Microbial Metabolism. Biochemical diversity

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Transcription:

Microbial Metabolism Biochemical diversity

Metabolism Define Requirements Energy Enzymes Rate Limiting step Reaction time Types Anabolic Endergonic Dehydration Catabolic Exergonic Hydrolytic

Metabolism Relationships

Metabolic Diversity Energy generating metabolism Fermentation Alcohol Acid Formation Lactic Acid Mixed Acids Others Respiration Aerobic Anaerobic Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites Heterotrophic Autotrophic

Energy Forms Kinetic Potential Use Chemical Mechanical Electrical Radiation [EM] Chemical Types ATP UTP GTP Heat Byproduct 45%

Various Types of Prokaryotic Energy Production Processes Fermentation Anaerobic Respiration Aerobic Respiration Lithotrophy Photohetertrophy Anoxygenic photosynthesis Methanogenesis

Enzymes Structure Protein Ribozyme [ribosome] Characteristic functions Active site Specific Modified Forms Inactive Active Coenzyme/Cofactor -ase Polymerase Others: Lyases, Hydrolases, Isomerases, Transferases

Enzyme Characteristics

Enzyme Structure Apoenzyme Protein Allosteric site Cofactor Metal ions Cu Zn Mg Fe Ca Coenzyme Vitamins CoA NAD FAD FMN Allosteric site Create Holoenzyme with active site

Factors Affecting Enzymes Temperature ph Acids/bases UV light Concentration of substrates

Enzyme Inhibition Reversible Irreversible Competitive at active site Noncompetitive at Allosteric site Excitatory Inhibitory

Glycolysis: Embden-Meyerhoff Glycolytic Cytoplasm Anaerobic End products 2 Pyruvic acids 4-2 = 2 net ATP 2 NADH 2 H20

Lactic Acid Formation

Glycolysis: PPP Breakdown 5-6 C Cytoplasm Anaerobic End products ATP NADPH CO2 4,5,6,7 C AA Nucleotides Glycolytic pathways Photosynthesis

Glycolysis: Entner-Duodoroff [E-D] Glycolytic Cytoplasm Anaerobic Different enzymes Pseudomonas Enterococcus End products 2-1 = 1 net ATP NADPH NADH 2 Pyruvic acids 2H20

Glycolytic Pathways used by various Bacteria Bacterium E-M PPP E-D Acetobacter aceti - + - Bacillus subtilis major minor - E. coli + - - Lactobacillus acidophilus Pseudomonas aeruginosa + - - - - + Vibrio cholera minor - major

Anaerobic Processes Lactic Acid Lactobacillus Mixed Acid Enterobacteriaceae Butanediol Klebsiella Enterobacter Butyric Acid Clostridia Butanol-Acetone Clostridia Propionic Acid Corynebacteria

Fermentation

Fermentation Pathways

Fermentation Summary Anaerobic Cytoplasm Partial Oxidation Small amounts of ATP generated via substrate level phosphorylation Organic intermediaries as final electron acceptors End products Acid: Lactic Acid, Acetic Acid, Butryic Acid, Acetone Alcohol: Ethanol, Isopropyl Gas : CO2, H2 Contaminants

Summary

Carbohydrate Fermentation Tests

Phosphorylation Substrate Level Direct transfer of phosphate Glycolysis Oxidative Phosphorylation Electron transfer Chemiosmosis Photophosphorylation Light energy to chemical energy

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

Aerobic Respiration

Mitochondria of Eukaryotes

Plasma [cell] membrane

Acetyl CoA Formation

Acetyl CoA Final Structure

Krebs Cycle

Oxidation in Krebs Cycle

Dehydrogenation Use of hydrogen in oxidative reactions Removal of electron from hydrogen Carried on vitamin B derivatives Energy released is trapped in chemical bonds

Redox Reactions

Oxidation

Reduction

Catabolism + Anabolism

Eukaryotic ETC

Prokaryotic ETC Vit B based Flavoproteins Iron based Cytochromes CoEnzyme Q

ETC Steps Electrons from NADH or FADH2 to flavoproteins H+ pumped into periplasm Electrons transported To Iron-Sulfur proteins from NADH To CoQ from FADH2 Cytochromes Final Electron Acceptor O2 if Aerobic Other if Anaerobic

Proton Pump

ETC: NAD

ETC: Cytochromes

Cytochrome Oxidase

Oxidase Test

ATP Synthetase

Anaerobic Respiration Use of another compound than O2 as final electron acceptor in the ETC Examples Nitrate ion NO3- [Pseudomonas, E coli, Bacillus] NO2- N2O N2 Sulfate ion SO4= to H2S Methanogens Carbonate ion CO3= to CH4 Methanogens

Nitrogen Reduction Test Nitrate Reduction + Nitrate Reduction + with Zinc Nitrate Reduction Neg with zinc

Other Catabolic Processes Protein Deamination Decarboxylation Dehydrogenation Lipid Glycerol FA Beta oxidation Acetyl CoA

Biosynthesis Polysaccharide Keto acids AA Glycerol from FA Lipid Glycerol + FA AA Keto acids + NH2 Nucleotides Nitrogen bases from Keto acids + NH2 5 C sugars from alternate CH20 Metabolism

Functions Polysaccharide Cell wall components Lipid Cell wall Plasma membranes AA/Protein Cell wall / membrane components Enzymes Toxins Nucleotide DNA RNA ATP NAD NADP

Protein Synthesis and Enzyme Regulation

Metabolism Summary

Questions?