The Olympic Are n a s
C o n s t r u c t i o n To administrate the construction of the XVII Olympic Winter Games, Lillehammer Municipality established a separate company, Lillehammer Olympiske Anlegg (LOA). The municipality was the only shareholder in this company. External consultants/architects were hired for planning, and subcontractors performed the construction work. The company s administration was based on four areas: arenas, halls, residences and finances/staff functions. Later, LOA was taken over by Lillehammer OL 94 AS. In the autumn 1991, the company merged with LOOC and became a separate department. The department was given new areas of responsibility, while the finance and staff functions were taken over by the corresponding departments in LOOC. The Construction Department was divided into the following areas, each with a project director. Outdoor arenas Lillehammer Olympic Alpine Centre, Hafjell Lillehammer Olympic Alpine Centre, Kvitfjell Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track, Hunderfossen Kanthaugen Freestyle Arena Lysgårdsbakkene Ski Jumping Arena Birkebeineren Ski Stadium As well as property acquisition. Halls Håkon Hall Hamar Olympic Hall Hamar Olympic Amphitheatre Gjøvik Olympic Cavern Hall Residences Athlete accommodation Media accommodation IOC Hotel
The following companies were established: f Hamar Olympiske Anlegg AS: Hamar Olympic Hall Hamar Olympic Amphitheatre f Gjøvik Olympiske Anlegg AS: Gjøvik Olympic Cavern Hall f Olympiaparken AS: Birkebeineren Ski Stadium Lysgårdsbakkene Ski Jumping Arena Kanthaugen Freestyle Arena f Håkons Hall AS: Håkon Hall f Hunderfossen Bob- og Akebane AS: Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track f Kvitfjell Alpinanlegg AS: Lillehammer Olympic Alpine Centre, Kvitfjell f Sameiet Hafjell Riksanlegg: Lillehammer Olympic Alpine Centre, Hafjell All of these companies entered into contracts with LOOC Construction (previously LOA) concerning the managerial responsibility for planning and constructing the arenas. Based on the various premises that were specified by LOOC and approved in January 1990, the planning, estimating and budgeting work began. In some areas, however, significant additional premises were added. This applied to the following areas: f Architecture f Environment f AOM (Administration, Operations, Maintenance) A r c h i t e c t u r e A separate consultancy group was established for developing and following up on the premises laid down for surroundings and architecture. The group consisted of an architect, an industrial designer, a landscape architect and a specialist in environmental protection. These persons developed a set of general premises, as well as a set of specific premises for each Olympic arena. In the general premises, emphasis was put on the following: f Norwegian distinctiveness f Environmental protection f Unified design f Aesthetic quality In the specific premises for each arena, the general premises were concretised based on the site s geography, topography, surroundings, need for functionality and type of sport. A number of specific arenas or buildings were also pointed out as structures that one wanted to signal out as attentiongetters. The premises could be found in the following document: Olympics 94 Visual profile: Surroundings and architecture. The above-mentioned document was the starting point for all architects who were hired for planning the arenas. As the planning progressed, quality control was conducted by a separate LOOC committee.
E n v i r o n m e n t In the autumn 1990, a document describing the Environmental Goals for the Lillehammer Games 1994 was completed. This document contained requirements for an Environmental construction of arenas. Emphasis was to be put on the following: f Take into account the region s cultural values and the local economic base f Adapt the architecture to the region s own identity f Aim at achieving environmental solutions for excavated mass and for landscape architecture f Allow for energy economisation measures and recycling of materials f Emphasize national goals for the work environment, health and safety P r o j e c t The project directors and project managers were central in coordinating all activities at the various arenas, also for activities that for financial or contractual reasons were assigned to other departments. The last 6 months of 1993, there was a need to hire technical personnel who could run the operations at the arenas during the Games. The result was that the project managers for the various construction projects and site engineers took over these functions. The Equipment/installations Department functioned as a maintenance service for the temporary b u i l d i n g s. After the Lillehammer Games, the Construction Department was merged with the Material Administration and Acquisition Departments in order to better coordinate the demobilisation activities at the arenas and organise the sale of equipment and material. A d m i n i s t r a t i o n, o p e r a t i o n s a n d m a i n t e n a n c e ( A O M ) Separate premises were developed for AOM and AOMdocumentation and were compiled in a separate document. In terms of requirements for functionality, energy economization and choice of materials, this document did not specify any demands beyond that which was already specified in other premise documents. The scope of the requirements for documentation were significantly larger than what had been previously the case for such large construction projects. The Press Main Accreditation Centre (MPC) (including access roads and parking facilities) Equipment/installations Temporary buildings Inventory and equipment Electrical installations Signs and festival elements
L y s g å r d s b a k k e n e S k i J u m p i n g A r e n a The ski jumps were placed in a cultivated and forested area one kilometre east of downtown Lillehammer. The site could be seen from the city, as well as from many miles around. P la n n i n g a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n On 1 August 1990, the Government passed a resolution providing a financial grant for the project and approving the site. The facility was wholly financed by a NOK 94 million governmental grant. The construction of the facility began in the spring 1990, and was completed in December 1992. Temporary buildings and ceremony installations were completed in December 1993. The architects for the facility were ØKAW Architects AS. The main contractor for the concrete work was Martin M. Bakken AS. After the Olympic Games, Lillehammer Development AS took over operations at the arena. The Lysgårdsbakkene arena consists of two Olympic ski jumps (K90 and K120). The intention was to build two ski jumps that would compliment each other. During the planning and construction phase, strict environmental requirements were set, and great emphasis was put on designing a stadium that would screen the ski jumpers from wind exposure. T e c h n i c a l d a t a The spectator capacity at Lysgårdsbakkene is 35 000 (7 500 seats and room for 27 500 in the stands). The stands were nearly symmetrically placed in the hill so as to produce optimal lift and wind conditions for the athletes. The design of the stands had to take into consideration that the facility would also be used for the Opening and Closing Ceremonies. The stands were placed far up alongside the outrun so that spectators could come as close to the hill as possible. The areas with seats were made of pre-fabricated concrete elements on which metal bars were fastened.
The K120 hill had a K-point of 120 metres. The degree of slope on the outrun was 37.5 o and 11.5 o for the jump. The figures for the K90 hill were 36 o and 11 o respectively (K-point at 90 m). The height difference from the lower point of the bottom of the hill and the start house platform on the K120 hill was 137 metres; the height difference for the K90 hill is 112. The length of the approach (from the platform at the start house to the edge of the jump) for the K120 hill is 96.6 metres horizontally; 83 metres for the K90 hill. The maximum width of the outrun on the K120 hill is 24.6 metres; 19.6 metres for the K90 hill. The track on the approach is made of glue-laminate wood resting on a layer of steel. Built into the glue-laminate wooden track was a system for attaching a track-making machine. A high-pressure snow production facility was installed at the facility, with outtakes all along the outrun and on the approach. On the north side of the K120 hill, a chair lift was built going from the bottom of the hill and up to a clearing above the start house. B u i l d i n g s About 1 000m 2 of permanent buildings were constructed: f Start house/ski jumping tower f Judges tower; also containing a room for the Event Management, the secretariat, a jury room, a computer room, a results service, a speaker/scoreboard room, a canteen and a VIP lounge. f Media building, including a technical room for radio and TV transmissions, telecommunications, a telephone central, a main scoreboard room and a radio and television support room. f An underground technical room below the stands containing a compressor and other equipment. f First aid station and restroom facilities. All these buildings were constructed in concrete, with facades harmonizing with the colour choice at the facility. Temporary buildings were also constructed for: f Commentator boxes (behind the stands near the K90 outrun); 70 in all. f Media centre for writing press; a restaurant. f Offices for computers, telecommunications, ORTO, the Arena Management and technical personnel. Food serving facilities for the spectators were located in a large tent outside the arena, close to the entry gates.
E n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s There were strict environmental requirements on the design of the facility. Placing the facility deep into the terrain was important both in order for it to harmonize with the surrounding landscape, but also to screen the ski jumpers from wind. Emphasis was put on leaving as much as possible of the natural vegetation in the area intact. P o s t -O l y m p i c u s e An athletic high school has been established at the facility, and the media building will be used as classrooms. For the K90 hill, Lillehammer Development AS has financed the building of porcelain tracks and the laying of plastic on the outrun, so that ski jumpers can use the facility during the summer. A World Cup in Ski jumping/nordic combined was held in March 1993, and a European Championship in the same disciplines in December 1993. A major janissary music festival was held during the summer 1993 at the facility. A concert held during the festival attracted more than 25 000 spectators. The facility will be open for visitors during most of the year, and the lift will be in operation for tourists during the summer season. There is a souvenir shop at the start house and a restaurant just behind the start house ( Kanten ).
K a n t h a u g e n F r e e s t y l e A r e n a The Kanthaugen Freestyle Arena is located about one kilometre east of downtown Lillehammer. The arena is adjacent to the Olympic ski jumping hills. The background for this placement was the intention of organising a Compact Games, with as many arenas as possible in the Olympic Park. Locating the arena close to downtown Lillehammer was also important. The area that was chosen is a popular outdoors and recreational area for the city s inhabitants, and is in a part-forested, part-cultivated area. Previously there had been a skiing piste and cross-country and hiking trails in the area. C o n s t r uc t i o n a n d p l a n n i ng Kanthaugen Freestyle Arena is owned by Lillehammer Utvikling through Olympiaparken AS. The architect was ØKAW Arkitekter AS, and the landscape work was done by the company Tore Løkke AS. The total budget for the freestyle facility was NOK 20.3 million, of which NOK 17 million came from LOOC and NOK 3.3 million from Lillehammer Municipality. In August 1991, Lillehammer Municipality passed an area development plan for the freestyle facility specifying that it would provide facilities for Aerials, Ballet and Moguls. In November 1991, LOOC decided to take over responsibility for constructing the moguls hill, but completion of the hills for aerials and ballet were still the responsibility of Lillehammer Municipality. In October 1992, LOOC decided to include Freestyle aerials in the official programme. The facility was completed with the permanent installations in the autumn 1992. The complete Olympic arena with temporary buildings was completed in December 1993. T e c h n i c a l d a t a The three hills for Aerials, Ballet and Moguls were built close together with a common outrun. A separate judge tower was built for the aerials hill.
Kanthaugen has a spectator capacity of approx. 15 000. The spectator capacity was 12 000 during the Moguls event. The freestyle arena is equipped with snow-production equipment that covers all three hills. A T-bar ski lift has also been installed and serves all three hills. In addition to the permanent buildings at the freestyle facility, a number of technical rooms at the Lysgårdsbakkene Ski Jumping Arena were used for telecommunications and radio and television transmissions. E n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n s i d e r a t i o ns During the planning of the facility, emphasis was put on preserving as much as possible of the forest in the area and minimizing the impact to the surrounding terrain when transporting excavated material. P o s t - O l y m p ic u s e Kanthaugen Freestyle Arena has been designated as a national facility for training and competition purposes.
H å k o n H a l l Håkon Hall is Norway s largest sports hall with a seating capacity of 9 500 persons, and room for about 1 000 persons in the stands. The hall is owned by Lillehammer Utvikling through the subsidiary Håkon Hall AS. The site for the arena was decided by LOOC on 1 December 1989. In April 1990, the decision was approved by the Norwegian parliament, which granted NOK 189 million for construction. With an additional financial contribution of NOK 3 million from the Paralympics organisation, the total construction budget was NOK 192 million. During the winter of 1990/1991, the hall was given a facelift which together with some structural changes and the installation of various energy economisation measures increased construction costs to NOK 230 million. The final economic contribution was therefore as follows: NOK 12.2 million from the post-olympic fund, NOK 3 million from Paralympics and the rest from the government. T e c h n i c a l d a t a The arena is located close to downtown Lillehammer in the Olympic Park. The roof of the hall consists of four separated shell elements, and the entire facility is built deep into the ground. This means that despite its 40-metre-high ceiling and 15 000 m 2 roof surface area, the hall does not appear from the outside as a monumental construction. The main contractor for the work was AS Veidekke, who completed construction on 1 February 1993. The final costs were NOK 238 million (including work to the facade). The roof construction consists of double trussed beams in glue-laminate wood; the longest beam is 85.4 metres. The hall has excellent acoustics. Extensive use of transparent polycarbonate sheets and wood in the ceiling and roof provides plenty of light in the hall. The hall has a total length of 127 metres and a surface area of 23 000 m 2. The amphi-shaped stands are telescopic. During the design phase, one goal was to give the building a classic design, with great care given to the use of colours.
E n v ir o n m e n t a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s During the planning and construction phases, emphasis was placed on environmental, security and energy-conservation measures. The facility is equipped with a heat-pump system that recycles heat from shower water, and special double-layer glass has been used for all the windows. In addition, the heating and cooling systems are coordinated with the neighbouring Kristin Hall, so that the halls can function as energy reserves for each other. High tension cables have been placed underground, and extensive security measures have been installed for the refrigeration system (ammonia). The hall features one of Europe s most advanced, manmade mountain climbing walls. With a height of 20 metres and a width of nine metres, it has become a popular attraction. The hall is adapted for use by the physically handicapped. Håkon Hall was built in cooperation with The Norwegian Handicap Association and Paralympics, which with their advisory and financial support, have made the hall into one of the best adapted halls in Europe for the physically handicapped. The hall has been given energy economisation funds from the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Administration (NVE) and the Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research at the University of Trondheim (SINTEF). A research project lasting several years is being conducted at the hall. Håkon Hall was built as the main arena for Ice hockey during the Olympic Winter Games; however, a precondition for building the hall was that it could be used as a multipurpose hall after the Games. The flexible construction programme gave room for changes along the way, so that the hall is now one of the best multi-purpose halls in Norway. The hall has facilities for the following: squash, bowling, rifling, health studio, training and conference centre.
B i r k e b e i n e r e n S k i S t a d i u m The placement of the arena was decided in January 1990. The arena is situated approx. 3 kilometres northeast of downtown Lillehammer, and is 485 metres above sea level. The Birkebeineren Ski Stadium has two stadium areas, and can be used for both Cross country and Biathlon. The facility is owned by Olympia Park AS, which is a subsidiary of Lillehammer Olympia Vekst AS (LOV). The network of cross-country tracks crosses several different properties, which have been rented for a period of 40 years. The rental period for the biathlon tracks expired 1 October 1994. A special study programme for the project was conducted prior to construction. Those participating in the study group were assigned by LOOC: one project manager, a representative of the construction company LOA, a representative of Lillehammer Municipality and one representative each from the Norwegian Ski Association and the Norwegian Biathlon Association, as well as various advisors and consultants. In accordance with the report from the study group and feedback from various technical departments, the project was designed to produce a top notch Olympic facility. During the planning phase, adjustments and adaptations were made to adapt the facility to post-olympic purposes and Paralympics. The arena is financed with Olympic funds and funds from the national pools. Adjustments to the original plans were financed by the Paralympics organisation and LOV. The overall budget for the construction of the arena was NOK83.6 million. C o n s t r u c t i o n a n d p l a n n i n g LOOC s Construction Department managed the building of the arena. The main consultant during the preliminary project phase was 2Ø Architects. The company Tonning & Lieng was the main consultant during the detail project phase. A number of contractors and subcontractors were used during the building phase. This was due partly to the long construction period, as well as the fact that construction began before the planning
was finished. Construction work began early in 1991 and lasted until the autumn of 1993. The entire arena and network of cross-country tracks was completed in the autumn of 1993. All landscaping was completed in 1994. T e c h n i c a l d a t a The total surface area of the facility was 200 000 m 2. Of the permanent buildings, there are four which are owned by Olympia Parken AS, while one building will be taken over by Lillehammer Riding Club. The last-mentioned building has a surface area of 1610 m 2. The other buildings include: a finishing house for Biathlon (214 m 2 ), a technical house (355 m 2 ) and a finishing house for Cross country (155 m 2 ). There were also temporary buildings with a total surface area of about 3000 m 2, as well as a 3200 m 2 tent. Of the temporary buildings, about 700 m 2 will not be removed after the Winter Olympics. The materials of choice have been concrete and wood. The maximum spectator capacity for cross-country events is 31 000, and 13 500 for biathlon events. The length of the cross-country stadium is 200 metres, and 150 metres for the Biathlon stadium. All measurements fulfil FIS regulations. The arena was placed in a swampy area, and during construction much of the earth had to be replaced with harder soil. Most of the swampy soil was removed and was made into fertiliser and used in other parts of the arena. 220 metres of pipe were installed to redirect water from a small stream. The arena was so flat that a separate drainage system was installed to drain away surface water. A significant amount of cable was installed at the arena, and most of this was put underground. A 1250 kva transformer was installed permanently at the arena. Another transformer of the same size was placed at the arena during the Olympics. The entire electric facility provided 400 W a first in Norway. UPS was selected for the most important equipment (computers, time-keeping systems, etc). An emergency generator which could supply the permanent transformer with electricity if needed was also installed. 27 kilometres of tracks were built for Cross country and 9 kilometres for Biathlon. The width of the tracks ranged from five to ten meters, and bridges were built to avoid having any intersections (roads, tracks, etc.). During the Lillehammer Games, four additional temporary overpasses were built over the tracks.
Post- En vir o nmental cons iderat ions O lym p ic use During the construction of the arenas, we had During the winter, strict quality control of security, ecology and this arena can host a financial aspects. number of ski events, We emphasized preserving as many trees and and some have natural vegetation as possible; the network of suggested paving the tracks was carefully laid so as to minimize tracks so that they can damage to the surrounding forest. Despite this, all demands be used during the summer. There will also be a camping for television angles and challenging tracks was met. The area at the arena during the summer. arena will quite possibly be designated as the Norwegian national arena for Biathlon. Much of the arena will also be used as a riding centre.