Techniques for Synthesizing Polymer Particles

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Techniques for Synthesizing Polymer Particles Jin-Woong Kim May 31, 2007

Current techniques 1. Emulsion polymerization 2. Miniemulsion polymerization 3. Microemulsion polymerization 4. Precipitation polymerization 5. Dispersion polymerization 6. Suspension polymerizations 7. Seeded polymerization Basic considerations A batch process Radical polymerization Monodispersity: <30% Drop-based techniques 3 2 1 5 6 8 7

(Macro)emulsion polymerization Features Heterogeneous system Nucleation site: water (in micellar or homogeneous) ~20nm ~1μm Monodisperse Polymerization time: fast High MW Surfactant-free is possible Components Monomers Water Water-soluble initiator Surfactant

Reactors

Stage of emulsion polymerization I II III Polymerization rate Polymerization time

Interval I 2-15% conversion Radical capturing and # of particles increase (rate increase) As particle grow, more surfactants adsorb Surfactant concentration falls below CMC All the surfactant adsorb to the particles at the end of interval 1 Interval II # of particles remains constant Slight increase due to Trommsdorf effect Interval II ends when all the monomer droplets disappear Interval III # of particles remains constant [M] decreases (rate decrease)

PS particles Conversion (%) Conversion (%) Time (h) PVC particles Increasing surfactant Increasing # of particles Time (h) Increasing initiator concentration Increasing # of particles

Polymer particles PS particles

Seeded emulsion polymerization Seed Features Heterogeneous system Nucleation site: water Bigger than seed particles Monodisperse Good for controlling morphologies Seed Components Seed polymer particles Monomers Water Water-soluble initiator Surfactant

Thermodynamic effect PS PMMA PS/PBMA composite particles

Penetration depth PS/PBA composite particles

Entropy and Spreading coefficient effects Hydrophilicity of seed particles increases

Miniemulsion polymerization Features Heterogeneous system Droplet nucleation (no micelles in water) Initiation by radial entry (prepolymeric or oligomeric) Fairly monodisperse Role of costabilizers Highly insoluble in water; hexadecane, cetyl alcohol, polymers Retarding monomer diffusion from the smaller droplets to the larger Preventing Ostwald ripening Components Monomers Water Water-soluble initiator Surfactant and costabilizer

Emulsification Mechanically emulsified Macroemulsion and miniemulsion after 3 hours

Polymer particles PS particles SiO 2 @PS particles TiO 2 @PS particles

Microemulsion polymerization Microemulsion Homogeneous; micelle dispersion Spontaneous Transparent Swollen micelles, less than 20 nm in diameter Microemulsion polymerization Tacticity Knotting A high MW, more than 20 million Dalton

Polymerization

Polymerization process Rapid polymerization 100% conversion Rate profile: parabolic Maximum rate ~40% PMMA/PS nanoparticles

Precipitation polymerization A basic composition A nucleation and growth process

Properties of this technique Fundamentals Homogeneous system Nucleation site is water A nucleation and growth Polymerization time: short (several hours) From hundreds of nanometers to 1 or 2 micrometers Very monodisperse Surfactant-free Crosslinking is possible Components Monomers (water-soluble) Water Water-soluble initiator Surfactant (if need)

Designing microgel particles

Responsivity and sensitivity

Microgel characterization

BIS 2 mol% Phase transitions

Core-shell microgel particles

Dispersion polymerization Initiation Nucleation Primary particles Growth Fundamentals Homogeneous system Nucleation site is media A nucleation and growth Polymerization time: long (more than 24 hours) From a micromerter to 15 micrometers Very monodisperse Stabilizer is needed Crosslinking is impossible A dispersion polymerization process Components Monomers (medium-soluble) Alcohol Water-insoluble initiator Stabilizer; polymer (PVP, PAAc.)

Monodisperse polymer microparticles Monodisperse PS particles PVP Ethanol medium Poly (HEMA) microparticles Poly (St-b-BD) stabilizer 2-butanol/toluene media

Crosslinking in dispersion polymerization Conventional method; (a) 1% dye; (b) 0.35% DVB Two-staged method; (c) 1% DVB; (d) 1% EGDMA

Suspension polymerization M/ I Inhibitor Fundamentals A heterogeneous system Nucleation site is monomer phase (droplet) Polymerization time: long (more than 10 h) From 1 micrometer to thousands of micrometers Very polydisperse Stabilizer MMA droplets PMMA particles

Wax/polymer composite particles A B C 30μm 30μm CN@PMMA microcapsules H 3 C CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 O R : O C C 8 H 17 R Cholesteryl nonanoate (CN)

Inorganic/polymer composite particles TiO 2 /PMMA composite particles (30 nm TiO 2 ) Light blocking

W/O/W double emulsion polymerization W M/ I W/O/W double emulsions (Oil is the mixture of MMA and AIBN) Inhibitor M/ I Stabilizer

Hollow polymer particles PMMA hollow particles Dark pores in toluene

Ag NPs Ag NP in pores

Seeded swelling & polymerization Fundamentals A heterogeneous system Nucleation site is monomer phase (droplet) A swelling and polymerization Polymerization time: long (more than 10 h) From tens of nanometers to thousands of micrometers Very monodisperse Stabilizer: PVA, PAAc Crosslinking is possible Components Seed particles Water Monomers (with initiator) Stabilizer

Swelling process

Swelling and polymerization Monomer swellings (after 30 sec and 2h) PS particles

Composite particles PS/PGMA composite particles PS/PCMS composite particles

Porous particles Resveratrol loaded particles Porous PS particles Conducting particles (PS/polyaniline)

Metal/polymer composite particles Ag/poly(EGDMA) particles Au/poly(EGDMA) particles

Non-spherical particles Controlling shape anisotropy Controlling chemical anisotropy Combination of dispersion polymerization and seeded polymerization