Instruction Manual Manual No. 012-08515A Energy-Transfer Battery
Energy-Transfer Battery Table of Contents Equipment List... 3 Introduction... 4 Suggested Applications... 5 Suggested Experiments... 5 Experiment 1: Energy Transfer from a Battery to a Light Bulb...5 Experiment 2: Charging/Discharging a Capacitor...9 Troubleshooting...12 Appendix A: Specifications... 13 Appendix B: Schematics... 13 Appendix C: DataStudio Setup Instructions... 14 Appendix D: Technical Support... 15 Appendix E: Copyright and Warranty Information... 15 2
Equipment List 2 1 4 3 Included Equipment *Use Replacement Model Numbers to expedite replacement orders. Replacement Model Number* 1. Charge Discharge Circuit Board EM-8678 2. Light bulbs, #14 GE mini-screw (3/package) 526-033 (3/pack) or EM-8627 (25/pack) 3. Batteries, NiCad, AAA, rechargeable (1 package of 2) 540-049 4. Banana Patch cords (1 set of 8 cords) SE-7123 Additional Equipment Required PASCO computer interface (PASPORT or ScienceWorkshop interface) DataStudio Software Power Supply (low voltage) Voltage and Current Sensor(s) Replacement Model Number* PS-2100 or PS-2001 or PS-2000 or CI-6400 or CI-6450 or CI7599 Various (See PASCO catalog) Various (See PASCO catalog) PS-2115* or (CI-6555 with CI-6503)** *PASCO s PASPORT sensors (with PS-prefix) require a PASPORT interface for operation. **PASCO s ScienceWorkshop sensors (with CI-prefix) require a ScienceWorkshop interface for operation. 3
Introduction The Energy Transfer Battery (ET-8774) can be used to study battery and capacitor charge/discharge rates for energy transfer studies. Mounted to the circuit board are three types of resistors (10, 33, and 100 ohm), a double-throw switch, three light bulb holders, and a 1.0 F capacitor. The board also includes 15 connectors for attaching leads and cables and one empty slot for connecting other devices. Two rechargeable AAA nickel cadmium batteries are included with the Energy Transfer Battery, but using other types of rechargeable batteries is also encouraged for comparison studies. The resistors and light bulbs connect to a common ground (negative terminal) through the copper conductive pathway in the lower half of the board.. capacitor (1.0 F) batteries (included) connector double-throw switch charge position bulb holder discharge position resistors empty slot common ground Figure 1: Components on the EM-8678 Charge/Discharge Circuit Board Auxiliary power supplies, sensors, and other external devices can be connected to the circuit board. A set of short banana patch cords are included for making connections between or into other leads. A Voltage-Current Sensor can be connected to measure the voltage and current in the circuit and discharge rates from the battery or capacitor. Using the circuit board with a sensor, such as the Voltage/Current Sensor, requires a computer interface and DataStudio software. WARNING: The Charge/ Discharge Circuit Board has conductive properties. Do not place the circuit board near water. Follow standard electrical safety precautions in the classroom. 4
Suggested Applications The Energy-Transfer Battery apparatus can be used for the following types of experiments: Measuring charge/discharge from a battery or capacitor Demonstrating energy transfer or conservation of energy experiments Comparing battery discharge rates for different types of rechargeable batteries Demonstrating Ohm s law Several setup options are available, depending on the type of experiment you wish to perform. For more information about using sensors, a DC power supply, or other devices with the circuit board, see the Charge/Discharge Circuit Board Manual. The Suggested Experiments section below outlines the setup procedure and equipment needed for the most common types of experiments performed with this apparatus. Suggested Experiments Experiment 1: Energy Transfer from a Battery to a Light Bulb Equipment required: Energy-Transfer Battery Apparatus (ET-8774) Voltage-Current Sensor (PS-2115) Power Supply (SE-9720) DataStudio Software (various, see PASCO catalog) PASPORT interface (PS-2100 or PS-2001) Introduction: A battery does not create or use charge; it only stores energy. In this experiment, you will study energy discharge rates from rechargeable batteries. An external DC power supply is required to charge the batteries. Using a switch on the circuit board, you will initiate battery charge and discharge. A PS-2115 Voltage/Current Sensor and DataStudio can be used to measure voltage and current levels at any point in the circuit. In a DataStudio graph display, you can also observe (in real-time) the changing energy levels. Setup Instructions: a) Insert the two rechargeable size AAA batteries into the battery holders on the Charge/ Discharge Circuit Board. Orient each battery in the holder, such that the negative terminal touches the left (-) spring contact and the positive terminal touches the right (+) contact. 5
b) Connect the following (See Schematic 1A): Voltage/Current Sensor: Connect the sensor s red (+) voltage lead to the positive (+) battery terminal and the black (-) voltage lead to the negative (-) battery terminal on the circuit board. Connect a black lead from the sensor s (-) current terminal to the (+) battery terminal on the circuit board. Connect a red lead from the sensor s (+) current terminal to the middle power terminal on the circuit board. Connect a banana patch cord from the lead on the negative battery terminal to a light bulb connector. External power supply: With the power turned off, connect a lead from the negative terminal on the external power supply to the Power (-) connector (common ground) on the circuit board. Connect another lead from the positive terminal on the external power supply to Power (+) connector on the circuit board. RED BLK VOLTAGE VOLTAGE- SENSOR DC Power Supply Schematic 1A: Experiment Setup for Demonstrating Battery Charge/ Discharge through a Light Bulb Note: When the switch is moved to the Charge position, the Voltage/Current Sensor picks up the current from the DC Power Supply at the middle power terminal; current then travels through the positive current lead into the Voltage/Current Sensor and out the negative current lead to the positive battery terminal (for battery charging). Procedure: 1. Connect the Voltage/Current Sensor to a PASPORT interface. 2. Turn on the power supply and set it to 0 volts. 3. Turn on the computer. Open DataStudio and set up your experiment. (See setup instructions in Appendix C.) 4. On the circuit board, move the double-throw switch to the Discharge position. 6
5. In DataStudio, open a Digits display for the voltage and current and click the Start button. Ensure the batteries are completely discharged (at 0 volts). 6. Move the double-throw switch to the Charge position. The bulb will light when the switch is in the Charge position. 7. Adjust the charging on the power supply until the current reading in the DataStudio Digits display is about 0.5 ampere. CAUTION: Exceeding a current of 1 amp will cause the resetable fuse in the Voltage- Current Sensor to trip. You will hear a buzzing sound if this occurs. Decrease the voltage/current as necessary. 8. Watch the batteries charge in a Digits display. (Note: Do not charge the batteries for more than 30 minutes.) The area under the power vs. time graph is energy. 9. When the batteries have acquired about a few hundred joules of energy, move the switch to the Discharge position. Allow the batteries to completely discharge until the bulb dims out. 10. Look at the current vs. time graph for the battery. The area under the curve is charge. If you continue discharging the batteries, you should be able to see all of the charge transferred back, even though some of the energy will be lost to heat. Try this to see if it works. (Note: Make sure the battery is completely discharged before starting.) Analysis 1. Use a Power vs. Time graph to compare the energy stored to the energy used by the bulb. Calculate the percent efficiency of the batteries, where Percent (%) efficiency = energy (joules) used to light the bulb/energy (joules) stored in the batteries. Experiment Variations 1. Repeat the experiment with different types of rechargeable batteries. 2. If you don t want the bulb to light when charging batteries, use the alternate setup in Appendix B. (Note: The applied charging voltage will need to be less than that used previously for lighting the bulb during battery charging.) 3. Repeat the experiment with the positive voltage lead connected to a resistor (instead of a light bulb). Connect the banana patch cord from the negative battery terminal to the 33 ohm resistor (See Schematic 1B). 7
RED BLK VOLTAGE VOLTAGE- SENSOR DC Power Supply Schematic 1B: Experiment Setup for Demonstrating Battery Charge/ Discharge through a Resistor Sample Data/Results 8
Experiment 2: Charging/Discharging a Capacitor Equipment required: Energy-Transfer Battery (ET-8774) Voltage-Current Sensor (PS-2115) Power Supply (SE-9720) DataStudio Software (various, see PASCO catalog) PASPORT interface (PS-2100 or PS-2001) Introduction: In this experiment, you will study energy charge/discharge rates for a capacitor. Unlike a battery, in a capacitor, there is no chemical energy storage. An external DC power supply is required to charge the capacitor. With a switch on the circuit board, you will initiate capacitor charge and discharge. A PS-2115 Voltage/Current Sensor and DataStudio will be used to measure voltage and current levels at any point in the circuit. In a DataStudio graph display, you can also observe (in real-time) the changing energy levels. Setup Instructions: a) Insert the two rechargeable AAA batteries into the battery holders on the Charge/Discharge Circuit Board. Orient each battery in the holder, such that the negative terminal touches the left (-) spring contact and the positive terminal touches the right (+) contact. b) Connect the following (See Schematic 3A): Voltage/Current Sensor: Connect the sensor s red (+) voltage lead to the positive (+) capacitor terminal and the sensor s black (-) voltage lead to the negative (-) capacitor terminal on the circuit board. Connect a black lead from the sensor s (-) current terminal to the (+) battery terminal on the circuit board. Connect a red lead from the sensor s positive current terminal to the middle power terminal on the circuit board. External power supply: With the power turned off, connect a lead from the negative terminal on the external power supply to the Power (-) connector (common ground) on the circuit board. Connect another lead from the positive terminal on the external power supply to the Power (+) connector on the circuit board. c) Connect a banana patch cord from the capacitor s negative terminal to a light bulb on the circuit board. 9
RED BLK VOLTAGE VOLTAGE- SENSOR DC Power Supply Schematic 2A: Experiment Setup for Demonstrating Charge/Discharge through a Capacitor Note: When the switch is moved to the Charge position, the Voltage/Current Sensor picks up the current from the DC Power Supply at the middle power terminal. Current travels through the positive current lead into the Voltage/Current Sensor and out the negative current lead to the positive capacitor terminal (for capacitor charging). Procedure 1. Connect the Voltage-Current Sensor to a PASPORT interface. 2. Turn on the power supply and set it to 0 volts. 3. Turn on the computer. Open DataStudio and setup your experiment. (See Setup instructions in Appendix C.) 4. In DataStudio, open a Digits display for the current and voltage and click the Start button. 5. On the power supply, slowly increase the voltage to about 2.5 volts. CAUTION: Slowly adjust the voltage and be careful not to exceed 3.0 volts or you will burn out a light bulb. Exceeding a current of 1 amp will cause the resetable fuse in the Voltage-Current Sensor to trip. If this occurs, you will hear a buzzing sound. Reduce the voltage/current as necessary. 6. Move the double-throw switch to the Charge position. 7. In a DataStudio Digits display, watch until the capacitor becomes fully charged (reaches a maximum). The bulb will light when the switch is in the Charge position. Notice how quickly the capacitor charges. 10
8. In a voltage vs. time graph, watch the capacitor charge. When the capacitor voltage level stabilizes (stops increasing), move the switch to the Discharge position. In a graph of current vs. time, watch the brightness of the bulb as the current changes. Note: If collecting more than one run of data, make sure to completely discharge the capacitor between runs (i.e. Move the switch to the Discharge position and watch until both the current and voltage drop to zero.). Otherwise, you may acquire residual charge build-up, and this will interfere with accurate measurements. Analysis 1. Use a power vs. time graph to compare the energy stored in the capacitor to the energy stored in the battery. Calculate the percentage (efficiency) of energy (in joules) and energy used by the bulb. Compare the charge/discharge curves for the capacitor to the battery. 2. Use the maximum voltage to calculate the theoretical energy, E = ( 1 2)cv. How does the energy stored compare to the battery? Sample Data/Results 11
Troubleshooting Problem (s) Bulb does not light on charge or discharge. Charge graph does not appear in DataStudio. Discharge graph does not appear in DataStudio. Alarm emits from the voltage/ current sensor. Resistors or other components are hot, burning, or emitting smoke. Possible Solution(s) Check the voltage level; increase the voltage on the power supply (minimum of 3 volts is required to light the bulb); check bulb insertion (bulb must snap tight in the insertion slot); check for proper lead connections and setup. Adjust the voltage on the power supply before flipping the double-throw switch to the Charge position. Ensure light bulbs are not burn out. Check for proper sensorto-interface connection, ensure doublethrow switch is completely down in the Charge Position; edit your mathematical equations (Follow the recommended DataStudio setup instructions and equations in Appendix C of this manual.) Raise the voltage level (to no more than 3 volts for the batteries or light bulb or 5 volts for the capacitor.) You can check the voltage level of each with a Voltage- Current Sensor. Check your lead connections and setup; ensure double-throw switch is completely down in the Discharge Position; edit your mathematical equations (Follow the recommended DataStudio setup instructions and equations in Appendix C of this manual.) Reduce the voltage and/or current from the external power supply. (The alarm notifies you that you have exceeded the maximum current of 1 amp for the sensor.) Also, between experiments, be sure to completely discharge the battery or capacitor. Residual charge build-up may also trip the Voltage-Current sensor. Reduce the voltage and current level from the external power supply. To avoid damaging the circuit board, never exceed a maximum of 3 volts for the bulb, 4 volts for the battery, or 5 volts for the capacitor. 12
Appendix A: Specifications Charge/Discharge Circuit Capacitor 1.0 Farad, 5 volt maximum Resistors 10 ohm, 33 ohm, 100 ohm, 5 volt maximum Batteries AAA, nickel cadmium, rechargeable, 1.2 v, 300 mah Light bulbs 3 volt maximum Board 18.3 cm x 13 cm, composed of blue fiberglass Appendix B: Schematics An alternate setup for Experiment 1, Energy Transfer from a Battery to a Light Bulb is diagrammed below. (Note: The board does not contain a series-parallel circuit.) RED BLK VOLTAGE VOLTAGE- SENSOR DC Power Supply Schematic 4A: Alternate Setup for Battery Charge/Discharge Experiments Note: When the switch is moved to the Discharge position, the Voltage/Current Sensor picks up the current from the DC Power Supply at the middle power terminal; current then travels through the positive current lead into the Voltage/ Current Sensor and out the negative current lead to the positive battery terminal (for battery charging). 13
Appendix C: DataStudio Setup Instructions Part I: Connect the Sensor to the Board and to the Interface 1. Connect the Voltage/Current Sensor to a PASPORT interface (USB Link, PowerLink, etc.) Part II: Create the mathematical equations in DataStudio For power: In the Calculator dialog, click on the New button to create a new equation. Type in the equation, P=V*I, where P=power, V=voltage, and I=current. Under Variables, select Data Measurement for V and I. Click the Accept button. For energy stored: In the Calculator dialog, click the New button to create a new equation. Click on the Special button and select integral (x) filter (-10, 10, x). Replace the filter values with 0, 100, P. Replace y with ES for energy stored. Under Variables, select Data Measurement to define variable P (for power). Click on the Data Properties button and enter the measurement name (energy) and unit (J). To accept the equation, click the Accept button. The final equation will be ES=integral (filter (0, 100, P)). For energy retrieved: In the Calculator dialog, click the New button to create a new equation. Click on the Special button and select integral (filter (-10, 10, x). Replace the filter values with -100, 0, P. Replace y with ER for energy retrieved. Under Variables, select Data Measurement to define variable P (for power). Click on the Data Properties button and enter the measurement name (energy) and unit (J). To accept the equation, click the Accept button. The final equation will be ER=integral (filter (-100, 0, P)). For charge stored: In the Calculator dialog, click the New button to create a new equation. Click on the Special button and select integral (x) filter (10, 10, x). Replace the filter values with 0, 100, I. Replace y with CS for charged stored. Under Variables, select Data Measurement to define variable I (for current). Click on the Data Properties button and enter the measurement name (coulombs) and unit (C). To accept the equation, click the Accept button. The final equation will be CS= integral (filter (0, 100, I)). For charge retrieved: In the Calculator dialog, click the New button to create a new equation. Click on the Special button and select integral (x) filter (-10, 10, x). Replace the filter values with -100,0, I. Replace y with CR for charge retrieved. Under Variables, select Data Measurement to define variable I (for current). Click on the Data Properties button and enter the measurement name (coulombs) and unit (C). To accept the equation, click the Accept button. The final equation will be CR= integral (filter (-100, 0, I)). Part III: Collect Data 1. From the Data list, drag the desired parameters to a Graph display. (For monitoring, drag each of the parameters (i.e. Voltage, Current, etc.) from the Data list to a Digits display. 2. On the main toolbar, click the Start button. Your data will appear in real-time in any open displays. 14
Appendix D: Technical Support For assistance with the ET-8774 Energy-Transfer Battery or any other PASCO products, contact PASCO as follows: Address: PASCO scientific 10101 Foothills Blvd. Roseville, CA 95747-7100 Phone: (916) 786-3800 FAX: (916) 786-3292 Web: www.pasco.com Email: techsupp@pasco.com Appendix E: Copyright and Warranty Information Copyright Notice The PASCO scientific 012-08515A Energy-Transfer Battery Manual is copyrighted and all rights reserved. However, permission is granted to non-profit educational institutions for reproduction of any part of the 012-08515A Energy-Transfer Battery Manual, providing the reproductions are used only for their laboratories and are not sold for profit. Reproduction under any other circumstances, without the written consent of PASCO scientific, is prohibited. Limited Warranty PASCO scientific warrants the product to be free from defects in materials and workmanship for a period of one year from the date of shipment to the customer. PASCO will repair or replace, at its option, any part of the product which is deemed to be defective in material or workmanship. The warranty does not cover damage to the product caused by abuse or improper use. Determination of whether a product failure is the result of a manufacturing defect or improper use by the customer shall be made solely by PASCO scientific. Responsibility for the return of equipment for warranty repair belongs to the customer. Equipment must be properly packed to prevent damage and shipped postage or freight prepaid. (Damage caused by improper packing of the equipment for return shipment will not be covered by the warranty.) Shipping costs for returning the equipment after repair will be paid by PASCO scientific. 15