Financing Education for All in Sub Saharan Africa: Progress and Prospects Albert Motivans Education for All Working Group Paris, 3 February 211 1
Improving the coverage and quality of education finance data Capacity development with national planners in sub Saharan Africa Producing finance indicators project in 1 countries in sub Saharan Africa Supported by bilateral donor contributions and EPDF funding Sustainable reporting by countries UIS field staff support Intensive data reviews and use of sector reviews (CSRs) to fill gaps Creation of matrix to translate CSR data to meet UIS finance reporting standards 28 or so 2 or so Percentage of countries in SSA reporting finance indicators Public education expenditure as a % of GDP Public education expenditure as a % of total govt expenditure Public primary education expenditure per student Share of salary expenditure in the recurrent expenditure Public education expenditure as a % of GDP Public education expenditure as a % of total govt expenditure Public education expenditure per primary student Base line 25 21 56% 73% 24% 73% 47% 69% 13% 51% 56% 84% 24% 62% 47% 56% Share of salary expenditure in recurrent expenditure 13% 2% 2
New UIS report on financing education in Africa Authored by UIS, IIEP and Pole de Dakar (UNESCO BREDA) To be released in April 211 Addresses three main issues: How much is spent on education? For what? Who pays for education? in the context of economic change and rapid expansion of education in the last decade in sub Saharan Africa 3
More children entering primary education Trend of gross intake ratio to primary education, 1999 22 and 29 25 2 15 1 5 1999 29 Malawi Uganda Equatorial Cape Verde Eritrea Namibia South Africa Seychelles Botswana Lesotho Comoros Mauritius Côte d'ivoire Gambia Togo Swaziland Ghana Sao Tome United Zambia Senegal Mali Burkina Guinea Chad Liberia Niger Rwanda Cameroon Mozambique Benin Democratic Ethiopia Congo Madagascar Sierra Gross intake ratio to primary education (%) Decreased between 1999-29 Increased between 1999-29 Note: The earlier year ranges from 1999 to 22, and most recent year ranges from 26 to 29. Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics 4
More children progressing through primary education Gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, 1999 22 and 29 12 1 8 1999 6 29 4 2 5 Cape Verde Mauritius Seychelles Namibia Malawi Equatorial Gambia South Africa Botswana Côte d'ivoire Togo Lesotho Swaziland Chad Eritrea Senegal Ghana Burkina Niger Democratic Zambia Cameroon Guinea Comoros Ethiopia Sao Tome Mozambique Madagascar United Decreased between 1999-29 Increased between 1999-29 Note: The earlier year ranges from 1999 to 22, and the latest year ranges from 26 to 29. Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics Gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education (%)
Increased levels of national income Real GDP growth rate and per capita growth in sub Saharan Africa, 198 29 8 Real GDP growth rate 6 Real GDP growth rate Real GDP per capita growth rate 4 2-2 -4-6 6 GDP per capita growth rate (%) 198 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 199 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Source: World Bank
Changes in education expenditure as a % of GDP Total public expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP, 1999-2 and 29 % 14 12 1 1999-2 Most recent year 8 6 4 2 7 Zimbabwe Malawi Guinea Cent. Afr. Eritrea Liberia Sierra Niger Togo Mozambique Ethiopia Gambia Ghana Zambia Guinea Madagascar Uganda Chad Benin Cameroon Rwanda Mali Burkina Côte d'ivoire Senegal Tanzania Kenya Comoros Lesotho Equat. Gabon Angola Mauritius Cape Verde Seychelles South Africa Namibia Swaziland Botswana < PPP$ 1, PPP$ 1,-3, > PPP$ 3, GDP per capita Note: The earliest year ranges from 1999 to 22, and the latest year ranges from 26 to 29. Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics
Mixed picture in government commitments to education Public expenditure on education as a % of total government expenditure, 1999 2 and 29 3 25 2 15 1 5 1999 29 Note: The earliest year ranges from 1999 to 22, and the latest year ranges from 26 to 29. Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics 8 Total public expenditure on education as a % of total government expenditure Mauritius Central African Chad Madagascar Benin South Africa Kenya Togo Rwanda Lesotho Cameroon Guinea Niger Mozambique Mali Namibia Ethiopia Côte d'ivoire Decreased between 1999-29 Increased between 1999-29
Real education expenditure since 1999 Annual growth rate of real public education expenditure between 1999 2 and 29 Annual growth rate of real public education expenditure(%) 14 12 1 8 6 4 2-2 -1.7 Cent. Afr. Rep. Average.6.9 1.4 1.6 Seychelles Zambia Namibia Côte d'ivoire 1.9 Lesotho 2.4 2.9 2.9 Mauritius Togo South Africa 3.4 Guinea 4.3 Madagascar 6.4 6.7 6.7 7.5 Benin Rwanda Kenya Niger 7.8 Swaziland 8.1 8.3 Chad Sierra Leone 9.5 9.6 Mali Uganda 12.2 12.4 1.5 1.7 1.8 11.2 Senegal Angola Ethiopia Cameroon Mozambique Note: The earliest year refers to years between 1999 and 2. The annual growth rate of real public education expenditure is calculated based on constant price in local currency unit. Average is a simple average of 26 countries for which data are available. Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics 9
Patterns of primary enrolment and expenditure per student Change in real expenditure per pupil between 1999 and 29 or most recent year (%) Number of students and expenditure per student in primary education between 1999 and 29 2 Increased expenditure per student and decreased enrolment 15 1 Comoros Swaziland Senegal 5 Togo Mauritius South Africa Kenya Rwanda Mali Niger Cape Verde Madagascar Namibia Benin -1-5 5 1 15 2 25 Lesotho -5 Decreased expenditure per student and decreased enrolment -1 1999 -PPP$257 27 - PPP$683 Change of number of pupils in primary education between 1999 and 29 or most recent year (%) Increased expenditure per student and increased enrolment 1999-PPP$43 29- PPP$83 Decreased expenditure per student and increased enrolment Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics 1
Country examples: and Swaziland Public expenditure on primary and secondary education and gross enrolment ratio, 1999 29 Gross enrollment ratio % % 16 6 53.3 51.6 51.8 14 5.7 47.7 5 42.9 12 4.1 37.8 37.5 4 1 38. 33.1 3.4 29.5 35. 8 31.9 32. 3 24.4 24.9 6 4 2 2 1 Distribution of public expenditure on education Gross enrollment ratio % % Swaziland 12 45 41.1 39.9 42.5 37.7 37.7 4 1 35.4 33.2 34.9 33.6 32.1 35 34.3 33.3 33.5 8 31.1 31.7 3 27.8 28. 26.9 25 6 2 4 2 15 1 5 Distribution of public expenditure on education 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Primary education GER (left) Secondary education GER (left) Proportion of primary education expenditure (right) Proportion of seconday education expenditure (right) Primary education GER (left) Secondary education GER (left) Proportion of primary education expenditure (right) Proportion of seconday education expenditure (right) Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics 11
High dependence on ODA in some countries Official Development Assistance (ODA) for education as a ratio to public expenditure on education, 28 % 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 3 9 24 26 35 35 42 72 3 4 9 9 16 23 27 29 3 34 36 49 5 51 51 1 1 2 2 4 5 35 12 ODA for education as a ratio of total public expenditure on education Congo, Togo Cent. Afr. Niger Eritrea Ethiopia Liberia Côte d'ivoire Kenya Lesotho Tanzania Cameroon Senegal Uganda Madagascar Benin Burkina Comoros Guinea Rwanda Mali Zambia South Africa Seychelles Swaziland Botswana Namibia Mauritius Cape Verde < PPP$ 1, PPP$ 1,-3, > PPP$ 3, GDP per capita Source: UIS estimates based on OECD DAC
but wide range in ODA per capita PPP$ 7 6 Per capita Official Development Assistance (ODA) for education, 28 72 159 167 6 57 54 5 4 3 2 1 5 5 33 34 2 21 22 16 17 11 13 14 2 5 6 41 44 44 47 35 27 29 3 19 19 2 23 14 16 12 5 7 39 34 3 21 12 5 6 7 7 12 14 2 8 < PPP$ 1, PPP$ 1,-3, > PPP$ 3, Weighted average by region GDP per capita Note: Based on total ODA for education divided by the 5 24 year old population. Weighted regional averages are calculated based on data for 132 ODA recipient countries. Source: UIS estimates based on OECD DAC 13
For more information To find finance data, visit the UIS Data Centre: www.uis.unesco.org For the report, contact: Shinsaku Nomura s.nomura@uis.unesco.org Michael Bruneforth m.bruneforth@uis.unesco.org 14