Economic benefits from environmental resources and sustainable tourism. What is the role of certification in food choice? Renewable energy and the bottom-up approach. Mara Thiene Dep. Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry University of Padua (Italy) Capacity Lab Matera workshop, May 4 th 2012
1) Environmental resources and economic benefits High quality of environmental resources. Large extension of protected areas. 2) Sustainable tourism Increasing development of tourism. High level of tourism demand towards environment and cultural heritage. 3) Agro-food quality and denomination of origin Increasing development of rural land devoted to high quality food and certified products 4) Sustainable management of energy resources Renewable energy investments
1) Environmental resources and economic benefits The environment offers a variety of benefits which generate relevant economic effects. L offerta turistica regionale tende a destagionalizzarsi: le aree che crescono di più in termini di presenze sono la città di Matera (+21,7%) ed il Pollino (+3,7%), che si prestano ad un turismo non balneare, riducendo così il peso, finora dominante di Maratea e della Costa Jonica.
Strategies aimed at developing and exploiting a specific site are typically based on the investigation of recreation and tourism demand (bottom-up approach). Economic benefits depend on: number of visitors tourist facilities visitors profile outdoor activities, attitudes and motivations period of time sites attributes SURVEYS
Basilicata and Veneto: two regions with similar site attributes and environmental characteristics. Comparing protected areas within model management: a) Parco Naturale delle Dolomiti d Ampezzo Main aim: preservation of the environment b) Parco Nazionale delle Dolomiti Bellunesi Main aim: preservation/economic local development c) Parco Nazionale del Pollino d) Parco Nazionale dell Appennino Lucano, Val D Agri Lagonegrese
Alpine park land is amongst the most valuable land in terms of outdoor recreation. Park management decisions are often controversial because of differences between objectives pursued by conservationists and the tourist industry. Park agencies find it increasingly difficult to fund all the services for outdoor recreation activities. This is further exacerbated by the increasing expectations for high quality experiences by recreationists with a high sensitivity to environmental issues.
Visitors of Parco Naturale delle Dolomiti d Ampezzo Visits Visitors Average Average trips holiday n. % n. % (days) Days out 122 884 22,8 17 817 15,1 0 10,2 Hotel 74 154 13,7 22 683 19,3 11,5 1,7 Guest house 63 561 11,8 14 326 12,2 11,5 1,7 Rental apts 87 396 16,2 28 611 24,3 19,1 2,2 Camping 90 839 16,8 10 458 8,9 15,5 2,1 Holiday hou. 62 236 11,5 15 636 13,3 19,2 3,4 Refuge 33 634 6,2 4 141 3,5 5 2,5 Others 5 297 1 4 020 3,4 9,4 1 Total 540 000 100 117 692 100 13 3,1 (Thiene et al., 2003)
The methodologies to investigate recreation and tourism demand expressed by visitors allow to estimate the economic use (and non-use) value of natural resources. Why are these methods useful? 1) They investigate determinants of recreation demand expressed by visitors 2) They allow to estimates an economic (monetary) value of non-market goods (economic benefits) Provide useful information to policy maker who is in charge of land management and to preserve the enviroment.
Visitor types: - Hiker - Climbers - MTBikers - Via Ferrata - Picnickers
Marginal WTP estimates ( /unit) 7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 IT_THEMES1 IT_THEMES2 NET_TRAILS1 NET_TRAILS2 TRL_SIGNS1 TRL_SIGNS2 MNGD_TRAILS1 MNGD_TRAILS2 NEW_CLIMBS1 NEW_CLIMBS2 FERR_SAFE1 FERR_SAFE2 SHELTERS1 SHELTERS2 CROWD1 CROWD2 INFO1 INFO2 Estimated Marginal WTP Unsc. Ignored Unsc. Serial Unsc. Choice Task Sc_visitor Ignored Sc_visitor Serial Sc_visitor Choice Task Sc_vis/wave Ignored Sc_vis/wave Serial Sc_vis/wave Choice Task Park Management Attribute levels (Scarpa, Thiene, Hensher, 2010)
-0.10-0.30-0.50-0.70-0.90-1.10-1.30-1.50 Simulated reduction of visits to mountain sites due to the imposition of an access fee of 5 Riduzione simulata del numero di visite a seguito di imposizione di un biglietto di accesso di 5 Euro Vette Feltrine. M. Sole P. Dolomiti Pasubio Cansiglio-Alpago Altipiano Asiago M.Grappa Lessini-M.Baldo Antelao Pelmo Tofane-Cristallo Duranno-Cima Preti Sorapiss Agner-Pale San Lucano Tamer-S.Sebastiano Marmarole Tre Cime-Cadini Civetta-Moiazza Pale di S.Martino Marmolada GNB Classe1 GNB Classe2 GNB no classi Siti montuosi del Veneto Mountain sites of the Veneto region (Scarpa, Thiene, Tempesta, 2006) N. medio di visite per persona
and in Basilicata? La valutazione del potenziale turistico del Parco Nazionale del Pollino (2003) AESTIMUM, 43:55-98. Le potenzialità turistiche del Parco Nazionale dell Appennino Lucano Val D Agri Lagonegrese (2010) Report Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei. Il parco dell energia della Val d Agri (2011) Analisi della domanda potenziale - Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei.
Arrivals and origin (%)
2) Sustainable tourism
Zone D: Aree di promozione economica e sociale 300/31.000 Ha (1%)
Carta Qualità Prodotti e servizi con il marchio del parco: una garanzia di qualità per il consumatore e per l ambiente
A cosa serve la carta Garantisce la qualità a chi visita il Parco: chi viene segnalato con il logo rispetta standard fissati dall Ente e contribuisce alla qualità del prodotto parco ; Promuove gli operatori del territorio: i prodotti e i locali segnalati acquistano visibilità nei confronti di turisti e residenti
I settori di intervento 1. Strutture turistiche 2. Prodotti agroalimentari 3. Prodotti artigianali 4. Educazione ambientale ed escursionismo 5. Servizi commerciali 6. Eventi e manifestazioni
Database strutture turistiche Three levels: - golden bellflower (Ecolabel certification) - silver bellflower (partly renewable resources) - park s friends
Progetto Fossil free Fare del Parco un area libera da fonti di energia fossile Applicazioni di energia da: a. Biomasse b. Biodiesel c. Solare termico d. Solare fotovoltaico e. Microidroelettrico
3) Agro-food quality and product certification
What are the determinants of food choice selection? The investigation of consumer preference heterogeneity in food choice is becoming increasingly important. Health concerns for self and others is a driving element of food selection: foods produced with environment-friendly methods. Risk perceptions, psychological, emotional, perceptional and attitudinal factors are very important in choice decision contexts. Case study: carrots from Val di Gresta (Trento - Italy) a valley with a long tradition and established reputation in organic farming
Attributes 1) Production systems: - conventional farming; - integrated pest management farming; - organic farming; - dynamic farming. 2) Denomination of origin: produced in Val di Gresta or not 3) Skin imperfection:- absence of spots; - some imperfections (< than 10% injured skin) - many imperfections (> than 10% injured skin). 4) Packaging: - packaged sold - sold by measure (loose product) 5) Cost: 1.3, 1.5 and 2.2 (Euro/kg)
Protection Motivation Theory offers a psychological construct to explain how people deal with health protection need and behavior. It studies the need of protection due to the perception of some threat and the subsequent willingness to avoid the potential impact. What is the specific cognitive process resulting in protection behavior?
Aims of the study: 1) willingness to pay estimates for selected attributes (environment-friendly methods; denomination of origin) 2) investigate how WTPs are influenced and driven by psychological aspects 3) avoid mean values, rather explore how consumer preferences vary
Marginal WTP ( /kg) estimates of Latent Class Model Just to be sure No action Problem focused (Scarpa, Thiene, 2011)
Marginal Willingness to pay estimates ( /kg) for the Val di Gresta carrots DAP per origine Val di Gresta -1.0-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0-1.5-1.0-0.5 0.0 DAP per molte imperfezioni (Scarpa, Thiene, Marangon, 2007)
4) Sustainable management of energy resources Municipalities and royalties Programma Operativo Val d Agri (2010) Energy saving measures
WTP for energy saving measures in residential and small commercial buildings (Switzerland). (Banfi et al., 2008)
Marginal willingness to pay expressed as % of rental price (flats) and purchase price (singlefamily houses) respectively (Banfi et al., 2008)
Willingness-to-pay for renewable energy: primary and discretionary choice of British households' for micro-generation technologies (Scarpa and Willis, 2009)
Italian Consumers Willingness to Pay for Renewable Energy Sources Italian goal: 17% share in electricity production from RES by 2020. (Bigerna and Polinori, 2011)
THANKS!