OSHA Construction Industry Building Inspector Training Module The Big Picture In 2007, for construction workers, BLS reported: Over 135,000 injuries and illnesses An incidence rate of 190 per 100,000 workers 1,178 fatal work injuries the most of any industry sector Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 2007 2 Module Goals To provide building inspectors with health and safety knowledge of the four leading causes of workplace death in construction To encourage building inspectors to report hazards to OSHA. The training will also review other actions such as raising the hazard with the contractor or encouraging the contractor to use the OSHA consultation program 3 OSHA v1 1
OSHA 29 CFR 1926 OSHA s Safety and Health Requirements for Construction OSHA construction industry requirements for all worksite activities are covered in the Subparts A Z of Part 1926 4 OSHA s General Duty Clause Section 5(a)(1) reads: "Each employer shall furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees." Section 5(a)(1) applies: OSHA s General Duty Clause [Section 5(a)(1)] applies when: Hazardous conditions or practices are not covered in an OSHA standard; they may be covered under Section 5(a)(1) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. 5 OSHA Assistance OSHA offers safety and health training materials on a wide variety of construction industry topics; training courses are offered through OSHA s Outreach Training Program Resources to assist employers, including federal agencies, in complying with OSHA occupational safety and health obligations are: onsite help by OSHA s local area offices, outreach programs and training 6 OSHA v1 2
What Types of PPE Might You Need on an Inspection? Eye Protection Respirators Hard hats Safety shoes Hand protection Protective clothing Hearing protection 7 Major Safety Hazards in the Construction Industry 8 The top 4 hazards in construction resulting in fatal injuries are: Falls Struck by Caught in or Between Electrocution Two thirds of construction fatalities are in one of these four categories 9 OSHA v1 3
US Construction Focus 4 Fatalities 2003 2007 860 66% 840 820 800 816 807 845 805 65% 65% 64.8% 64.9% 65.1% 64.9% 780 760 740 759 64% 64% 63.8% 720 700 63% 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Number of Focus 4 event fatalities Percent of all Construction fatalities 10 Data Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries US Construction Fatalities by Event 2007 Other 35% Falls 36% Caught in/compressed by 4% Electric Current 9% Struck by 16% 11 Data Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries FALL HAZARDS Recognition & Prevention 12 OSHA v1 4
Fall Hazards Highest at 19% Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics 13 Fall Hazards What is a fall hazard? A fall hazard is anything in the workplace that could cause an unintended loss of balance or bodily support and result in a fall 14 Fall Hazards Some Types of Falls that May Cause Deaths/Injuries Using unsafe or incomplete scaffolds Inappropriate ladder/stair use Falling from or through roofs Falling from trucks/heavy equipment Falling into holes, pits, shafts Some Primary Causes of Fall Fatalities Unprotected sides, edges and holes Improperly constructed walking/working surfaces Improper use of access equipment Failure to properly use Personal Fall Arrest Systems (PFAS) Slips and trips (housekeeping) 15 OSHA v1 5
Fall Hazards What are the hazards working on roofs? Photos: courtesy of Robert Carr 16 Fall Hazards Slip and trip hazards are common: Poor housekeeping Wet and slippery surfaces Obstacles in walkway Poor lighting Wrong footwear Improper behavior 17 Fall Hazards What are key issues with stairs? Breaks in elevation 19 or more require stairs or ladders Landings Slope Rail systems Guarding access ways Metal pan landings 18 OSHA v1 6
Fall Hazards Hazards exist when scaffolding does not have: Firm foundation with base plates Plumb, square and adequately braced Fully planked work deck Guardrails, when scaffolding is >10 ft Tied in over 4:1 height to base ratio Adequate means of access and egress 19 Fall Prevention What is Fall Protection? Fall protection is a system designed to protect personnel from the risk of falls when working at elevated dhiht heights If exposed to falling 6 feet or more from an unprotected side or edge, either a guardrail system, safety net or personal fall arrest system should be used 20 Fall Prevention Passive Restraint System Guardrail Systems* Hole Covers* Safety Nets *eliminates fall hazards (fall prevention) 21 OSHA v1 7
Fall Prevention Active Restraint System Personal Fall Arrest Systems Positioning Systems Personal Fall Restraint Systems* *eliminates fall hazards (fall prevention) 22 Fall Prevention What are the main systems for working safely on roofs? Safety Monitors Guardrails and warning lines Fall Arrest 23 Fall Prevention General Ladder Requirements: Position ladder so the height to base ratio is 4:1 a 16 foot ladder, 4 foot away from wall Use safety check pictured Inspect ladders before each use for cracked/broken rungs, steps, side rails, feet and locking components Ladder at Correct Angle (4:1) Safety Check Tip: Extend Arms Palms Touch Rung Touch Toes To Ladder Base 24 OSHA v1 8
Fall Prevention Scaffold Requirements Firm foundation with base plates Plumb, square and adequately braced Fully y planked work deck Guardrails, when scaffolding is >10 ft Tied in over 4:1 height to base ratio Adequate means of access and egress 25 Fall Prevention Safe Scaffold Foundations Unsafe Scaffold Foundations Hydro Mobile Masons Adjustable Frame Base Plate 26 Fall Prevention Precautions needed when working on open sided floors: Make sure open edges on decks, roof, mezzanines over 6' high are protected Stay away from edges unless work requires it Always face the edge Work from your knees 27 OSHA v1 9
Fall Prevention Precautions needed when working around holes: Cover holes with materials of adequate strength and ensure they are secured Markcovers so workers know there are holes underneath Use guardrails 28 Fall Prevention Precautions needed when working around wall openings: Guardrails Catch platforms Restraint devices Safety nets 29 Fall Prevention Precautions needed when working around skylights: Prevent a fall hazard by guarding them Use temporary barricades for work or permanent guarding system such as cage Never sit, lean or place yourself on a skylight 30 OSHA v1 10
STRUCK BY HAZARDS Recognition & Prevention 31 Struck by Hazards For workers who were struck by objects: 41% from vehicle parts like backhoe buckets 38% from falling vehicle loads 18% from vehicles falling onto workers in trenches 3% were other struck by events 32 Struck by Hazards Workers on foot: 20% of fatalities of workers on foot tinvolved crane loads or crane booms 33 OSHA v1 11
Struck by Hazard Prevention Guidelines for backing up equipment safely: Have audible back up alarms Have a spotter to direct the operator if visibility is restricted Keep adequate clearance behind the vehicle Always pay attention to backing equipment Consider electronic signaling devices or sensors on vehicles to monitor workers 34 Struck by Hazard Prevention Guidelines to prevent rollovers on embankments: Inspect area of operation, particularly berms [should be at least half as the largest tire] Check ground for soft shoulders, cracks, water, etc. Never drive on a high wall Approach berm at right angle Stay one truck length away 35 Struck by Hazard Prevention Guidelines to prevent rollovers loading and unloading equipment? 28% occurred while loading or unloading Make sure the trailer is secure and on a level lsurface Inspect the deck for debris, blocking or chains Have a spotter help properly align the equipment up the ramps Be sure equipment is properly secured 36 OSHA v1 12
Struck by Hazard Prevention Work safely around cranes: The swing radius on a crane should be marked Safe practice is to stay away completely in case the crane drops the loads, falls over, or contacts overhead lines 37 Struck by Hazard Prevention A simple barrier can make a real difference 38 Struck by Hazard Prevention Safety Guidelines for Powder Actuated Tools: Never load a fastener with your finger on the trigger Always hold tool perpendicular to surface Minimize flying particles or debris Check penetrations and use proper loads Never leave a loaded tool unattended Safety Guidelines for Pneumatic Nailers: Only qualified operators should work with these tools Nailers that shoot nails, rivets, staples and operate greater than 100 psi, must be equipped with a device to keep fasteners from being ejected Eye protection is required 39 OSHA v1 13
Struck by Hazard Prevention Work Zone Safety Traffic control plan is needed Traffic control devices must be used inside the work zone First warning should be 4 8 times (in feet) the speed limit (in mph) Flaggers and others need high visibility, reflective clothing and training 40 Struck by Hazard Prevention Work Zone Wear Guidelines: Reflective materials are critical! ANSI/ISEA 107 2004 specifications: Class 1, 2, 3, or E 41 CAUGHT IN OR BETWEEN HAZARDS Recognition & Prevention 42 OSHA v1 14
Caught In or Between Hazards Caught In or Between hazards are: Cave ins [silent, move at incredible speed] Lack of oxygen, toxic, or flammable atmospheres Moving machinery near edge of excavation Accidental severing of underground utility lines Vehicles at and around excavation Material handling at and around excavation Water in trench 43 Caught In or Between Hazards Case Study OSHA Fatal Facts Accident Summary Number 5, available at www.osha.gov Laborer cleaning a scraper without the controlled apron being blocked resulted in the apron falling unexpectedly and the worker was caught in between the apron (approximately 2,500 pounds) and the cutting edge of the scraper. What should have been done? Employers must instruct each employee to recognize and avoid unsafe conditions applicable to his work environment (29 CFR 1926(b)(2)). 44 Caught In or Between Prevention OSHA 29 CFR 1926 Subpart P requires the employer to: Indentify the soil type (Stable Rock, Type A, Type B or Type C) Notify utilities before digging Ensure work is supervised by a competent person Provide protection if greater than 5 feet deep or there is a possibility of a cave in, regardless of depth Inspect daily and with changes Provide a way to get into and out of any excavation greater than 4 feet deep Create a rescue plan and train the crew 45 OSHA v1 15
Caught In or Between Prevention Competent Person: Must be capable of identifying hazards Must have the authority to take quick actions to correct all problems Has Knowledge/Experience in: Soil types Conditions that could cause cave ins Use of protective systems Requirements of the OSHA standard and appendices Atmospheric hazards 46 Caught In or Between Prevention Additional Safety Methods: Install barricades at trench Establish a warning system (hand or mechanical signals) Place stop logs along the trench Grade soil away from excavation Stand away from material being loaded or unloaded Keep spoil piles 2 feet or more from edge of excavation Avoid Dangerous Atmospheres: Must test for oxygen levels if oxygen deficiency or a hazardous atmosphere exists orcould reasonably be expected to exist before a worker enters an excavation Adequate precautions must be taken to prevent employee exposure to hazardous atmospheres 47 Caught In or Between Prevention Discuss the worksite conditions shown in this photo 48 OSHA v1 16
ELECTROCUTION HAZARDS Recognition & Prevention 49 Electrocution Hazards 50 Electrocution Hazards How can electricity harm you? Contact with electricity can cause the following four effects: Shock [i.e. touching both wires of an electrical circuit] Burns Falls due to contact with electricity Electrocution 51 OSHA v1 17
Electrocution Hazards Primary causes of electrocution: Contact with overhead power lines Contact with live circuits in panels Poorly maintained cords and tools Lightning strikes Aftermath from contact with power lines 52 Electrocution Hazards Other Construction Site Electrical Hazards: Damaged electrical cord(s) Inadequate American Wire Gauge (AWG) Ground prong removed Improper outlet t boxes Temporary lighting issues Power tool handling Exposed electrical parts Energized equipment Working in wet conditions [man made or natural] 53 Electrocution Hazards Prevention Is there a best way to control electrical hazards? Elimination or Substitution Engineering Controls Administrative Controls Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) YES! Hierarchy of Controls Trained electrician using PPE servicing an electrical panel 54 OSHA v1 18
Electrocution Hazards Prevention Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCI) Reduce electrical hazards Must have open neutral protection on construction sites Provide protection ti against: Ground faults, the most common form of electrical shock hazard Fires Overheating Destruction of insulation on wiring 55 Electrocution Hazards Prevention Electrical/Flexible Cord Safety Must not be damaged Must be connected to prevent tension at joints/terminal screws Cord size must be selected based on amount of current expected in a circuit Plug must have ground prong 56 Electrocution Hazards Prevention Flexible cords must NOT be: Used in situations where frequent inspection would be difficult Used where damage would be likely Used where long term electrical supply is needed Run through holes in walls, ceilings or floors Run through doorways, windows, similar openings Attached to building surfaces Hidden in walls, ceilings, floors Hidden in conduit or other raceways 57 OSHA v1 19
Electrocution Hazards Prevention Typical Extension Cord Grounding System Components: 1. A third wire in the cord, called a ground wire 2. A three prong plug with a grounding prong on one end of the cord 3. A three wire, grounding type receptacle at the other end of the cord 4. A properly grounded outlet 58 Electrocution Hazards Prevention Electrical Outlet Requirements: Electrical outlets must be approved Pull boxes, junction boxes, or fittings must have nonconductive or grounded covers Holes for cords must not be designed to damage cords Improper use of a quad box Missing insulation 59 Electrocution Hazards Prevention Temporary Lighting General Safety Checklist: Are work areas lit well? Are burned out bulbs promptly replaced? Are they replaced with new bulbs or bulbs taken from another location? Are stringers promptly relocated when bulbs are blocked by the installation of new ceilings, ducts, piping and/or other features? Are lamp holders hard usage type? (pictured) Are electrical feed lines for sockets supported every 4 ½ feet? 60 OSHA v1 20
Electrocution Hazards Prevention Power Tool Safety: Inspect tools before using them Use the right tool correctly and in accordance with manufacturers recommendations Use double insulated tools Protect your tools Remove damaged tools from service Do not use in wet locations 61 Electrocution Hazards Prevention Electrical Panel Box Safety: Live electrical panels must be completely covered with a hard cover No cardboard Maintain 36 front and 30 clearance on sides 62 Electrocution Hazards Prevention Working with Energized Equipment: Do not work on energized equipment! Shut it down, de energize it and use Lockout/Tagout Establish an electrically safe working condition Attain a Zero Energy State! Locking out a box 63 OSHA v1 21
Electrocution Hazards Prevention Overhead Power Line Safety Cranes must maintain a minimum 10 foot clearance from 50 kv or less, including service entrance cable (unless insulated) Add 0.4 inches for every kv over 50 kv 64 Electrocution Hazards Prevention Wet Conditions Safety Avoid working in wet conditions, whenever possible Use approved electrical equipment for wet conditions Do not stand in wet areas and operate electrical equipment 65 Resources Available, Organization of OSHA, and Contact Information 66 OSHA v1 22
Construction Industry Website http://www.osha.gov/doc/index.html 67 Compliance Quick Start Compliance Assistance Quick Start: Construction Industry 7 Steps to identify the major OSHA construction requirements and guidance materials that may apply to your jobsite. These steps lead to resources on OSHA s website that help you to comply with OSHA and prevent worksite injuries and illnesses 68 Compliance etools http://www.osha.gov/doc/construction_ecats.html etool Topics Construction Ergonomics: Solutions for Electrical Contractors Scaffolding Steel Erection Other etools 69 OSHA v1 23
Safety & Health Topics http://www.osha.gov/sltc/index.html Safety and Health Topics Use the drop down menu to select a topic... Asbestos is selected here, the next slide displays the search results 70 Outreach and Training http://www.osha.gov/doc/training.html Outreach/Training Page: Links to several construction resources for safety and health training Outreach materials Construction Industry Safety and Health Outreach Program is featured on next slide Presentations Training 71 Establishment Search http://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.html Establishment Search Page: This page enables the user to search for OSHA enforcement inspections by the name of the establishment. Information may also be obtained for a specified inspection or inspections within a specified SIC. 72 OSHA v1 24
OSHA Organization Divided into 9 Directorates in National Office (DC) Ten Regions (Regional Administrator) Each region has Area Offices Area Office AreaDirector Director, Supervisor or Team Leader Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs) or OSHA Inspectors 73 Traditional Area Office Configuration Area Director (1) Team Leader Support Staff (2-3) Team Leader Safety Specialists And Engineers Industrial Hygienists 74 Cross Functional Teams Area Director (1) Strategic Team Leader Support Staff (2-3) Response Team Leader Both Safety and IH Staff Both Safety and IH Staff 75 OSHA v1 25
Many Functions Inspections Assistance Outreach Training Penalty Collection Abatement Assurance 76 Inspection Program Development and Implementation National Emphasis Programs SST list generation, site deletion, scheduling Regional Emphasis Programs List generation, site deletion, scheduling Local Emphasis Programs Program development, Solicitor concurrence, list generation, scheduling Letter to employer Tracking/statistics/reporting 77 OSHA Contact Information Important Phone Numbers OSHA Regional Office: OSHA Area Office: OSHA Consultation: 78 OSHA v1 26
Summary This module provided an overview of: The 4 major construction hazards 1) Fall hazards; 2) Struck by hazards; 3) Caught in or between hazards; and, 4) Electrocution hazards, Some methods of prevention for these hazards OSHA resources and contact information 79 OSHA v1 27