2016 Fire Code Flammable and Combustible Liquids PRESENTED BY Reinhard Hanselka, PhD, PE, CRB Presentation images provided by International Code Council (ICC)
Description This course provides a basic understanding of the flammable and combustible liquid storage, use, dispensing, handling and mixing requirements in IFC Chapter 57 and NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code. General fire code requirements for hazardous materials and specialized requirements for Laboratories, Bio-Pharm, vehicle fuel-dispensing activities (IFC Chapter 23), dry cleaning (IFC Chapter 12) and other specialized uses of flammable and combustible liquids are not covered in detail due to the time limitations of a single-day course.
Course Outline Definitions and classification of flammable & combustible liquids Above-ground vessel storage Underground tank storage Containers and portable tank storage
Course Outline (cont.) Use, dispensing, mixing and handling Biotech and Laboratory use Special processes involving flammable & combustible liquids Special requirements Spill control and secondary containment Classified electrical locations Ventilation
Improper Ventilation
Flammable and Combustible Liquids How do you keep this from becoming this?
Focus on Flammable & Combustible Liquids Flammable Liquids If vapor can is suspended & present and combustible two- in air or in threedimension space, those be a easily deflagration liquids fires (pool a confined liquids are may that ignitable or can dripping/running occur. are capable and have of supporting high spill) heat that spread release combustion rates. rapidly Vapor can migrate to ignition sources remote from a spill. A Real Problem with HPLC s
Classification of Flammable & Combustible Liquids The CFC classifies liquids that burn as either FLAMMABLE or COMBUSTIBLE. To classify a flammable liquid, the flash point and boiling pointmust be determined. Flash points and boiling points are determined by experimentation. Combustible liquidsare also classified by flash pointtests but do not require determination of the material s boiling point.
Understanding the Flash Point System Section 5702.1 defines FLASH POINTas: The minimum temperature in degrees Fahrenheit at which a liquid will give off sufficient vapors to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface or in the container, but will not sustain combustion. The flash point of a liquid shall be determined by appropriate test procedure and apparatus as specified in ASTM D 56, ASTM D 93 or ASTM D 3278.
Understanding the Flash Point System Section 5702.1 defines FIRE POINT as: The lowest temperature at which a liquid will ignite and achieve sustained burning when exposed to a test flame in accordance with ASTM D 92.
Understanding the Flash Point System All of the adopted flash point tests are closed cup tests. More conservative More reproducible Flash point testing is a LIMITED method for determining the ignitability of a particular liquid. Serves better as a basis of comparing liquids than as an absolute measure of fire risk The CFC defines: Liquids with a flash point less than 100 F as FLAMMABLE Liquids with a flash point at or above 100 F as COMBUSTIBLE This differs from DOT
DOT Classification of Liquids Flammable Liquid Generally applies to liquids with a flash point less than 140 F There are MANY exceptions In some cases, a liquid with a flash point exceeding 100 F may be reclassified as a combustible liquid Combustible Liquid Generally applies to liquids with a flash point 140 F to 200 F Liquids with flash points exceeding 200 F are not considered combustible under DOT regulations FLAMMABLE 3
DOT Classification of Liquids Be careful that differences between the IFC, CMC and DOT classification systems don t lead to miscommunication between an owner (who often deals with transportation regulations) and a fire inspector (who primarily deals in fire codes) when speaking about flammable liquids. FLAMMABLE 3
FL-1B Use Open Max. Qty. Per Control Area = 30 Gallons FLOOR = 60 Gallons Max. Qty. Per Floor = 30 Gallons Qty. with 4 Lab Suites Per Floor 10 5% 3 50% 50% 50% 50% 60 30 9 5% 5% 6 50% 50% 50% 50% 60 8 5% 5% 6 50% 50% 50% 50% 60 7 5% 5% 6 50% 50% 50% 50% 60 30 6 12.50% 12.50% 15 75% 75% 75% 75% 90 4 TH FLOOR LIMITS 5 12.50% 12.50% 15 75% 75% 75% 75% 90 4 12.50% 12.50% 15 75% 75% 75% 75% 90 30 3 50% 50% 60 100% 100% 100% 100% 120 2 75% 75% 75% 135 100% 100% 100% 100% 120 1 100% 100% 100% 100% 240 100% 100% 100% 100% 120 30 TOTALS Basement Level - 1 Basement Level - 2 75% 75% 75% 135 100% 100% 100% 100% 120 50% 50% 60 75% 75% 75% 75% 90 120 UFC TOTAL IFC 2006 696 L-Occupancy 1080
CLASSIFICATION OF FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CLASSIFICATION 1 FLASH POINT (ºF) VAPOR PRESSURE (PSI ABSOLUTE) BOILING POINT (ºF) Class IA Less than 73 Less than or equal to 40 Less than 100 Class IB Less than 73 Less than or equal to 40 Greater than or equal to 100 Greater than 73 and Class IC less than or equal to Less than or equal to 40 N/A 100 Class II Greater than 100 and less than 140 N/A N/A Class IIIA Greater than or equal to 140 and less than 200 N/A N/A Class IIIB Greater than or equal to 200 N/A N/A N/A = Not applicable to classification. 1 When heated, sprayed or mixed, Class II or III liquids can assume the characteristics of lower flash point liquids. Under such conditions the appropriate provisions of Chapter 34 for the actual flash point shall apply. When flammable or combustible liquids present multiple hazards, all hazards must be addressed.
Ignition and Burning Comparison of Two Class I Liquid Types Heptane Heptane is a typical flammable liquid. Styrene resin is viscous and has a low vapor pressure, both important considerations in evaluating true fire risk. Flash point doesn t necessarily indicate how easily a liquid ignites and burns. It is simply a relative measure of ignitibility of vapors in a test environment Styrene Resin
Navigating the IFC The CFC is organized into 7 parts. Unlike some legacy codes, the parts are Not formally identified; Not separated by breaks in chapter numbering. The CFC has 47 chapters and 10 appendices.
Chapter 57 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Chapter 57 is largely derived from the legacy 1997 Uniform Fire Code, but it gives more deference to NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code. Most IFC regulations are similar to provisions in NFPA 30, but there are some differences.
Chapter 57 Major Subsections 5701 General 5702 Definitions 5703 General requirements 5704 Storage 5704.2 Above-ground and underground tank storage 5704.3 Indoor portable tank and container storage 5704.4 Outdoor portable tank and container storage 5705 Dispensing, use, mixing and handling 5706 Special operations
Chapter 57 Flammable and Combustible Liquids It should be noted that Chapter 57 differs from the other hazardous material chapters in that many of the requirements in Sections 5704 and 5705 apply regardless of the indoor or outdoor Maximum Allowable Quantities (MAQs).
Section 5701 General Provisions in this section apply to all storage, use and handling of flammable and combustible liquids, exceptf
Section 5701.2 Non-applicability Chapter 57 requirements do not apply to the following: Specific provisions for liquids in vehicle fueling stations, repair garages, airports and marinas (Chapter 22). Medicine; foodstuffs; cosmetics; commercial, institutional and industrial products in similar packaging to the items listed here that are maximum 50 percent by volume water-miscible flammable or combustible liquid with the remainder being nonflammable in retail or wholesale storage uses. Alcoholic beverages not exceeding 1.3 gallon containers in retail or wholesale sales or storage uses; distilled spirits and wines in wooden barrels and casks.
Section 5701.2 Non-applicability (cont.) Chapter 57 requirements do not apply to the following: Storage and use of fuel oil tanks and containers connected to oil-burning equipment. Refrigerant liquids and oils in refrigeration systems. Storage and display of aerosols. Liquids without fire points.
Section 5701 Material Classification Section 5701.1 Flammable and combustible liquids with multiple hazards must also comply with Chapter 50. Example: Acetic acid is a Class II combustible liquid that is also corrosive. Example: Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide which is a Class II or IIIA combustible liquid and a Class II or III organic peroxide Section 5701.5 When combustible liquids are heated above their flash points, they are regulated as flammable liquid.
Section 5703 General Requirements 5703.1 Electrical 5703.2 Fire Protection 5703.4 Spill Control and Secondary Containment 5703.5 Labels and Signs 5703.6 Piping, Valves and Fittings
Section 5703.6.2 Piping Systems Piping systems must be designed in accordance with NFPA 30 and ASME B31.3, Process Piping. Piping systems may be either metallic or nonmetallic. Low melt point materials At a minimum, the system design should indicate the: Design temperature and ressure Pipe and fitting specifications Method of pipe assembly Method of pipe erection and support Method of testing and test medium
A Properly Designed and Installed Piping System
And then there is thisf
Section 5704 Storage
Section 5704.2 Tank Storage Section 5704.2 addresses tanks over 660 gallons: Construction Installation Venting Normal vents Emergency vents Separation requirements Secondary containment Protection from corrosion
Section 5704.2 Tank Storage 5704.2.2 Use of tank vehicles and cars for storage 5704.2.3 Labeling and signs 5704.2.4 Sources of ignition 5704.2.5 Explosion control
Section 5704.2 Tank Storage (cont.) 5704.2.6 Separation from incompatible materials 5704.2.7 Design and construction 3404.2.7.3 Normal venting 60 gallons!!! 3404.2.7.4 Emergency venting 3404.2.7.5 Tank openings other than vents 5704.2.8 Vaults
Section 5704.2 Tank Storage 5704.2.9 Aboveground tanks 5704.2.9.1 Existing noncompliant installations 5704.2.9.2 Fire protection 5704.2.9.3 Supports 5704.2.9.5 Above-ground storage tanks in buildings 5704.2.9.6 Location of tanks outdoors 5704.2.9.7 Protected tanks
Section 5704.2 Tank Storage (cont.) 5704.2.10 Drainage and diking 5704.2.11 Underground tanks 5704.2.12 Testing 5704.2.13 Abandonment of tanks
Section 5704.2.7 Design and Construction of Tanks The IFC permits the use of the following types of storage tanks: Shop-fabricated tanks which can be listed for underground or above-ground installation Field erected above-ground tanks Protected above-ground tanks Vaulted tanks Special enclosures ( See Chapter 22 motor fueling)
Section 5704.2.7 Design and Construction of Tanks Design, fabrication and construction must be in accordance with NFPA 30 s recognized standards. UL 58 Steel Underground Tanks for Flammable & Combustible Liquids UL 142 Steel Aboveground Tanks for Flammable & Combustible Liquids API 620 Welded, Low-pressure Storage Tanks API 650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage API 2000 Venting Atmospheric & Low-pressure Storage Tanks ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII -Pressure Vessels UL 2085 Protected Aboveground Tanks for Flammable & Combustible Liquids UL 2245 Below-Grade Vaults for Flammable Liquid Storage IFC Section 5704.2.7 requires a permanent marking or nameplate on ASTs indicating the standard used as the basis of design, fabrication and construction (origin 1997 UFC).
Field-Erected versus Shop-Fabricated Above-ground Storage Tanks Field-Erected ASTs Volume and the diameter are unlimited. The tank bottom is the thickest part of the tank. Generally constructed inside of a containment dike. Are subject to a periodic internal and external corrosion examination. Are approved. Shop-Fabricated ASTs Volume is limited to 50,000 gallons. The tank wall is thinner than the tank heads. Can be constructed with integral secondary containment. Are not subject to a periodic internal corrosion examination. Are listed.
API 650 Field-Erected AST
UL 2245 Vaulted Below-grade AST
2,000 Gallon w.c. ASME Pressure Vessel
Section 5704.2.2 Use of Tank Vehicles and Tank Cars for Storage Tank vehicles and tank cars are not permitted to be used as storage tanks. However, Section 5706.5 permits their use for bulk transfer and process transfer operations.
Use of a DOT Tanker as an Aboveground Storage Tank
Section 5704.2.9.1 Existing Noncompliant Installations Section 5704.2.9.1 ensures that any existing aboveground storage tank (AST) is properly installed and maintained. An existing AST found to be in violation of the IFC or the NFPA standards adopted by reference that were in effect at the time of construction must be brought into compliance or removed from service.
Section 5704.2.9.2 Fire Protection The requirements for fire protection systems on fielderected storage tanks are found in Section 5704.2.9.2.1 and apply to: Tanks operating at atmospheric pressure. Contents that are Class I or II liquids or crude oil. All tanks within a group having a surface area > 1,500 ft². Tanks located in relation to fired fuel sources. Situations when required by the fire code official.
Section 5704.2.9.2.2 Foam Fire Protection Systems Section 5704.2.9.2.2 requires foam fire protection systems to be in accordance with NFPA 11, Low-, Medium-and High-Expansion Foam Systems. The requirements in NFPA 11 are dependent on several variables including: Tank diameter and height, The classification of the stored liquid, If ATC type foam is required, When fixed foam chambers are used, if the roof is either fixed or floating, and If the roof is floating, the design of the foam dam. Photograph courtesy of Tyco/AnsulProducts, Marinette WI
Section 5704.2.9.2.2.1 Foam Storage The IFC permits the storage of AFFF on site or off site. If off-site storage is the selected method, it must comply with the following: The foam is compatible with the hazards being protected. Adequate material handling and logistical resources are available. A sufficient volume of AFFF is accumulated before commencing the fire attack. Photograph courtesy of Tyco/Ansul Products, Marinette WI
Section 5704.2.9.2.3 Fire Protection of Tank Supports Tanks storing Class I, II or IIIA liquids elevated more than 12 inches above grade require that columns or supports have a minimum 2- hour fire-resistance rating based on the fire exposure criteria in ASTM E 1529. Protected ASTs, tanks protected by a water spray system or tanks inside of buildings protected by an approved automatic sprinkler system are exempt from the requirement.
Section 5704.2.9.6 Above-ground Tank Location Section 5703.2.9.6.1 allows the jurisdiction to establish locations where aboveground storage of Class I and II liquids is prohibited. The NFPA 30 tank siting requirements depend on the type of tank, and the classification and stability of the liquid stored.
Table 22.4.1.1(a) Location of Aboveground Storage Tanks Storing Stable Liquids Internal Pressure Not to Exceed a Gauge Pressure of 2.5 PSI (17 kpa) Type of Tank Floating roof Vertical with weak roof-toshell seam Horizontal and vertical tanks with emergency relief venting to limit pressures to 2.5 PSIG (17.2 kpa gauge) Protected aboveground tank Minimum Distance (ft) From Property Line From Nearest Side of That Is or Can Be Built Any Public Way or from Upon, Including the Nearest Important Opposite Side of A Building on the Same Protection Public Way a Property a Protection from ½ x diameter of tank 1/6 x diameter of tank exposures b None Diameter of tank but 1/6 x diameter of tank need not exceed 175 ft Approved foam or ½ x diameter of tank 1/6 x diameter of tank inerting system on tanks not exceeding 150 ft. in diameter d Protection from Diameter of tank 1/3 x diameter of tank exposures b None Approved foam or inerting system b on the tank or approved foam system on vertical tanks Protection of 2 x diameter of tank but need not exceed 350 feet ½ x Table 22.4.1.1(b) 1/3 x diameter of tank ½ x Table 22.4.1.1(b) b Table 22.4.1.1 (b) Table 22.4.1.1 (b) None 2 x Table 22.4.1.1 (b) Table 22.4.1.1 (b) None ½ x Table 22.4.1.1(b) ½ x Table 22.4.1.1(b) a. The minimum distance cannot be less than 5 feet (1.5 m) b. See 3.3.42, Protection for Exposures c. See NFPA 69, Standard on Explosion Protection Systems d. For tanks over 150 ft (45 m) in diameter, use Protection for exposures or none as applicable
Table 22.4.1.1 (b) Reference Table for Use in Tables 22.4.1.1(a), 22.4.1.3, and 22.4.1.5 Tank Capacity (gal) Minimum Distance From Property Line That Is or Can Be Built Upon, Including the Opposite Side of A Public Way (ft) Minimum Distance From Nearest Side of Any Public Way or from Nearest Important Building on the Same Property (ft) 275 or less 5 5 276 to 750 10 5 751 to 12,000 15 5 12,001 to 30,000 20 5 30,001 to 50,000 30 15 50,001 to 100,000 50 25 100,001 to 500,000 80 25 500,001 to 1,000,000 100 35 1,000,001 to 2,000,000 135 45 2,000,001 to 3,000,000 165 55 3,000,001 or more 175 60
Table 22.4.2.1 Minimum Shell-to-Shell Spacing of Aboveground Storage Tanks Tank Diameter All tanks not over 150 ft (45 m) in diameter Tanks larger than 150 ft (45 m) in diameter: Floating Roof Tanks 1/6 x of adjacent tank diameters but not less than 3 ft (0.9 m) Fixed or Horizontal Tanks Class I or II Liquids 1/6 x of adjacent tank diameters but not less than 3 ft (0.9 m) Class IIIA Liquids 1/6 x of adjacent tank diameters but not less than 3 ft (0.9 m) If remote impounding is provided in accordance with 22.11.1 1/6 x of adjacent tank diameters ¼ x of adjacent tank diameters ¼ x of adjacent tank diameters If open diking is provided is provided in accordance with 22.11.2 ¼ x of adjacent tank diameters 1/3 x of adjacent tank diameters 1/3 x of adjacent tank diameters
Location of ASTs Four 65,000-gallon (nominal) vertical API 12F ASTs are being installed at a terminal. Each tank will store Class IC stable flammable liquids. Each tank has an emergency vent with an opening pressure of 1 psig. All four tanks are within a single containment dike. Protection of exposures will be provided by a public fire department.
AST Site Plan NFPA 30 The distance to the South and West terminal Property Line (PL) The distance to the Control Building, which is an Important Building (IB) The Shell to Shell (SS) tank separation distance PL PL SS IB Control Building Property Line N
Solution: Location of ASTs Separation Distance to Property Lines (PL) Apply Table 22.4.1.1 (a). Minimum PL distance is based on Table 22.4.1.1 (b). For a nominal 65,000-gallon AST, the minimum PL separation distance is 50 feet. Separation Distance to Important Building (IB) The control building is on the same property as the ASTs. Table 22.4.1.1 (a) states the separation distance is based on Table 22.4.1.1 (b). For a nominal 65,000-gallon AST the minimum IB separation distance is 15 feet. Tank Shell to Shell (SS) Separation Distance Apply Table 22.4.2.1. The each tank s diameter < 150 feet. Shop drawings indicate each tank has a nominal 14 foot diameter. The sum diameter of the three adjacent tanks is 42 feet. (42 feet x 0.167 = Minimum 7 foot SS distance).
Section 5704.2.7 Above-ground Tank Openings Atmospheric ASTs are constructed with openings to accommodate: Normal vent Emergency vent Other tank openings Other tank openings may be located above or below the liquid level of the tank, except if it is a protected AST or is used for motor vehicle fuel dispensing.
Section 5704.2.7.3.3 Normal Tank Vents Atmospheric storage tanks require a method of relieving the internal pressure caused by the introduction or withdrawal of product. Section 5704.2.7.3.3 requires the normal vents for tanks that contain Class I, II or IIIA liquids be terminated: At a safe point outside of buildings Not less than 12 feet above the adjacent ground level Not less than 5 feet from property lines and building openings
This SUCKED literally Normal vent pressure vacuum type 2009 IFC Flammable and Combustible Liquids 57
If you only remember ONE THING from this classf Make sure that it is the IMPORTANCE OF EMERGENCY VENTS! Workbook Page
Practical Application
Explosive Limits Chemical LEL UEL Optimal Acetone 2.5% 15% 5.0% Acetylene 2.5% 83% 8.0% Ammonia 15% 28% 17% Gasoline 1.4% 7.6% 1.6% Hydrogen 4.0% 75% 8.0% Methane 5.0% 15% 9.0% Toluene 1.2% 7.1% 2.5%
Section 5704.2.7.4 Emergency Relief Venting for Tanks Stationary ASTs require emergency relief vents to relieve excessive internal pressures resulting from fire exposure on or near the tank. Incidents in Kansas City, KS, Amarillo and Kennadale, TX and Gadsden, AL, resulted in fire fighters deaths because adequate emergency venting was not provided or the vents were disabled. Vent designs include long-bolt vents, venting by construction or the use of direct-action emergency vents.
Emergency Vent Normal Vent 62
Graphite rupture pin on hinged vent Emergency vents An absolute must to prevent explosive tank ruptures. 2009 IFC FLammable and Combustible Liquids 63
Section 5704.2.7.4 Emergency Relief Venting for Tanks Determining the required vent capacity for an atmospheric storage tank is based on the tank s orientation, its wetted area, and the minimum volume of free air discharged per hour specified in NFPA 30, Section 22.7 and Annex B [2008 ed.]. Three steps to determine adequacy of emergency vent: 1. Calculating the tank wetted area 2. Determining the required discharge flow rate based on the material stored in the tank 3. Ensuring the emergency vent will relieve enough vapor to achieve the required flow rate
Section 5704.2.7.4 Emergency Relief Venting for Tanks Listed shop-fabricated ASTs will often have a nameplate specifying the minimum flow rate required for emergency vent. NFPA 30 Section 22.7.3.10 [2008 ed.] requires the vent discharge capacity to be indicated on the emergency vent. To determine if the emergency vent is properly sized, compare the nameplate data to the emergency vent flow rate. Vent device flows assume a maximum 1-foot pipe extension based on calculations in API 2000, Venting Atmospheric and Low Pressure Storage Tanks: Nonrefrigerated and Refrigerated.
Section 5704.2.7.4 Emergency Relief Venting for Tanks Hopper Model 34 Emergency Vent 198,000 SCFH @ 8 oz. Methyl Iso Bad Karma Emergency Vent Discharge Rate: 233,000 SCFH
What s Missing? 67
Pitting indicates a reused underground tank. 68
Other ConsiderationsF Pressure Relief for Vessels Short on space for your tank farm?
Section 5704.2.9.7 Protected Above-ground Tanks A protected above-ground storage tank is one method of resolving safety concerns regarding above-ground tanks for liquid storage PASTs must: Be listed to UL 2085 (2-hour temp. limited fire test) Have impact protection Have secondary containment Have overfill protection Have openings on top only NFPA 30A fire-resistant tanks are not recognized.
Section 5704.2.9.7 Protected Above-ground Tanks Tanks for fuel storage are specifically regulated in Chapter 22. Above-ground tanks for fuel storage are limited to a volume of: 12,000 gallons per tank 48,000 gallons aggregate Table 2206.2.3 specifies tank siting requirements based on tank volume and exposures such as property lines, important buildings and adjacent tanks.
Section 5704.2.8 Tank Vaults Vaults are used for installing ASTs below grade. Premanufacturedvaults must be listed in accordance with UL 2245. Construction must be a minimum of 6-inches of reinforced concrete. Vaults containing Class I liquids require mechanical ventilation. Overfill protection, leak monitoring and alarm systems are required. Vaults require approved automatic or manual means of applying a fire suppression agent.
Section 5704.2.9.5 Stationary Tanks Inside Buildings Typically requires a Group H occupancy in accordance with the IBC. Tanks for Class I, II and IIIA liquids require a means of overfill protection to prevent liquid from spilling into the building. Section 5704.2.7.5.6 requires connections that are made and broken, including fill connections, to be outside.
Section 5704.2.10 Drainage and Diking for Tanks An area surrounding tanks must be provided with drainage control or diking to prevent accidental discharge from endangering other tanks, adjoining property or waterways. Depending on the total volume within the containment basin, intermediate diking may be required by NFPA 30.
Section 5704.2.10 Drainage and Diking for Tanks The IFC requires a dike to contain the volume of the largest tank in the dike plus the volume displaced by other tanks in the same dike. Walls to be earth, steel, concrete or solid masonry. Must have method to remove excess water.
Section 5704.2.11 Underground Storage Tanks Photograph courtesy of the Steel Tank Institute, Lake Zurich IL Underground Storage Tanks (USTs) are constructed of carbon steel or fiberglass reinforced plastic. Tanks must be located: Away from loads caused by foundations, At least 3 feet from nearest wall of a basement, pit, cellar or property line, and At least 1 foot from other tanks.
Section 5704.2.11 Underground Storage Tanks Tanks must be sufficiently covered with earth or other coverings to prevent damage. Fill pipes require a spill container and an overfill prevention device. Spill containers must have a capacity of at least 5 gallons and be equipped with a drain valve.
Section 5704.2.11.4 Underground Storage Tanks An overfill prevention system must: Activate an audible and visual alarm when 90% of tank capacity is reached, Shut off flow when 95% of tank capacity is reached, or Reduce the flow to 15 gpm, the tank will not fill for 30 minutes and none of the fittings is exposed to product.
Section 5704.3 Container and Portable Tank Storage 5704.3 addresses portable tanks 660 gallons and containers 60 gallons in volume. Their design, construction and maximum volume requirements are established in NFPA 30.
Section 5704.3 Container and Portable Tank Storage 5704.3.1 Design, construction and capacity 5704.3.2 Liquid storage cabinets 5704.3.3 Indoor storage 5704.3.4 Quantity limits for indoor storage 5704.3.5 Storage in control areas 5704.3.6 Wholesale and retail sales 5704.3.7 Liquid storage rooms 5704.3.8 Liquid storage warehouses
Section 5704.3.1 Containers and Portable Tanks Section 5002.1.1 defines a container as a vessel of 60 gallons or less used for transporting or storing flammable or combustible liquids. The IFC, by reference to NFPA 30, requires containers storing Class I, II and IIIA liquids to be constructed in accordance with DOT requirements. NFPA 30 limits the volume of a container or portable tank based on container construction materials and the class of liquid contained. NFPA 30 regulates storage of plastic containers in other than Group M occupancies. Special regulations for storage in plastic containers in Group M occupancies are set forth in the IFC.
NFPA 30 Table 9.4.3 Table 9.4.3 Maximum Allowable Size Containers, Intermediate Bulk Containers (IBCs) and Portable Tanks Flammable Liquids Combustible Liquids Container Type Class IA Class IB Class IC Class II Class IIIA Glass 1 pint (0.5 L) 1 quart (1 L) 1.3 gal (5 L) 1.3 gal (5 L) 5.3 gal (20 L) Metal (other than drums) or approved plastic 1.3 gal (5 L) 5.3 gal (20 L) 5.3 gal (20 L) 5.3 gal (20 L) 5.3 gal (20 L) Safety cans 2.6 gal (10 L) 5.3 gal (20 L) 5.3 gal (20 L) 5.3 gal (20 L) 5.3 gal (20 L) Metal drum (e.g., UN 1A1/1A2) Approved metal portable tanks and IBCa Rigid plastic IBCs (UN 31H1 or 31H2) and composite IBCs with rigid inner receptacle (UN 31HZ1) Composite IBCs with flexible inner receptacle (UN 31HZ2) and DOT/UN approved flexible IBCs 119 gal (450 L) 119 gal (450 L) 119 gal (450 L) 119 gal (450 L) 119 gal (450 L) 793 gal (3000 L) 793 gal (3000 L) 793 gal (3000 L) 793 gal (3000 L) 793 gal (3000 L) NP NP NP 793 gal (3000 L) 793 gal (3000 L) NP NP NP NP NP Non-bulk Bag-In-Box NP NP NP NP NP Polyethylene UN 1H1 and UN 1H2, or as authorized by DOT exemption Fiber drum NMFC or UFC Type 2A; Type 2a, 3B-H, or 3B-L; or Type 4A 1.3 gal (5 L) 5.3 gal (20 L) 5.3 gal (20 L) 119 gal (450 L) 119 gal (450 L) NP NP NP 119 gal (450 L) 119 gal (450 L) NP: Not permitted for the container categories so classified unless a fire protection system is provided that is Developed in accordance with 16.3.6 and is approved for specific container and protection against static electricity is provided.
Fire Protection Issues for Containers and Intermediate Bulk Containers Two issues that require special consideration with respect to fire protection are: Storage of plastic containers of Class I and II liquids in Group S-1 occupancies Use of relieving-style containers for storage
Plastic Containers For a fire code official to approve a container, it must comply with NFPA 30, Table 9.4.3 and Chapter 12. Section 12.8.4, Liquids in Plastic Containers states: Class I and II liquids in plastic containers shall not be stored in general-purpose warehouses but shall be stored in inside liquid storage areas that meet the requirements of this chapter. This section has two exceptions.
Plastic Containers Exception No. 1: The following liquids, packaged in plastic containers, are permitted to be stored in general-purpose warehouses in accordance with the protection and storage limitations specified in Section 12.8 as follows: (1) Products containing not more than 50 percent by volume of water- miscible liquids, with the remainder of the product consisting of components that do not burn and where packaged in individual containers (2) Products containing more than 50-percent watermiscible liquids in individual containers not exceeding 16 oz (0.5 L) capacity in cartons
Plastic Containers Exception No. 2: Class I and II liquids in plastic containers are permitted to be stored in a general-purpose warehouse if the packaging systems are listed and labeled for use with these commodities. All other provisions of Section 12.8 also apply.
Fire Protection of Plastic Containers In the case of liquid storage rooms and liquid storage warehouses, fire protection of plastic containers containing Class I and II liquids will generally need to be designed as an Alternative Means and Method to Note b in Table 5704.3.6.3(3): In buildings protected by an automatic sprinkler system, the storage height for containers and portable tanks shall not exceed the maximum storage height permitted for the fire protection scheme set forth in NFPA 30 or the maximum storage height demonstrated in a full-scale fire test, whichever is greater. NFPA 30 criteria and fire test results for metallic containers and portable tanks shall not be applied to nonmetallic containers and portable tanks.
Relieving Style Containers Plastic caps (bungs) can reduce the risk of rupturing a drum in a fire event. Have a liquid storage room?
Relieving Style Containers Protection schemes in NFPA 30 for liquid storage call for relieving style containers. The listed plastic bungs are designed to melt during a fire and prevent explosive rupture of the vessel. Covering plastic bungs with a foil seal may prevent proper operation and is not permitted.
Pressure Relief for Vessels There s This more was to styrene sprinkler monomer heptane design than just hanging would have sprinklers leveled from the building! a pipe Even plastic bungs cannot entirely ensure that rupture will not occur.
Pressure Relief for Vessels This was styrene monomer heptane would have leveled the building! Even plastic bungs cannot entirely ensure that rupture will not occur.
Venting is the desired result
Section 5704.3.1 Portable Tanks The IFC does not define PORTABLE TANK; however, it is any packaging over 60 gallons that is designed to be loaded into, onto or temporarily attached to a transport vehicle. NFPA 30 requires portable tanks to be equipped with an emergency vent. Portable tanks and intermediate bulk containers must also meet the requirements in NFPA 30 Table 9.4.3.
Section 5704.3.1 Intermediate Bulk Containers Intermediate Bulk Containers, often called totes, are portable tanks with a volume up to 793 gallons (3000 L). They can be designed for a one-time use or continuous duty Normally designed for gravity dispensing A significant fire protection concern is the use of plastic IBCs for the storage liquids.
Section 5704.3.1 Intermediate Bulk Containers The National Fire Protection Research Foundation fire testing of Intermediate Bulk Containers found: Sprinkler protection using only water can protect plastic IBCs storing Class II and IIIA water-miscible liquids. NFPA 30 does not permit storage of Class I liquids in nonmetallic IBCs, due to concerns about static causing ignition during filling.
Section 5704.3.3 Container & Portable Tank Storage Inside of Buildings Section 5704.3.3 applies to containers with capacities less than 60 gallons and portable tanks less than 660 gallons. Storage of liquid in vehicle fuel tanks and liquor in wooden barrels or casks is exempt from these provisions.
Section 5704.3.4 Maximum Allowable Quantity & Control Areas A control area is an area in a building where limited quantities of flammable or combustible liquids are allowed to be stored or used without requiring reclassification to more hazardous occupancy. IBC Section 414.2 requires two or more control areas be separated from each other by 1-hour or greater fire barriers, with floor construction and members supporting the floor rated for 2 hours. The concept of the control area is to limit the Maximum Allowable Quantity (MAQ) of hazardous materials per control area rather than per building, and then limit the number of control areas within each building. Any combination of hazardous materials up to the MAQ is allowed in a control area.
TABLE 2703.1.1(1) MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER CONTROL AREA OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS POSING A PHYSICAL HAZARD a,j,m,n,p GROUP STORAGE b USE-CLOSED SYSTEM b USE-OPEN SYSTEM b WHEN MAXIMUM Gas Solid ALLOWABLE Solid Liquid cubic Solid Liquid Gas pounds Liquid QUANITY IS pounds gallons feet at pounds gallons cubic feet (cubic gallons EXCEEDED (cubic feet) (pounds) NTP (cubic feet) (pounds) at NTP feet) (pounds) MATERIAL CLASS Combustible II liquids c, i IIIA IIIB Flammable liquids c IA IB and IC Organic peroxide UD I II III IV V H-2 or H-3 H-2 or H-3 Not Applicable H-2 or H-3 H-1 H-2 H-3 H-3 Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable 1 e,g 5 d,e 50 d,e 125 d,e Not Limited Not Limited 120 d,e 330 d,e 13,200 e,f 30 d,e 120 d,e (1)e,g (5)d,e (50)d,e (125)d,e No Limit No Limit Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable 0.25 e,g 1 d,e 50 d,e 125 d,e Not Limited Not Limited 120 d 330 d 13,200 f 30 d 120 d (0.25) e,g (1) d,e (50) d,e (125) d,e No Limit No Limit Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable 0.25 g 1 e 50 e 125 e Not Limited Not Limited a. For use of control areas, see Section 2703.8.3. b. The aggregate quantity in use and storage shall not exceed the quantity listed for storage. c. The quantities of alcoholic beverages in retail and wholesale sales occupancies shall not be limited providing the liquids are packaged in individual containers not exceeding 1.3 gallons. In retail and wholesale sales occupancies, the quantities of medicines, foodstuffs, consumer or industrial products, and cosmetics containing not more than 50 percent by volume of water-miscible liquids with the remainder of the solutions not being flammable shall not be limited, provided that such materials are packaged in individual containers not exceeding 1.3 gallons. d. Maximum allowable quantities shall be increased 100 percent in buildings equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.Where Note e also applies, the increase for both notes shall be applied accumulatively. e. Maximum allowable quantities shall be increased 100 percent when stored in approved storage cabinets, day boxes, gas cabinets, exhausted enclosures or listed safety cans. Where Note d also applies, the increase for both notes shall be applied accumulatively. g. Allowed only in buildings equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler system. i. The maximum allowable quantity shall not apply to fuel storage complying with Section 603.3.2. j. Quantities in parenthesis indicate quantity units in parenthesis at the head of each column. 30 d 80 d 3,300 d 10 d 30 d (0.25) g (1) e (50) e (125) e No Limit No Limit
Section 5704.3.4 Maximum Allowable Quantity The number of control areas in a building is limited by IBC Table 414.2.2 and IFC Table 5003.8.3.2. 99
Table 5003.1.1(1) Fuel Oil Systems IFC Table 5003.1.1(1), Note i allows up to 3,000 gallons of fuel oil when the installation complies with Section 603.3.2. IMC Section 202 defines a fuel oil as a liquid with a flash point temperature > 100 F. Tanks inside buildings must meet IFC Section 5704.2.9.4. Piping must meet ASME B31.9, Building Services Piping, in accordance with Section 5703.6.2 and IMC Chapter 13, Fuel Oil Systems.
Table 5003.1.1(1) Safety Cans Note e and Section 5003.9.10 require the use of listed safety cans to increase the MAQ of Class I, II and IIIA liquids. Safety cans must be listed as meeting UL 30 or Factory Mutual Global standards. UL listings are limited to metallic cans. FM listings cover nonmetallic and metallic cans. Photograph courtesy of Justrite Manufacturing Inc., LLC, Des Plaines IL
Section 5704.3.2.1 Liquid Storage Cabinets Cabinets are required to be listed as meeting UL 1275 or can be constructed of metal or wood based on the prescriptive requirements in Section 5704.3.2.1.1. The IFC permits up to 120 gallons of liquid inside of each cabinet. Doors shall be self-closing and equipped with a 3-point latch. The bottom 2 inches of the cabinet shall be liquid tight. Photograph courtesy of JustriteManufacturing Inc., LLC, Des Plaines IL
Flammable Liquid Cabinet After Fire
Section 5704.3.3.9 Idle Combustible Pallets Because of their heat release and burning rates, Section 5704.3.3.9 requires a minimum 8-foot separation between idle combustible pallets and liquid storage. In a sprinkleredbuilding, the height of storage is limited by the requirements in Section 12.1 of NFPA 13. In an unsprinkleredbuilding, pallets are limited to a maximum storage height of 6 feet and a maximum pile area of 2,500 ft.²
Section 5704.3.5.1 Storage in Basements Section 5704.3.5.1 permits basement storage of Class I liquids. The quantity limit is based on the use-open system MAQ and that the basement is protected by a fire protection system in accordance with IFC Chapter 9. For Class I liquids in each of 3 control areas in a basement located one level below the grade plane: Class IA MAQ: 15 gallons/ca Class IB & IC MAQ: 45 gallons/ca
Section 5704.3.6 Group M Occupancies Group M provisions were developed recognizing demonstrated fire protection designs and understanding that the density method of regulating liquid storage and display in retail occupancies was difficult to enforce. Table 5704.3.4.1 allows 7,500 gallons of Class IB, IC, II and IIIA liquids in one control area of Group M occupancies when the automatic sprinkler design is in accordance with Note b. Up to 15,000 gallons can be stored when the automatic sprinkler protection meets the criteria in Tables 5704.3.6.3(4) through (8).
Section 5704.3.6 Group M Occupancies To obtain the 7,500 gallon quantity limit: Shelf storage is limited to 6 feet and cartoned, palletized, or racked storage is limited to 4 feet, 6 inches, the height of a typical pallet load. The height of liquid storage is limited by Table 3404.3.6.3(1). To assist in the enforcement of these requirements, the code official may require a storage plan to be developed. Class I liquid containers in Group M occupancies must be constructed of metal Except for not more than 120 gallons of nonmetallic containers not exceeding 16 ounces capacity. Maximum container size is 5 gallons.
Section 5704.3.6 Group M Occupancies
Section 5704.3.6 Because Plastic Containers Are Limited Some retailers have switched to steel packaging to make use of the increased MAQ amounts allowed in Group M occupancies, due to the required use of steel containers.
Sections 5704.3.7 and 5704.3.8 Liquid Storage Rooms & Warehouses When the MAQ is exceeded in a control area, three options are available: 1) reduce the quantity below the MAQ amount; 2) move the storage outdoors; or 3) construct a liquid storage room or warehouse. To determine if an occupancy is a LIQUID STORAGE ROOM or LIQUID STORAGE WAREHOUSE, the quantity is compared to the values in Table 5704.3.6.3(2) for solidpile and palletized storage or Table5704.3.6.3(3) for rack storage.
Section 5704.3.7 Liquid Storage Rooms A Group H-2 or H-3 occupancy is assigned when the amount of Class I, II or IIIA liquids exceeds the MAQ. Quantity limits are based on the amount stored in containers or portable tanks and the method of storage. For solid pile & palletized storage, see the Maximum Quantity Per Room column in Table 5704.3.6.3 (2). For rack storage see the Maximum Quantity Per Room column in Table 5704.3.6.3(3).
Section 5704.3.8 Liquid Storage Warehouse Required when quantities exceed those for liquid storage rooms. Liquid storage warehouses are classified as Group H-2 or H-3 occupancies, and must meet the same requirements of the IBC and IFC for liquid storage rooms. Warehouses must also have occupantuse hose lines to reach all portions of the storage areas. Pile arrangements and aisle spacing are limited, but quantities are not.
Sections 5704.3.7 and 5704.3.8 Liquid Storage Rooms Liquid storage rooms and warehouses are classified as Group H-3 or H-2 occupancies. Rooms or warehouses must meet the requirements of IBC Sections 307, 414 and 415. Automatic sprinkler protection must comply with IFC Chapter 57 and NFPA 30. Rooms require spill control, secondary containment and mechanical ventilation in accordance with CMC Section 505.
Laboratory Fires 1/11/02 University of California at Santa Cruz A three-alarm fire Friday on the fourth floor of Sinsheimer Laboratories injured no one but gutted two large research labs, damaged other areas of the building, and closed several other buildings in the Science Hill area of campusf
Fire Protection of Flammable & Combustible Liquids In comparison to other stored commodities and goods, designing automatic sprinkler systems for the protection of flammable and combustible liquids represents a challenge. Fire protection for these hazardous materials is an either/or proposition.
Fire Protection of Flammable & Combustible Liquids Automatic sprinkler systems for liquid storage rooms and warehouses must also comply with NFPA 30 (see Sections 5704.3.7.5 and 5704.3.8.4). The following variables must be evaluated: Container, portable tank or IBC? Container material of construction Miscibility of the stored liquid Viscosity of the stored liquid Pressure-relieving construction Solid-pile, palletized or rack storage? Classification and chemical stability of the stored liquid Weight (percent flammable or combustible liquid component) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 20 40 60 80 100 Viscosity at room temperature [in thousands of centipoise (cp)]
Fire Protection of Flammable & Combustible Liquids In many cases the only viable protection option is the use of rack storage. When rack storage is selected NFPA 30, Chapter 16 commonly specifies fire protection based on four various design schemes. Schemes A through D all require the construction of horizontal barriers and the installation of in-rack or in-rack and face sprinklers.
Containers and Portable Tanks Inside of Buildings 1. A sprinkleredgroup F occupancy contains 90 gallons of Class IB liquids stored in two approved liquid cabinets (split 45 gallons in each cabinet). The 9,000-square-foot building is considered as one control area. What is the MAQ for this control area? 2. What is minimum air exchange rate required for a ventilation system in a Group H, Division 3, liquid storage room?
Containers and Portable Tanks Inside of Buildings 3. What is the maximum amount of liquid permitted in a single control area of Group M occupancy which contains rack storage of Class IB, IC, II and IIIA liquids protected in accordance with Table 5704.3.6.3(4)? 4. How many gallons of Class IC flammable liquids can be stored in an unsprinklered basement located one level below the grade plane?
Section 5704.4 Outdoor Storage of Containers and Portable Tanks 5704.4.1 Plans 5704.4.2 Location on property 5704.4.3 Spill control and containment 5704.4.4 Security 5704.4.5 Protection from vehicles 5704.4.6 Clearance from combustibles 5704.4.7 Weather protection 5704.4.8 Empty container and tank storage
Section 5704.4 Outdoor Container & Portable Tank Storage Storage requirements and pile volume limits in Table 5704.4.2 are based on the classification of the liquid and if it is stored in containers or portable tanks. Quantity/pile limits are based on the most hazardous class of liquid present. Limited quantities are permitted adjacent to buildings.
Section 5705 Dispensing, Use, Mixing and Handling
Section 5705 Dispensing, Use, Mixing and Handling When flammable and combustible liquids are taken out of storage and put into use, the fire risk increases. Because product transfer, dispensing, mixing, blending and a variety of other processes may liberate flammable vapors into the atmosphere, where they can be ignited, additional safeguards and protection methods are often required.
Section 5705 Dispensing, Use, Mixing and Handling Section 5705 sets forth minimum safety requirements to prevent or control fires and explosions associated with the use of flammable and combustible liquids.
Section 5705 Dispensing, Use, Mixing and Handling Permitted liquid transfer methods Cleaning with flammable and combustible liquids Solvent distillation units Use, dispensing, mixing rooms Explosion control Special ventilation for open systems
Section 5705.2.4 Liquid Transfer Class I liquids and Class II and IIIA liquids heated above their flash point in containers exceeding 5.3 gallons must be transferred: From UL 30 listed safety cans, Through approved closed piping system, From containers or tanks by a pump taking suction from the top, By gravity through an approved self-or automatic closing valve when spill control and secondary containment are provided and only Class IB, IC, II or III liquids are used, or Using approved engineered systems. 127
Section 5705.3.5.2 Maximum Allowable Quantities Quantities per control area are limited to those in Table 5003.1.1(1) and occupancy limits of Section 5705.3.5.2. Quantities are limited in open or closed systems. The MAQ may be increased 100% in sprinklered buildings. When the MAQ is exceeded the use must occur in a Group H, Division 2 or 3, liquid use, dispensing and (UDM) mixing room. (See IBC Section 414.5 and IFC Section 5705.3.5.3.)
Section 5705.3.6 Cleaning Operations Cleaning with flammable and combustible liquids is only permitted in a: Code-compliant Group H-2 or H-3 UDM room, or Listed parts cleaning machine. Listed machines must use a solvent that is approved for use in the cleaning machine and not exceed the quantity limits in Section 5705.3.6.2.1. Multiple machines require separation in accordance with Section 5705.3.6.2.5. Photograph courtesy of Safety Kleen Corporation, Plano TX
Section 5705.3.7 Closed System UDM Rooms Mechanical ventilation designed to exhaust not less than 1 cfm per square foot. Explosion control in accordance with the IBC is required for: Class IA liquids, and Otherwise where an explosive environment can occur as a result of the process. Spill control and secondary containment are required when: Individual container volume exceeds 55 gallons, or The aggregate capacity of containers is greater than 1,000 gallons.
Section 5705.3.7 Open System UDM Rooms Requirements for useopen systems are more restrictive because of the ease that vapor can be ignited: Explosion control is required for Class IA and IB liquids. Spill control is required when liquids are dispensed into containers greater than 1.1 gallon capacity, or liquids are used and mixed in open containers greater than 5.3 gallon capacity.
Section 5705.3.8 Dispensing, Use, Mixing & Handling Outside Buildings Refer to Chapter 23 for motor-vehicle fuel dispensing. Spill control and drainage control are required. Location on property must satisfy the distances in Section 5705.3.8.2. Table 5705.3.8.2 specifies dispensing MAQ for outdoor areas. These MAQs are much lower than those in Chapter 50.
Section 5705.4 Solvent Distillation Units SDUs are an appliance that receives contaminated flammable or combustible liquids and distills the contents to remove contaminants and recover the solvents. Section 5705.4.1 limits SDUs to a maximum capacity of 60 gallons and requires they be listed in accordance with UL 2208.
Closed Cup Flash Point and Boiling Point Temperatures for 4 Solvents 250 200 150 100 50 0-50 Acetone Hexane Methyl Ethyl Ketone Toluene Tbp ( F) Tfp ( F)
Section 5705.4 Solvent Distillation Units SDUs that exceed 60 gallons are treated by Section 5705.4.2 as process vessels. SDUs are prohibited in basements and must be listed for processing any liquids that are also classified as unstable (reactive), including nitrocellulose. These appliances require labeling and a manufacturer s instruction manual. 135
Section 5706 Special Operations
Section 5706 Special Operations 5706.2 Farms and construction sites 5706.3 Well drilling and operations 5706.4 Bulk plants or terminals 5706.5 Bulk transfer and process transfer operations 5706.6 Tank vehicles and vehicle operation 5706.7 Refineries 5706.8 Vapor recovery and vapor-processing systems
Special Controls for Flammable and Combustible Liquids
Spill Control and Secondary Containment From Chapter 50 Spill control Largest single container Secondary containment Largest container + 20 minutes of sprinkler water discharge (indoor) Unlike other hazardous materials, additional free board for rainwater accumulation is not required for outdoor tank dikes or outdoor tank car and tank vehicle loading and unloading areas For storage and closed use, thresholds are 55-gallon individual container and 1,000-gallon aggregate (aggregate for secondary containment only) For open use, thresholds are 1.3-gallon individual container and 5.3-gallon aggregate