Fourth Grade Geology: The Earth and Its Changes Assessment

Fourth Grade Geology: The Earth and Its Changes Assessment 1a. What is the center layer of the Earth called? a. crust b. core c. mantle d. middle 1b. Label each layer of the Earth. 1c. What are the Earth s three layers? Tell what each is called and what each is made of: 1. Outer Layer - 2. Middle Layer - 3. Inner Layer - 2a. Which of the following is true? a. The crustal plates are all in constant motion. b. The crustal plates are stationary and never move. 2b. The formation of mountains, valleys, volcanoes, and earthquakes can all be related to the of crustal plates. a. explosion b. movement c. dissection ` d. floating Fourth Grade, Geology: The Earth and Its Changes Colorado Core Knowledge Assessments 1

2c. List three results from the movement of crustal plates that occur on the Earth: 1. 2. 3. 3a. Movement in the Earth s crust causes vibrations known as. a. epicenter b. earthquakes c. focus d. faults 3b. Which of the following is true? a. Earthquakes are extremely rare. b. Earthquakes happen every single day although some may not be felt. c. Earthquakes only occur in the Southern Hemisphere. d. All of the above 3c. What is an earthquake? 4a. A(n) is a large crack in the Earth s surface. a. epicenter b. earthquakes c. focus d. faults 4b. Large cracks in the Earth s surface are called. 4c. You are planning to build a new house on a piece of land that you have purchased. You find out that geologists have discovered a new fault line along your new property. What will you do? Explain. 5a. The San Andreas Fault is located in which state? 5b. Which major fault is located in California? Fourth Grade, Geology: The Earth and Its Changes Colorado Core Knowledge Assessments 2

5c. What fault line is located where the Pacific Plate and North American Plate meet? What state in the United States is this located in? What happens more often along this line? 6a. A seismograph measures. a. Earth movement b. ocean depth c. length d. temperature 6b. A is used to measure an earthquake. a. Richter Scale b. seismograph 6c. What is a seismograph and how does it work? 7a. The Richter Scale reports the of an earthquake. a. strength b. distance 7b. Which of the following earthquakes would be felt but not cause any damage. Circle the correct answer. Earthquake Richter Scale A 8.9 B 3.5 C 6.2 7c. Describe the damage that may occur with an earthquake that measured 6.9 on the Richter Scale. 8a. A(n) is a tidal wave caused by an earthquake. a. tornado b. tsunami 8b. A(n) is an huge wave caused by an earthquake. Fourth Grade, Geology: The Earth and Its Changes Colorado Core Knowledge Assessments 3

8c. Describe three possible causes of a tsunami. 1. 2. 3. 9a. A(n) is a mountain created by the flow of melted rock through an opening in the Earth s surface. 9b. Name three volcanic mountains. 1. 2. 3. 9c. Describe the three different types of volcanoes and tell how they are formed. - - - 10a. What is magma called when it reaches the Earth s surface? 10b. Hot melted rock inside the Earth is called and when it reaches the Earth s surface, it is called. 10c. Describe the difference between magma and lava. 11a. Which type of volcano is the least dangerous? a. an active volcano b. an extinct volcano c. a dormant volcano 11b. List the three types of volcanoes in order from the least to the most dangerous. active volcano extinct volcano,, dormant volcano Fourth Grade, Geology: The Earth and Its Changes Colorado Core Knowledge Assessments 4

11c. Explain the differences between an extinct volcano, dormant volcano, and an active volcano. - - - 12a. Mount St. Helens is located in which state? 12b. Label the major volcanic mountain associated with each location. Southern Italy Southwestern Washington Southwestern Indonesia 12c. Match the volcano with the year of its major eruption and list where it is located: Location Volcano Year Krakatoa 79 Mt St. Helens 1980 Vesuvius 1883 13a. When hot water bubbles up to the surface it can form steamy ponds called. a. hot springs b. geysers 13b. When hot water bubbles up to the surface it can form steamy ponds called. a. hot springs b. geysers c. seas d. glaciers 13c. What is a hot spring? How are they formed and how are the different from geysers? Fourth Grade, Geology: The Earth and Its Changes Colorado Core Knowledge Assessments 5

14a. A famous geyser is in Yellowstone National Park. 14b. A hot spring that erupts intermittently in a column of steam and hot water is called a. Give one example: 14c. What is a geyser? Give one example and its location. 15a. The theory that all seven continents were once one large land mass and over time have broke apart into the seven continents is the theory of. a. continental drift b. Pangaea 15b. The theory that all seven continents were once one large land mass and over time have broke apart into the seven continents is the theory of. 15c. What are some of the clues that have led to the Theory of Continental Drift.? 16a. is the hypothetical supercontinent that scientists believe broke up into today s seven continents. a. Pangaea b. Atlantis 16b. is the hypothetical supercontinent that scientists believe broke up into today s seven continents. 16c. Describe what the land mass Pangaea was and what happened to it over time. 17a. The Hawaiian Islands are examples of mountains. a. volcanic b. folded c. fault-block. d. dome-shaped Fourth Grade, Geology: The Earth and Its Changes Colorado Core Knowledge Assessments 6

17b. Which type of mountains can form the quickest? a. folded mountains b. volcanoes c. fault-block mountains d. dome-shaped 17c. How are volcanic mountains formed? 18a. What type of mountain forms when two crustal plates collide? a. folded mountains b. volcanoes 18b. What type of mountain forms when two crustal plates collide? 18c. Describe how folded mountains are formed. 19a. What type of mountain forms when two crustal plates cause the Earth s surface to crack or tilt? a. fault-block mountains b. dome-shaped 19b. The Grand Tetons in Wyoming are an example of mountains. a. folded b. volcanic c. fault-block d. dome-shaped 19c. List an example of a fault-block mountain, volcanic mountain, folded mountain, and dome mountain. Fault-block Volcano Folded Dome Fourth Grade, Geology: The Earth and Its Changes Colorado Core Knowledge Assessments 7

20a. Mountains that form when magma fills a chamber under the surface of the Earth and create a bump above ground are called? a. fault-block mountains b. dome-shaped 20b. The Black Hills in South Dakota are an example of mountains. a. folded b. volcanic c. fault-block d. dome-shaped 20c. Explain how dome-shaped mountains are formed. 21a. On our earth, mountain peaks and trenches can also occur in the. a. ocean/sea b. north pole 21b. On our earth, mountain peaks and trenches can also occur in the. a. ocean/sea b. north pole c. south pole d. Mariana Trench 21c. Mountain peaks and trenches can also occur in what parts of our earth and how are they formed? 22a. What is the deepest place in all of the oceans of the Earth? a. Mariana Trench b. Grand Canyon 22b. What is the deepest place in all of the oceans of the Earth? 22c. Describe the Marianas Trench: Fourth Grade, Geology: The Earth and Its Changes Colorado Core Knowledge Assessments 8

23a. rocks often have layers that you can see. a. Sedimentary b. Igneous 23b. Fossils are often found in rocks. 23c. There are large deposits of limestone in Ohio and Kentucky. Why would this fact lead scientists to believe that there used to be an ocean covering these two states? 24a. Rocks which form from layers of mud and clay pressed together are called? a. sedimentary b. metamorphic 24b. List three sedimentary rocks and describe one way that they can be formed. 1. 2. 3. 24c. Describe two ways that sedimentary rocks are formed. 1. 2. 25a. What types of rocks are formed from slow cooling magma? a. igneous b. metamorphic 25b. Which statement is true? a. The cooling of molten material forms igneous rocks. b. The hardening of mud forms igneous rocks. c. Igneous rocks are formed by sedimentary activity. d. All of the above Fourth Grade, Geology: The Earth and Its Changes Colorado Core Knowledge Assessments 9

25c. Describe how igneous rocks are formed. 26a. Granite is an example of a(n) rock. a. sedimentary b. igneous 26b. Which of the following is not an igneous rock? a. pumice b. marble c. obsidian d. granite 26c. How are igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks different? How are they the same? 27a. Which rocks are created when other rocks undergo a change due to heat or pressure? a. igneous b. metamorphic 27b. Metamorphic rocks form from and. a. sun, wind b. lightening, pressure c. heat, pressure d. fire, water 27c. Explain how metamorphic rocks are formed. 28a. Slate is an example of a(n) rock. a. igneous b. metamorphic Fourth Grade, Geology: The Earth and Its Changes Colorado Core Knowledge Assessments 10

28b. List three metamorphic rocks. 1. 2. 3. 28c. When heat and pressure is applied to these sedimentary rocks they change into which metamorphic rocks. Limestone becomes Shale becomes Sandstone becomes 29a. Larger rocks are broken down into smaller rocks and soil through. a. weathering b. earthquakes 29b. occurs when rocks are broken down to form soil. a. Weathering b. Earthquakes c. Lakes d. Lightening 29c. List three causes of weathering: 1. 2. 3. 30a. Which of the following is true? a. Erosion occurs when soil and rocks are worn down and moved around by water or wind. b. Erosion occurs when water is worn down and moved around by soil and rocks. c. Erosion occurs when a fire spreads across a grassy field. 30b. Which of the following is not a type of erosion? a. glaciers b. fire c. rivers d. wind 30c. List three major causes of erosion and tell how each takes place. 1. 2. 3. Fourth Grade, Geology: The Earth and Its Changes Colorado Core Knowledge Assessments 11

31a. Acid rain is an example of. a. physical weathering b. chemical weathering 31b. The type of weathering where the actual minerals change in a rock is called: a. physical weathering b. chemical weathering 31c. Explain how acid rain is an example of chemical weathering. 32a. Weathering where only the size or shape of the rock is changed is called: a. physical weathering b. chemical weathering 32b. Water that freezes in a crack of a rock and causes the rock to break apart into smaller rocks is an example of. 32c. Give one example of physical weathering and explain how it works. 33a. Which type of soil contains the most nutrients of plant and animal material? a. subsoil b. topsoil 33b. Which type of soil contains the most nutrients of plant and animal material? 33c. Why does topsoil contain the most nutrients of the layers of the Earth s soil? Explain. Fourth Grade, Geology: The Earth and Its Changes Colorado Core Knowledge Assessments 12

34a. Below the topsoil is the which is made of most rock and some soil. 34b. List the three layers of soil and rock from that closest to the surface to the deepest layer. 1. 2. 3. 34c. Why does subsoil contain less nutrients than the topsoil above it? 35a. Topsoil and subsoil rest on a layer of unweathered rock called. a. flatrock b. bedrock 35b. Topsoil and subsoil rest on a layer of unweathered rock called. 35c. Which layer of the crust contains the least amount of nutrients? Explain. a. flatrock b. bedrock c. marble d. straightrock ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The following Colorado Model Content Standards are covered in this assessment by the questions indicated: None Fourth Grade, Geology: The Earth and Its Changes Colorado Core Knowledge Assessments 13

Answer Key 1a. b. core 1b. 1c. Acceptable answers could include: 1 Crust; mostly igneous rock 2 Mantle; solid rock or melted rock that between solid and liquid 3 - Core; nickel and iron 2a. a. The crustal plates are all in constant motion. 2b. b. movement 2c. Acceptable answers could include: -mountains -rift valleys -volcanoes -earthquakes -faulting 3a. b. earthquakes 3b. b. Earthquakes happen every single day although some may not be felt. 3c. Acceptable answers could include: -An earthquake is a motion in the Earth s crust. It is caused by the sudden release of slowly built-up stress with the crust. -vibrations caused by movement of the Earth s crust 4a. d. faults 4b. faults 4c. Acceptable answers could include: -Question geologists about whether or not the fault is active. -Find out exactly where the fault is on the property. -Decide whether it would be safe to still build the house on the property. -Ask others living in the area about their feelings of living on the fault line. 5a. California 5b. San Andreas Fault 5c. San Andreas Fault; California; more earthquakes Fourth Grade, Geology: The Earth and Its Changes Colorado Core Knowledge Assessments 14

6a. a. Earth movement 6b. b. seismograph 6c. Acceptable answers could include: -a seismograph is a device used for recording earth tremors -it is a pendulum suspended from a pole that swings from side to side when the Earth shakes -when the earth is still it marks a straight line -when the earth shakes it marks a squiggly line 7a. a. strength 7b. B 3.5 7c. Acceptable answers could include: -ground cracks -house collapses -trees sway -buildings destroyed -people are injured 8a. b. tsunami 8b. tsunami 8c. Acceptable answers could include: -undersea earthquake -volcanic eruption -coastal landslide 9a. volcano 9b. Mauna Loa, Kilauea, Kilimanjaro, Aconcagua, Mount St. Helens, Mount Fuji, etc. 9c. Acceptable answers could include: -Shield Volcanoes: have gentle slopes, made of many layers of lave that flows easily -Cinder Cones: made up rock and cinder that pile up. Create steep hills of rock and ash -Composite Cone: mix of layers of cinder and lava. Don t wear away fast 10a. lava 10b. magma, lava 10c. Acceptable answers could include: -hot, melted rock that is inside the Earth is called magma -when that same rock reaches the surface of the Earth or is erupted it is then called lava 11a. b. an extinct volcano 11b. extinct, dormant, active 11c. Acceptable answers could include: -An active volcano is one that has erupted recently or could possibly erupt soon. -A dormant or sleeping volcano is a volcano that has been quiet for a long time, but still has signs it may erupt again. -An extinct volcano is one that has not erupted for thousands of years. Fourth Grade, Geology: The Earth and Its Changes Colorado Core Knowledge Assessments 15

12a. Washington 12b. Southern Italy Vesuvius Southwestern Washington Mt. St. Helens Southwestern Indonesia Krakatoa 12c. Southwestern Indonesia Krakatoa 1883 Southwestern Washington Mt St. Helens 1980 Southern Italy Vesuvius 79 AD 13a. a. hot springs 13b. a. hot springs 13c. Acceptable answers could include: -A hot spring is a pond where hot water has bubbled up to the surface of the earth due to the magma forcing it way through the crust, thus heating water in its path. -They are different from geysers because hot springs are ponds of hot water and geysers are places where the hot water is trapped in caves or chambers and develops into steam and is forced out an opening. -Geysers do not form ponds, they are pressurized steam. 14a. Old Faithful 14b. geyser; answers will vary; Old Faithful 14c. Acceptable answers could include: -Old Faithful in Yellowstone National Park -a hot spring that erupts intermittently in a column of steam and hot water -can last from a minute to years -can be from 3 feet to 3000 feet 15a. a. continental drift 15b. continental drift 15c. Acceptable answers could include: -fossils that are found in the rocks of different continents -fossils of certain animals that could not swim are found on both South America and Africa -shape of the continents that fit together 16a. a. Pangaea 16b. Pangaea 16c. Acceptable answers could include: -Pangaea is the term that describes the crowding of all the continents we know today, into one mass that has since divided up into seven continents with oceans and seas separating them. This change from the Pangaea to the seven continents is called the continental drift. 17a. a. volcanic 17b. b. volcanoes Fourth Grade, Geology: The Earth and Its Changes Colorado Core Knowledge Assessments 16

17c. Acceptable answers could include: -A volcano is a mountain that forms when layers of lava and volcanic ash erupt and build up. -Magma is less dense than the rock around it, so it is very slowly forced upward toward Earth s surface. 18a. a. folded mountains 18b. folded 18c. Acceptable answers could include: -a folded mountain forms when two crustal plates collide -the surface of the Earth where they meet is bent and folds upward 19a. a. fault-block mountains 19b. c. fault-block 19c. Acceptable answers could include: -Fault-block: Sierra Nevada, Grand Tetons -Volcano: Mount Egmont, Mount Ranier -Folded: Appalachian, Rockies, Alps -Dome: Black Hills, Adirondack 20a. b. dome-shaped 20b. d. dome-shaped 20c. Acceptable answers could include: -dome mountains are formed from magma rising from the Earth's mantle into the crust -the magma pushes overlying sedimentary rock layers upward to form a "dome" shape -magma does not usually reach the surface and cools to form the mountain 21a. a. ocean/sea 21b. a. ocean/sea 21c. Acceptable answers could include: -They can form in the ocean or seas and are formed through volcanic, fault-block or folded mountain activity just like on dry land. 22a. a. Mariana Trench 22b. Marianas Trench 22c. Acceptable answers could include: -the deepest spot in the ocean -in the Pacific -over 35,000 feet deep -caused by plate tectonics -different life-forms due to pressure and lack of light 23a. a. Sedimentary 23b. sedimentary 23c. Acceptable answers could include: -limestone is a sedimentary rock -sedimentary rocks are formed from layers of sediment -these layers often are built up at the bottom of streams, lakes and oceans Fourth Grade, Geology: The Earth and Its Changes Colorado Core Knowledge Assessments 17

24a. a. sedimentary 24b. Acceptable answers could include: -Types: limestone, shale, sandstone, chalk, dolomite, coal -How they are formed: -made underwater from the shells of animals -made from layers of sand, rock and other sediments -formed when layers of mud and clay are pressed together -formed through the deposition and solidification of sediments -formed when layers of materials from sedimentation are pressed together and harden 24c. Acceptable answers could include: -made underwater from the shells of animals -made from layers of sand, rock and other sediments -formed when layers of mud and clay are pressed together -formed through the deposition and solidification of sediments -formed when layers of materials from sedimentation are pressed together and harden 25a. a. igneous 25b. a. The cooling of molten material forms igneous rocks. 25c. Acceptable answers could include: -igneous rocks are formed by the cooling of lava or magma -igneous rocks can form above or below the surface of the earth -igneous rocks are made from very hot liquid matter that has cooled and hardened 26a. b. igneous 26b. b. marble 26c. Acceptable answers could include: -similar -both can be formed inside the earth -both could have been magma at one point in time -different -igneous are cooled lava, metamorphic formed from pressure -metamorphic rocks usually more harder 27a. b. metamorphic 27b. c. heat; pressure 27c. Metamorphic rocks are formed from heat and pressure. 28a. b. metamorphic 28b. Acceptable answers could include: -slate -schist -migmatite -marble -eclogite Fourth Grade, Geology: The Earth and Its Changes Colorado Core Knowledge Assessments 18

28c. Acceptable answers could include: -limestone changes to marble -shale changes to slate -sandstone changes to quartzite 29a. a. weathering 29b. a. Weathering 29c. Acceptable answers could include: -wind -ice -rain -temperature -plant seeding 30a. a. Erosion occurs when soil and rocks are worn down and moved around by water or wind. 30b. b. fire 30c. Acceptable answers could include: -wind: rocks changed by air movement. -rivers: rocks changed as moved down stream. -glaciers: cutting rocks by movement of large pieces of ice. -snow: avalanches or other snow movement. -storms: drastic weather changes that move rock. -ocean waves: crashing waves which erode rocks at shore line. 31a. b. chemical weathering 31b. b. chemical weathering 31c. Acceptable answers could include: -rain water mixes with Carbon Dioxide to form acid rain -this acid rain changes the minerals in rocks -the rocks then wear away or break apart -the acid changes the minerals of the rock causing weathering -this change is an example of chemical weathering 32a. a. physical weathering 32b. physical weathering 32c. Acceptable answers could include explanations of any of the following: -water freezing in cracks of rocks -plants growing in rocks and the roots breaking rock apart 33a. b. topsoil 33b. topsoil 33c. Acceptable answers could include: - Topsoil contains more plant and animal matter - Plant and animals rot and become good growing material - Over time, this mulch contains a great amount of nutrients when it is broken down Fourth Grade, Geology: The Earth and Its Changes Colorado Core Knowledge Assessments 19

34a. subsoil 34b. topsoil, subsoil, bedrock 34c. Acceptable answers could include: - Nutrients are formed from animal and plant matter on the surface of the Earth - Most of those nutrients stay in the topsoil - Some will seep deep enough in the soil to reach the subsoil 35a. b. bedrock 35b. bedrock 35c. b. bedrock Acceptable answers could include: -Bedrock does not include humus or decaying matter from plants and animals and thus it is not full of many nutrients. -Bedrock is mostly solid rock and is far enough underground that it does not weather into soil. Fourth Grade, Geology: The Earth and Its Changes Colorado Core Knowledge Assessments 20