF file ad may be adjued by ue io ay li of dijoi echology gou of iee wih ome eicio a oed i Table 1. The oology of a adad oce i ecified by he e o(cio) of all quadule uch ha he oce i egio i coumig (io = IN ) o oducig (io = OUT ) commodiy c. Uually fo each ey of he oology e o a flow vaiable (ee VARFLO i Chae 4) will be ceaed. Whe he o-called educio algoihm i acivaed ome flow vaiable may be elimiaed ad elaced by ohe vaiable (ee PART III chae 4). The aciviy vaiable (VARACT) of a adad oce i equal o he um of oe o eveal commodiy flow o eihe he iu o he ouu ide of a oce. The aciviy of a oce i limied by he available caaciy o ha he aciviy vaiable eablihe a lik bewee he ialled caaciy of a oce ad he maximum oible commodiy flow eeig o leavig he oce duig a yea o a ubdiviio of a yea. The commodiy flow ha defie he oce aciviy ae ecified by he e cacu(cgu) whee he commodiy idex cg may be a igle commodiy o a ue-defied commodiy gou. The commodiy gou defiig he aciviy of a oce i alo called Pimay Commodiy Gou (PCG). Oil OIL Aciviy i PJ Dieel Commodiy gou CGSRE DSL GSL Gaolie Refiey SRE All commodiie i PJ Defiiio of commodiy gou Defiiio of oce aciviy COMGMAP(cgc) = {UTOPIA.CGSRE.DSL UTOPIA.CGSRE.GSL} PRCCG(cg) = {UTOPIA.SRE.CGSRE} PRCACTUNT(cgu) = {UTOPIA.SRE.CGSRE.PJ} Figue 2: Examle of he defiiio of a commodiy gou ad of he aciviy of a oce Ue-defied commodiy gou ae ecified by mea of he e comgma(cgc) which idicae he commodiie (c) belogig o he gou (cg). I ode o aly a uedefied commodiy gou i coecio wih a oce (o oly fo he defiiio of he oce aciviy bu alo fo ohe uoe e.g. i he afomaio equaio EQPTRANS) oe ha o aig he commodiy gou cg o he oce by ecifyig he ccg(cg). Thu i i oible o ue he ame commodiy gou ame fo diffee ocee. A examle fo he defiiio of he aciviy of a oce i how i Figue 2. I ode o defie he aciviy of he oce SRE a he um of he wo ouu flow of gaolie (GSL) ad dieel (DSL) oe ha o defie a commodiy gou called CGSRE coaiig hee wo commodiie. The ame of he commodiy gou ca be abiaily choe by he modelle. 10 The oly exceio ae maeial oceig echologie of ye PRW o PRV whee he gouig may affec he ceaio of he ieal e cg (ee Table 4). 17
I addiio o he aciviy of a oce oe ha o defie he caaciy ui of he oce. Thi i doe by mea of he e ccau(cgu) whee he idex cg deoe he imay commodiy gou. I he examle i Figue 3 he caaciy of he efiey oce i defied i moe/a (megaoe oil equivale). Sice he caaciy ad aciviy ui ae diffee (moe fo he caaciy ad PJ fo he aciviy) he ue ha o uly he coveio faco fom he eegy ui embedded i he caaciy ui o he aciviy ui. Thi i doe by ecifyig he aamee ccaac(). I he examle ccaac ha he value 41.868. Oil OIL Aciviy i PJ Dieel Commodiy gou CGSRE DSL GSL Gaolie Refiey SRE All commodiie i PJ Caaciy i moe/a Defiiio of caaciy ui Coveio faco fom caaciy o aciviy ui PRCCAPUNT(cgu) = {UTOPIA.SRE.CGSRE.MTOE} PRCCAPACT UTOPIASRE = 41.868 Figue 3: Examle of he defiiio of he caaciy ui I migh occu ha he ui i which he commodiy(ie) of he imay commodiy gou ae meaued i diffee fom he aciviy ui. A examle i how i Figue 4. The aciviy of he ao echology CAR i defied by commodiy TX1 which i meaued i aege kilomee PKM. The aciviy of he oce i howeve defied i vehicle kilomee VKM while he caaciy of he oce CAR i defied a umbe of ca NOC. DSL Aciviy i vehicle kilomee VKM Ca CAR TX1 Commodiy ui Paege kilomee PKM Caaciy i # of ca NOC Defiiio of oce aciviy PRCACTUNT(cgu) = {UTOPIA.CAR.TX1.PKM} Defiiio of caaciy ui PRCCAPUNT(cgu) = {UTOPIA.CAR.TX1.NOC} Coveio faco fom caaciy o aciviy ui PRCCAPACT UTOPIA CAR = 10000 Coveio faco fom aciviy ui o commodiy ui PRCACTFLO UTOPIA 2000CARTX1 = 1.5 Figue 4: Examle of diffee aciviy ad commodiy ui 18
The coveio faco fom caaciy o aciviy ui ccaac decibe he aveage mileage of a ca e yea. The oce aamee cacflo(ycg) coai he coveio faco fom he aciviy ui o he commodiy ui of he imay commodiy gou. I he examle hi faco coeod o he aveage umbe of eo e ca (1.5). 2.2.1.1.2 Ie-egioal exchage ocee Ie-egioal exchage (IRE) ocee ae ued fo adig commodiie bewee egio. They ae eeded fo likig ieal egio wih exeal egio a well a fo modellig ade bewee ieal egio. A oce i ecified a a ie-egioal exchage oce by ecifyig i a a membe of he e cma( IRE ). If he exchage oce i coecig ieal egio hi e ey i equied fo each of he ieal egio adig wih egio. The oology of a ie-egioal exchage oce i defied by he e oie(allegcomallc) aig ha he commodiy com i egio alleg i exoed o he egio all (he aded commodiy may have a diffee ame c i egio all ha i egio alleg). Fo examle he oology of he exo of he commodiy eleciciy (ELCF) fom Face (FRA) o Gemay (GER) whee he commodiy i called ELCG via he exchage oce (HVGRID) i modelled by he oie ey: oie( FRA ELCF GER ELCG HVGRID ). The fi ai of egio ad commodiy ( FRA ELCF ) deoe he oigi ad he ame of he aded commodiy while he ecod ai ( GER ELCG ) deoe he deiaio. The ame of he aded commodiy ca be diffee i boh egio hee ELCF i Face ad ELCG i Gemay deedig o he choe commodiy ame i boh egio. A wih adad ocee he aciviy defiiio e cacu(cgu) ha o be ecified fo a exchage oce belogig o each ieal egio. The ecial feaue elaed o ieegioal exchage ocee ae decibed i ubecio 2.2.3. 2.2.1.1.3 Soage ocee Soage ocee ae ued o oe a commodiy eihe bewee eiod o bewee imelice. A oce () i ecified o be a ie-eiod oage (IPS) oce fo commodiy ( c ) by icludig i a a membe of he e cgi(c). I a imila way a oce i chaaceied a a geeal imelice oage (TSS) by icluio i he e cg(c). A ecial cae of imelice oage i a o-called igh-oage device (NST) whee he commodiy fo chagig ad he oe fo dichagig he oage ae diffee. A examle fo a igh oage device i a elecic heaig echology which i chaged duig he igh uig eleciciy ad oduce hea duig he day. Icludig a oce i he e c() idicae ha i i a igh oage device which i chaged i imelice(). Moe ha oe imelice ca be ecified a chagig imelice he oecified imelice ae aumed o be dichagig imelice. The chagig ad dichagig commodiy of a igh oage device ae ecified by he oology e (o). I hould be oed ha fo ie-eiod oage ad geeal imelice oage ocee he commodiy eeig ad leavig he oage i ecified by he e cgi(c) ad cg(c) eecively. Ohe commodiy flow ae o emied i combiaio wih hee wo oage ye ad hece he oology e o i o alicable o hee oage. A fo adad ocee he flow ha defie he aciviy of a oage oce ae ideified by ovidig he e cacu(c) ey. I coa o adad ocee he aciviy of a oage oce i howeve ieeed a he amou of he commodiy beig oed i he oage oce. Accodigly he caaciy of a oage oce decibe he maximum commodiy amou ha ca be ke i oage. 19
Baed o he oage chaaceizaio give by cgi cg o c fo a oce ieally a cma( STG ) ey i geeaed o u he oce i he gou of he oage ocee. A fuhe cma ey i ceaed o ecify he ye of oage ( STK fo ie-oeiod oage STS fo ime-lice oage ad NST fo a igh-oage device). 2.2.1.2 Commodiie A meioed befoe he e of commodiie ( c ) i a ube of he commodiy gou e (cg). A commodiy i TIMES i chaaceied by i ye which may be a eegy caie ( NRG ) a maeial ( MAT ) a emiio --o eviomeal imac ( ENV ) a demad commodiy ( DEM ) o a fiacial eouce ( FIN ). The commodiy ye i idicaed by membehi i he commodiy ye maig e (comma(comyec)). The commodiy ye affec he defaul ee of he commodiy balace equaio. Fo NRG ENV ad DEM he commodiy oducio i omally geae ha o equal o coumio while fo MAT ad FIN he defaul commodiy balace coai i geeaed a a equaliy. The ye of he commodiy balace ca be modified by he ue fo idividual commodiie by mea of he commodiy limi e (comlim(clim)). The ui i which a commodiy i meaued i idicaed by he commodiy ui e (comui(cuicom)). The ue hould oe ha wihi he GAMS code of TIMES o ui coveio e.g. of imo ice ake lace whe he commodiy ui i chaged fom oe ui o aohe oe. Theefoe he oe hadlig of he ui i eiely he eoibiliy of he ue (o he ue ieface). 2.2.2 Defiiio of he ime ucue 2.2.2.1 Time hoizo The ime hoizo fo which he eegy yem i aalyed may age fom oe yea o may decade. The ime hoizo i uually li io eveal eiod which ae eeeed by ocalled mileoe yea ((allyea) o mileoy(allyea) ee Figue 5). Each mileoe yea eee a oi i ime whee deciio may be ake by he model e.g. iallaio of ew caaciy o chage i he eegy flow. The aciviy ad flow vaiable ued i TIMES may heefoe be coideed a aveage value ove a eiod. The hoe oible duaio of a eiod i oe yea. Howeve i ode o kee he umbe of vaiable ad equaio a a ize ha ca be oceed by he cue oluio ad eoig ofwae a well a comue hadwae a eiod uually comie eveal yea. The duaio of he eiod do o have o be equal o ha i i oible ha he fi eiod which uually eee he a ad i ued o calibae he model o hioic daa ha a legh of oe yea while he followig eiod may have loge duaio. Thu i TIMES boh he umbe of eiod ad he duaio of each eiod ae fully ude ue cool. The begiig yea of a eiod B(allyea) i edig yea E(allyea) i middle yea M(allyea) ad i duaio D(allyea) have o be ecified a iu aamee by he ue (ee Table 12 i ubecio 3.1.3) exce fo a yea whee B=E=mileoy. To decibe caaciy iallaio ha ook lace befoe he begiig of he model hoizo ad ill exi duig he modelig hoizo TIMES ue addiioal yea he ocalled a yea (ayea(allyea)) which ideify he coucio comleio yea of he aleady exiig echologie. The amou of caaciy ha ha bee ialled i a ayea i ecified by he aamee NCAPPASTI(allyea) alo called a iveme. Fo a oce a abiay umbe of a iveme may be ecified o eflec he age ucue i he exiig caaciy ock. The uio of he e mileoy ad ayea i called modelyea (o v). The yea fo which iu daa i ovided by he ue ae called daayea (daayea(allyea)). The daayea do o have o coicide wih modelyea ice he eoceo will ieolae o exaolae he daa ieally o he modelyea. All 20