WHO/EMC/BAC/98.3 Control of epidemic meningococcal disease. WHO practical guidelines. 2 nd edition World Health Organization Emerging and other Communicable Diseases, Surveillance and Control This document has been downloaded from the WHO/EMC Web site. The original cover pages and lists of participants are not included. See http://www.who.int/emc for more information.
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Map 2. Major outbreaks of meningococcal meningitis, 1971 1997 Carte 2. Principales épidémies de méningite à méningocoques, 1971 1997 1976 1975-78 1980-81 1973-74 1973-74 1994-95 1980-84 1986 1991 1994-1995 1979 1985 1982-84 1979 1995 1983-85 1977 1986-87 1992 1992 1978 1992 1988 1988 1981-82 1989 1990-92 1989 1991-93 1977 1986 1993 1971-72 1974 WHO 97508
Burkina Faso Senegal Gambia Guinea- Bisseau Guinea Sierra Leone Liberia Mauritania Côte d Ivoire Mali Niger Chad Nigeria Central African Republic Cameroon Benin Ghana Togo Sudan Uganda Kenya Ethiopia Eritrea Djibouti Somalia WHO 94067 Meningitis belt The designations employed and the presentation of material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.
25 20 Thousands 15 10 5 0 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 WHO 98159 600 500 No. cases/deaths 400 300 200 Cases Deaths 100 0 1935 1940 1945 1950 1950 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 WHO 98160
180 Cases per 100 000 population 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1960-74 Nonepidemic years 1957 Epidemic year 1970 Epidemic year N D J F M A M J J A S O Month WHO 98161 g g g g p 70 Incidence per 100 000/year 20 15 10 5 0-4 5-9 10-14 1969-72 40 1974 1977-80 15-19 20-24 25-59 60 60 50 30 20 10 0 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-59 15 10 5 60 0-5- 4 9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-59 60 WHO 98162 17 2.7 0.5 69 21 7.1 14 1.7 0.7
g p PAKISTAN? 1985 NEPAL 1983-84 N DJAMENA 1988 KHARTOUM 1988 MECCA 1987 NEW DEHLI? 1985 ADDIS ABABA 1989 ATLANTIC OCEAN NAIROBI 1989 INDIAN OCEAN WHO 98163
Absolute humidity (g/m3) Cases RAIN RAIN RAIN Mean maximum temperature ( C) HARMATTAN HARMATTAN HARMATTAN WHO 98164
900 Mass vaccination 1 st Campaign 2 nd Campaign 800 700 600 Weekly incidence 500 400 300 200 100 0 1 8 15 22 29 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 February March April May WHO 98165