Human Anatomy Unit 8 Chapter 11+13 Blood and Lymph Name P. Date Turn you unit work in by day of test or one day after for chance at full credit. After that, max points = half credit. GET ANY INCOMPLETE WORK COMPLETED!!! Late work = 2pts if complete. ASSIGNMENT DATE TO BE COMPLETED POINTS EARNED 1) Why we need blood crossword (teacher gives) 2) Worksheets 6-3 Red Blood Cells (teacher gives) 3) Hematopoiesis Flow Chart 4) Hematopoiesis and Blood Cell Function Quiz worksheet 5) This is Going to Get Bloody w/blood Takes us There notes on back 6) Characteristics of Normal Blood PowerPoint Notes 7) Clot Formation Notes chap 11.3 8) Capillary Exchange Notes chap 11.4 9) Blood Trivia and Typing Question sheet (info sheet teacher gives) 10) Worksheet 6-12 The Blood Vessels (teacher gives) 11) Worksheet 6-13 Microscopic Observations of Artery and Vein (teacher gives) 12) Immune flow chart and questions 13) Worksheet 7-2 White Blood Cells (teacher gives) 14) Worksheet 44-46 Inflammatory Response, HI and CMI (teacher gives)
15) Worksheets 7-8 Lymphocytes (teacher gives) 16) Worksheets 7-9 Turning on Immune + 7-11 The T-8 Lymphocytes (teacher gives) 17) Lymphatic System Notes chap 13.1 18) Virus and Bacteria Worksheet (teacher gives) 19) Review for chap 11 + 13 fill in 20) Keep this in mind 21) Printing Out Packet
Stem Cell Differentiation-Hematopoiesis The process by which blood cells are formed is hematopoiesis. A stem cell is capable of dividing and producing new cells that go on to become particular types of cells. Stem cells in red bone marrow produce cells that mature into various types of blood cells. A multipotent stem cell, which is made in the bone marrow, divides, producing two other types of stem cells, lymphoid stem cell and myeloid stem cell. The lymphoid stem cell produces two lymphoblasts. These will later mature into B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. The B lymphocytes are processed in the bone marrow while the T lymphocytes are processed in the thymus. The myeloid stem cell gives rise to the four different cells that go through a number of stages to become red blood cells, platelets, granular leukocytes, and monocytes. The myeloid stem cell produces, the erythroblasts, the megakaryoblasts, the myeloblasts, and the monoblasts. The erythroblasts mature in the red bone marrow to produce the erythrocytes (or red blood cells). Through a process of many divisions, they lose their nucleus and other organelles. This is why they only live 120 days. Likewise, the megakaryoblasts are also produced in the red bone marrow. They too, lose their nucleus and live only 10 days. These cells will mature to active forms called, thrombocytes or platelets. Myeloid stem cells also give rise to the myeloblasts. This cell differentiates into three distinct forms that will specialize to fight infection in the body. These are the basophils, eosinophils and the neutrophils. These three types of white blood cells are categorized as Granular leukocytes because they tend to have granular nuclei that show up in the staining process. The last cell produced by the myeloid stem cell in the red bone marrow is the monoblasts. These, along with the lymphocytes B and T, are categorized as Agranular leukocytes. The monoblasts will divide and produce the mature form, monocytes, the largest white blood cells in the body.
Hematopoiesis Flow Chart Fill in the boxes using the information in the reading hand-out titled Stem Cell Differentiation Hematopoiesis and using terms from the word bank. Multipotent Stem Cell Lymphoblast (in thymus) Megakaryoblast Monocyte WORD BANK Basophil B-lymphocyte Erythroblast Erythrocyte Lymphoblast (in bone marrow) Lymphoid stem cell Monoblast Myeloblast Myeloid stem cell Neutrophil Thrombocyte T-lymphocyte Eosinophil QUESTIONS 1. What does hematopoesis mean? 2. Where are these blood stem cells found in the body? 3. Why do erythrocytes (red blood cells) live only 120 days? 4. What are the largest white blood cells in the body? 4
Hematopoiesis and Blood Cell Function Quiz on - You will be given a flow chart of blood cell formation. 3 of the 17 boxes will be filled in. You must fill in the rest using the terms given in a word bank. Also using the word bank, you will match the 8 blood cells to the descriptions below. Use your book (211-215) to find the cell that matches these descriptions. 1. It attacks and destroys any pathogen with foreign antigens. 2. It is the largest white blood cell and it phagocytizes pathogens, old cells, and cellular debris. 3. It phagocytes antigen-antibody complexes so it helps lessen an allergic reaction. 4. It releases histamine to dilate blood vessels. 5. First type of white blood cells to respond to an infection and it engulfs pathogens. 6. It is also called a platelet. 7. It is also called a red blood cell. 8. It contains hemoglobin which transports oxygen. 9. It forms antibodies against a pathogen. 10. It helps to form a blood clot. 5
Name Period # This is Going to Get Bloody! Use your notes and your textbook (pages 209-217) to answer the questions below. 1. Name and explain two ways that blood helps the body maintain homeostasis. 2. Blood also carries white blood cells and antibodies to fight infections. Explain why it is advantageous for these cells to be in the blood versus being fixed at one spot in the body. 3. Give a general overview of how blood is the complete transportation system for the body. 4. Explain how pressure differences between the inside and the outside of capillaries allows nutrients to flow out to cells and waste back into the capillary. 5. A blood vessel sometimes experiences trauma from outside sources resulting in breaks in the vessel. What are three ways that the body deals with this trauma? (hemostasis) 1. 2. 3. 6. Explain the steps of coagulation in the spaces below. (pg 215) ❶ ❷ ❸ ❹ 6
Characteristics of Normal Human Blood -PowerPoint Notes I. Characteristics of Normal Red Blood Cells ( ) They stain Contain nucleus as mature cells We have about 5 rbc s/mm 3 and live to days. Sketch one here II. Characteristics of Normal White Blood Cells ( ) Contain a single as large as an RBC They stain blue or Blood contains wbc/mm 3 and live for days. Sketch one here III. Characteristics of Normal Platelets Contain one to nuclei They occur in Stain deep Blood contains 140,000 to 400,000 units of platelets/mm 3 and they live for days Sketch one here (draw in an RBC too to show a comparison of size) What s Wrong With this Blood? 1. Blood Slide Describe Appearance Facts about disorder 2. 7
3. Blood Slide Describe Appearance Facts about disorder 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 8
Clot Formation Notes Chapter 11.3 page 215+ Name P. Date 1. What is hemostasis? 2. The 3 events of hemostasis are 1) 2) 3) 3. What is vascular spasm and what triggers it? 4. What triggers the platelets (aka ) to adhere to the blood vessel walls? Fill in the missing information in diagram and flow chart - r Injured tissues and platelets release the clotting factor p a and ions. p prothombrin activator converts the blood protein prothrombrin to t. thrombrin splits f to form f. Fibrin fibers form a mesh over wound, trapping red blood cells and p f bleeding stops clot hardens and becomes smaller new cells grow to repair wound site enzyme, p, is released to dissolve clot. 9
5. Coagulation, aka, requires 2 proteins - and. 6. Rat poisons interfere with vitamin K recycling thereby greatly reducing vitamin K in the body. Explain then how this will eventually kill the rat (and a dog or a human who might ingest it ). Give details. 7. What is serum? 8. Why do we have anticoagulants normally flowing in our blood? 9. What is an embolus and what can it cause? 10. What is a stroke and what can cause it? (look in index) 11. What is hemophilia and why can it cause death? 10
Capillary Exchange Notes Chapter 11.4 page 216+ Name P. Date 1. Blood leaves the heart through the. Passes into the, the smallest vessels, and returns to the heart through the. 2. What is tissue fluid and what is it mostly made of? 3. Capillary exchange is influenced by 3 processes 1) 2) 3) 4. What is blood pressure? 5. What is diffusion? 6. What is osmotic pressure? 7. What substance is moved due to osmotic pressure? Fill in the boxes below and add the 7 substances to the drawing that are either moved into or out of the capillary. 3) end of capillary end of capillary 11
8. Why do substances move out at the arterial end of the capillary? 9. Why do substances move in at the venous end of the capillary? 10. How does the blood pressure at the arterial end compare to the blood pressure at the venous end? Why does this happen? 11. How does the osmotic pressure at the arterial end compare to the osmotic pressure at the venous end? 12. How much water returns into the blood at the venous end? 13. Why do we have lymphatic vessels? 14. What is edema? 15. What causes elephantiasis and how does it cause the swelling? 12
BLOOD TYPE TRIVIA and BLOOD TYPING - QUESTION SHEET ET 1. List the 8 types of blood 2. Which type is most common? 3. Which type is least common? 4. A man weighs 200 pounds, how many pounds of his body weight are due to blood? 5. If you have blood type, then you must only receive blood type. 6. Which component of blood is always in demand by the Red Cross and hospitals? Explain why. 7. If Jeremy donated blood on March 1 st, when can he donate again? (give a date) 8. What are the 4 components of blood?,,, and 9. Which blood type is the universal recipient? (can get blood from any one) 10. What is an antigen? 11. What is an antibody? 12. What is agglutination? 13. What happens when antigens and antibodies combine? 14. What happens when the B-antigen is mixed with the Anti-B antibody? 15. Predict what will happen when the B-antigen is mixed with Anti-A antibody? 16. If you have type O blood and are given type A blood, what will happen? (use antibodies, antigens, and agglutination in your response) 13
17. Explain why a person with type AB blood can accept all blood types. (use antibodies, antigens, and agglutination in your response) 18. Explain why all blood types can accept O blood. (use antibodies, antigens, and agglutination in your response) 19. In the spaces below, draw in the results for the tests for someone who has blood type A+. Anti A Anti B Anti Rh Draw in the results for someone who has blood type O- Anti A Anti B Anti Rh 20. If you are Rh- and have been exposed to Rh+ blood, explain what will happen if you were to get a blood transfusion of Rh+ blood. 14
Immune System Name: Date: Period: Nonspecific Immunity Specific Immunity (Triggered by Antigens to produce Antibodies) Includes 1. Skin-- 2. Mucus-- 3. Sweat and Tears-- 4. Inflammatory Response a. White Blood Cells (monocytes/phagocytes)-- b. Fever-- 5. Interferons-- Defenses that are not designed to fight a specific disease but ALL diseases Draw an antibody Humoral Response (triggered by surface antigens of pathogens) Includes 1. In Blood and Lymph a. Lymphocytes produce antibodies (B Lymphocytes) 2. Antibodies are Y- shaped proteins that help to destroy pathogens a. Antibodies bind to antigens on the pathogens b. Cause pathogens to clump up 3. Eosinophils and monocytes engulf and destroy pathogens (clumps of antibodies and antigens) Cell Mediated Response (can recognize cells that have been invaded by viruses) Includes 1. A macrophage presents pathogen s antigens to Killer T cell. 2. Killet T cells then divide thru clonal expansion 3. Killer T cells (cytotoxic T cells) kill infected cells to inhibit the reproduction and spread of viruses 4. Helper T cells produce Memory T cells. 5. Memory T cells react like Memory B cells. Permanent Immunity Once the body has been exposed to a particular pathogen, the B and T cells remain capable of producing specific antibodies to that pathogen. The response to a second exposure is rapid and produces a high number of antibodies, thus preventing a second infection. Active Immunity Vaccinations are given in order to cause the body to be prepared for an infection of a particular pathogen. Vaccinations work by injecting a weakened form of the pathogen (or even parts of the pathogen) into the body so that the body will produce antibodies for the specific antigen. Memory B cells are ready to immediately respond to an exposure to the specific pathogen. Vacca = cow.why? Passive Immunity Antibodies produced by other animals for a pathogen are injected into the bloodstream in order to fight off a specific pathogen. 4. B cells can be activated by T cells to turn into Plasma cells. 5. Plasma cells produce and release large numbers of antibodies into the bloodstream. 6. Some B cells become memory cells and can quickly respond if reinfected by same pathogen. (you can t get the same cold twice) (Antigens trigger the immune system to produce antibodies that are specific to the antigen. B cells and plasma cells make the antibodies with the help of Tcells) 6. Suppressor T cells shut down the Killer T cells when job is done. See fig 13.7 Causes body to reject transplanted organs 15
Questions for Immune System Flow Chart 1. How is Nonspecific immunity different from Specific immunity? 2. Explain how each of these Nonspecific immunity responses stop an infection(see page 259) a. Skin b. Mucus c. Sweat and Tears d. Monocytes e. Fever (on your own think about enzymes in the pathogen) f. Interferons 3. In the Specific immunity response of cell mediated response, immune cells recognize body cells that have been invaded by. 4. What do killer T cells kill? 5. Which cells shut down the immune response when the pathogen has been killed off? 6. Transplant organ rejection is due to a response. 7. What triggers the Humoral response? 8. What do the B-lymphocytes produce? 9. Antibodies bind to the on the pathogen and cause the pathogens to up. 10. and engulf and destroy the clumped, antibody covered pathogens. 11. B-lymphocytes can turn into cells and can quickly respond if re-infected by the same pathogen. 12. Decide which type of immunity develops with each of these situations. a. Adam is given a serum which contains antibodies generated by another person s blood. b. Ashley gets the flu early in the season and re-exposed to it later in the year, she doesn t get sick again. c. Alex doesn t get really sick when exposed to Chickenpox because he got the vaccine two years ago. 13. So all types of immunity involve (the Y-shaped proteins) 16
Lymphatic System Notes Chapter 13.1 page 254+ Name P. Date 1. The 3 main functions: a. - lymphatic vessels lie near capillaries and take up fluid that has left the capillaries. b. - absorbs fat from the tract and takes it to the. c. - helps defend the body against with the help of blood cells. 2. The lymphatic vessel system is a system which begins with the lymphatic. The fluid flowing through the lymphatic vessels is. 3. What is the link between the lymphatic system and metastasis of cancer? 4. Disease is a and may be do to. 5. The lymphatic organs contain large numbers of. Indicated where the structure is located and briefly explain how the following structures are involved with the lymph/immune system and what happens if the structure doesn t function correctly. 6. Red Bone Marrow 7. Thymus Gland 8. Spleen 9. Lymph Nodes 10. Lymphatic Nodules - 17
REVIEW FOR CHAPTERS 11 AND 13 For secret phrase at the end, first number in ( ) = letter in term to use and second number = where to place in secret phrase spaces. For example if term is blood, (3,12) means an o needs to go in space #12. Blood Components, Types, Functions, and Blood Diseases 1.,, and are all functions of blood. 2. (1, 2) (2,30) is caused by trypanosomes, transmitted by the tse-tse fly, in the blood which depletes energy and can be deadly. 3. is caused by protozoa which invade the erythrocytes and cause chills and extreme flu like symptoms. This mosquito transmitted disease kills millions each year. 4. A ruptured vessel in the brain can cause a (4, 14), which depletes oxygen to a portion of the brain causing damage. 5. Fluid accumulation due to blocked lymph vessels can cause (2, 12). African Sleeping Sickness Agglutination Anemia Antibodies Antigens Blood type Edema Elephantiasis Erythrocytes Fights infection Gas and nutrient transport Hemoglobin Iron Leukemia Leukocytes Malaria Oxygen Plasma Platelets Prevents hemorrhage Rh antigens Sickle-cell anemia Stroke Temperature regulation Tissue 6. (6, 25), a genetic disease, results in extreme fatigue because the misshapen erythrocytes cannot carry oxygen as effectively and easily rupture in the capillaries. 7. A person with low iron levels will have less hemoglobin and light red erythrocytes. They will feel tired. They probably suffer from. 8. A large number of immature leukocytes in a blood sample may diagnosed as the cancer known as (7, 34). 9. Filarial worms block the lymph vessels and cause extreme swelling in the disease of (8, 19). 10. A person with B- (4, 6) has B (2, 26) on the surface on his erythrocytes (rbcs) but no. 18
11. A person with O type blood has both anti A and anti B (last, 13) in her blood. 12. If Holly with A type blood receives B type blood in a transfusion, Holly s anti-b antibodies will stick to the antigens on the B blood cells and cause to happen. The blood will clump up and not flow. This is deadly. 13. The (3, 5), or red blood cells, contain (last, 36) which makes them red, has, and is a protein which helps to carry. 14. Water and dissolved nutrients, like amino acids and glucose, make up (1, 21), the fluid portion of blood. 15. The tiny will clump up to stop bleeding. 16. The white (8, 27) are involved with fighting infections. 17. Blood is a type of connective. Hematopoiesis, Capillary Transport and Hemostasis 18. In the (last, 1)of certain bones are blood which can create all of the blood cells. 19. Oxygen and glucose gets transferred from the blood to the tissue cells through the (8, 22). Arteriole Blood pressure Capillaries Coagulation Fibrin Osmotic pressure Platelets Red marrow Stem cells Thrombin Vasoconstriction Venule Wastes 20. At the end, (4, 20) is greater than the (10, 23) so nutrients in the blood are pushed out of the blood. At the (3, 11) end the osmotic pressure is greater than the blood pressure so cellular are pushed into the blood. 21. The first step of hemostasis (ceasing blood loss from a break in a vessel) is (1, 24), which reduces the amount of blood reaching the rupture. 22. The second step of hemostasis involves the plugging of the rupture by. 19
23. The last step of hemostasis is clot formation or (9, 28). 24. Platelets release chemicals which eventually cause to convert fibrinogen into (4, 8), a protein which acts like a net over the platelets. Immune Response and Lymphatic System 25. (6, 16) diseases are caused by pathogens and can be transmitted through the air, by contact with body fluids, by a, or through contaminated or water. 26. (6, 15), a protein that is part of the nonspecific immune response, interferes with the ability of a virus to enter a cell and replicate. 27. By fooling your body into thinking it is infected, a, made of inactive pathogens, triggers your body to make antibodies against a specific pathogen. 28. (5, 3) are very simple pathogens that attach to cells, invade cells, take over cells, copies itself, and eventually destroy the cells. 29. Barriers to infections, like your skin, or monocytes, which phagocytize any pathogen, are examples of (1, 29). 30. The (18, 18) occurs whenever tissue is damaged. The damaged tissue contains (4, 33) cells which Bacteria Cell mediated immune response Fat Food Heat Helper T cells Histamine Humoral immune response Infectious Inflammatory response Interferon Killer T cells Lymphatic system Macrophages Mast Monocytes Neutrophils Non-specific immunity Pathogen Pus Redness Thymus Tissues Vaccine Vector Viruses release to trigger the surrounding capillaries to dilate and bring more blood to the scene. Soon large numbers or neutrophils and monocytes appear at the scene. Monocytes will morph into (5, 35) which can devour any pathogens. The increased blood flow to the damaged area creates and. 31. Dead tissue cells, bacteria, water, plasma, and living white blood cells form a mixture called (3, 37). 20
32. A is any disease causing organism. 33. The (2, 7) involves the formation of antibodies by the B cells due to the exposure of the B cells to pathogenic antigens or to signals from macrophages. 34. In a cell-mediated response, (2, 31) are responsible for sending the alert signals which then trigger the killer T-cells to react. 35. and are cells that are involved in the non-specific immune response. They both phagocytize pathogens. 36. (last, 10) are pathogens which kill cells by releasing toxins. 37. Killer T-cells, memory T-cells, and suppressor T-cells are all involved in the (1, 32). 38. (5, 17) secrete perforin which can destroy cancer cells or infected cells. 39. The (2, 4), an organ above the heart, is responsible for the development of the T-cells (t-lymphocytes). It is larger in children since they have yet to build up their immune systems. 40. The (5, 9) is involved with collecting excess fluid from, producing t-lymphocytes (immune cells) and absorbing from the intestines. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18! 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 21
(ATTENTION THE MAKE-UP TEST FOR THOSE OF YOU MISSING JUST THE TEST DAY WILL BE AN ESSAY-FORM TEST) Keep This in Mind Chapters 11 & 13 Chapter 11: Good Study Questions # s 2-4, 6-9; Objective Questions # s 1-10 Chapter 13: Good Study Questions # s 1-5a, 7-8; Objective Questions # s 1-13 Know: 1. All about hemoglobin 2. How blood type is determined and how the test results look to tell which type of blood your sample is. 3. Where and how wastes, carbon dioxide, water, and sugar are moved out or into the blood. 4. The functions of the lymphatic system. 5. What blood transports. 6. Where the thymus is and what it does. 7. How vaccines are made and what they do to the body. 8. What pus is made of. 9. When histamine is released and what it does. 10. What pathogens are and how they are spread. 11. What antibodies are, what makes them, and what they do. 12. What do we use antibiotics for? 13. The causes and effects of elephantiasis, stroke, edema, hemophilia, leukemia, malaria, and anemia. 14. The other name for red blood cell and platelet 15. What agglutination is. 16. What infectious disease means. 17. The roles of the spleen thymus, lymph nodes and bone marrow in the immune system. 18. How cancers cells are detected and destroyed by your body. 19. What is the job of the white blood cells? 20. Whether blood is a tissue, organ, or cell. 21. What eosnophils and monocytes do to pathogens and how B-cells, and antibodies are involved with the humoral response. 22. The sequence of events in hemostasis. 23. Which structures or cells are involved with nonspecific immunity. 24. 4 difficulties involved with organ transplants. 25. What a virus does to your cells. 26. 4 functions of blood. 27. Where do all blood cells come from in the body and what is the name of the original blood cell that all blood cells come from. 28. Know which blood types a certain blood type can accept for a donor, and which blood types can donate to various recipients. 29. Which blood cell triggers the cell mediated response. 30. Which blood cell can remember a pathogen s antigens. 31. What interferon is and does. 32. Know the characteristics shown in the blood for leukemia. Sickle cell anemia, normal blood, Malaria, and African sleeping sickness. 22