MINISTRSTVO ZA ŠOLSTVO IN ŠPORT REPUBLIKA SLOVENIJA Plural in English singular + -s singular a car a cassette a lamp a hat a cup plural two cars two cassettes two lamps two hats two cups Add -es after sibilants: singular plural a box two boxes a sandwich two sandwiches a suitcase two suitcases a rose two roses a garage two garages Substitute y after consonant (soglasnik) with -ies: singular a city a lady plural two cities two ladies Add -s after vowel (samoglasnik) + y: singular plural a boy two boys a day two days There are two forms of the plural of the word penny: pennies It refers to the coins. pence It refers to the price (How much is something). Nouns ending in -f or -fe: add -s substitute with -ves singular plural singular plural a roof two roofs a thief two thieves a cliff two cliffs a wife two wives a sheriff two sheriffs a shelf two shelves EXCEPTIONS: a scarf two scarfs a scarf two scarves a hoof two hoofs a hoof two hooves Nouns ending in -o form the plural by adding -s or -es. add -s add -es singular plural singular plural a disco two discos a tomato two tomatoes a piano two pianos a potato two potatoes a photo two photos a hero two heroes Program delno sofinancira MŠŠ in Evropska unija iz Evropskega socialnega sklada. Projekt Odpiranje sistemov izobraževanja in usposabljanja v širše okolje-partnerstva;»sistem usposabljanja in izobraževanja za kvaliteto bivanja in dela«se izvaja v okviru Operativnega programa razvoja človeških virov, razvojne prioritete: Razvoj človeških virov in vseživljenjskega učenja; Prednostne usmeritve: Izboljšanje kakovosti in učinkovitosti sistemov izobraževanja in usposabljanja. ŠOLSKI CENTER SLOVENSKE KONJICE ZREČE, Tattenbachova ulica 2a, 3210 Slovenske Konjice Telefon: 03 757 18 00, Fax: 03 757 18 18, DŠ: SI93550049, MŠ: 5052343 Spletna stran: www.sc-konjice-zrece.si, e-naslov: info-konjice-zrece@guest.arnes.si
Some nouns can have two plural forms: buffalo - buffalos/buffaloes mosquito - mosquitos/mosquitoes tornado - tornados/tornadoes Irregular plural forms: singular a man a woman a child a person a mouse a louse a tooth a goose a foot an ox plural two men two women two children two people two mice two lice two teeth two geese two feet two oxen Put in the correct form of the plural. Example: one school two schools singular a father-in-law a sister-in-law a bison a deer a moose a sheep a swine a species a mailman a passer-by plural two fathers-in-law two sisters-in-law two bison two deer two moose two sheep two swine two species two mailmen two passers-by 1) desk - 2) pencil - 3) bike - 4) cat - 5) invitation - 6) watch - 7) game - 8) cage - 9) cake - 10) box - 1) life - 2) family - 3) boy - 4) house - 5) city - 6) man - 7) child - 8) sandwich - 9) nurse - 10) shelf - 1) half - 2) kilo - 3) woman - 4) mouth - 5) foot - 6) sheep - 7) penny - 8) bus - 9) day - 10) fish - 1) ox - 2) roof - 3) potato - 4) party - 5) deer - 6) chief - 7) photo - 8) series - 9) wife - 10) brother-in-law - 1) tomato - 2) tooth - 3) aircraft - 4) logo - 5) mouse - 6) crisis - 7) passer-by - 8) radius - 9) grown-up - 10) crossroads - 1) computer - 2) highway - 1
3) shop - 4) snowman - 5) horizon - 6) house - 7) Eskimo - 8) bay - 9) pepper - 10) home - PLURAL NOUNS Pair nouns: noun jeans glasses scissors sentence Where are my jeans? She has lost her glasses. These scissors don't cut well. Other nouns: binoculars, headphones, pyjamas, scales, shorts, tights, trousers Nouns that are not used in the singular. noun cattle clothes stairs wages people police sentence Male cattle are called bulls. He bought some new clothes yesterday. The children ran down the stairs. The wages are paid on the last day of the month. Three people were killed in the car crash last Friday evening. Look! The police are coming. The following nationalities are used in the plural: the Dutch, the French, the British, the Spanish, the English, the Welsh. The singular of the English would be: an Englishman SINGULAR NOUNS Collections noun sentence furniture She bought new furniture last week. fruit Would you like some fruit? hair Your hair looks lovely. Some nouns, ending in s. noun news physics progress The United States sentence Good evening. Here is the news. Physics is our first lesson on Monday morning. Progress was made in developing new technologies. The United States is a country with 50 federal states. 2
Special nouns noun sentence homework My Maths homework was not easy. informatio n For further information on the hotel, phone us at... knowledge His knowledge of English is excellent. FOREIGN PLURAL singular analysis appendix axis basis cactus criterion datum plural analyses appendixes/appendices axes bases cactuses/cacti criteria data singular plural index indexes/indices medium mediums/media oasis oases octopus octopuses/octopi phenomenon phenomena syllabus syllabuses/syllabi thesis theses Make plurals! (Tvori množino!) 1. fry - 2. book- 3. arch - 4. fire - 5. fly - 6. clock - 7. dish - 8. burger - 9. miss - 10. catch - 1. foot - 2. wolf - 3. person - 4. analysis - 5. yourself - 6. goose - 7. echo - 8. fish - 9. octopus - 10. thief - Circle the right noun (singular or plural)! 1) The cat is sitting on my bed / beds. 2) There are five pencil/pencils on desk. 3) I have two sister / sisters. 4) They are riding their bike / bikes. 5) We have a dog / dogs. 6) How many book/books do you have? 7) My mother has a new computer / computers. 8) There are three windows in the room / rooms. 9) Susan has four poster / posters. 10) There is one pen / pens on the floor. Is or Are? carrots are cat baggage is luggage cacti physics phenomenon information news darts the Swedish clothes furniture headphones advice 3
Countable or uncountable nouns Countable nouns can be "counted", they have a singular and plural form. For example: A book, two books, three books... An apple, two apples, three apples... Uncountable nouns cannot be counted. This means they have only a singular form. It also means that they do not take a/an before them. For example: water, coffee, wine, rice. The measurement words a tube of toothpaste a bar of soap a loaf of bread four bottles of wine a jar of jam a bunch of grapes a pack of cheese a dozen of eggs a bag of potato chips a bar of chocolate two slices of meat a cube of ice a glass of juice a cup of coffee a piece of cake 4
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS: THINGS MADE UP OF SMALL PIECES grass dirt oatmeal rice flour sand pepper salt sugar hair corn popcorn COLLECTIVE NOUNS mail luggage cash money food clothing fruit furniture garbage jewellery machinery merchandise SUBJECTS history grammar engineering physics poetry law biology chemistry politics mathematics geography fine arts music economics advertising science LIQUOR & LIQUID cream wine gas juice blood coffee glue water beer soup tea oil ABSTRACT IDEAS advice crime ignorance news anger curiosity justice trouble courage help knowledge wealth peace equality strength fun happiness information enjoyment health NATURAL PHENOMENA chicken cotton glass gold beef wood metal bread fire plastic wool steel SOLIDS, MINERALS AND ELEMENTS rain snow wind fog thunder lightning cold heat Are these nouns countable (C) or uncountable (UC)? sugar soup music wood noodles problem chalk grass thing spoon voice fog electricity noise e-mail job meat luggage winter blood bag coin spoon war money camera ink dollar song flour 5
Fill in the following words: advice, chocolate, jam, lemonade, meat, milk, oil, rice, tea, tennis, sugar 1) a piece of 2) a packet of 3) a bar of 4) a glass of 5) a cup of 6) a bottle of 7) a slice of 8) a barrel of 9) a game of 10) a jar of 11) a cube of Complete the puzzle. 1. Bees collect it. H 2. We use it to make bread. F 3. This fruit keeps the doctor away. A 4. We drink tea in them. C _ 5. We drink it when we are thirsty. W 6. We use them to write. P _ 7. We use it to make sweets. S 8. We read them. B 9. Children play on it on the beach. S _ 10. It tells us the time. C Now classify the above nouns to countable and uncountable nouns. Countable Nouns Uncountable nouns Choose the correct tense (Present Simple or Past Simple). 1. I (have) breakfast at home on Sundays. 2. Did you (have) a shower last night? 3. you (have) dinner at home yesterday evening? 4. I (have/not) an appointment yesterday. 5. She (have/not) lunch with us last week. 6. he (have) homework at weekends? 6
Complete the gaps with the appropriate word. Choose from the following: bag, bottle, can, carton, glass, jar, joint, loaf, mug, packet, piece, sack, slice, spoonful, tube. bread chewing gum tea ice-cream tea lamb a of orange juice coffee jam beer a of toast potatoes tomato paste wine orange juice 7
Christmas Christmas is Britain's the most popular holiday. Its traditions and early ceremonies were rooted in pagan beliefs and date back hundreds of years. They are still part of contemporary Christmas celebrations. The Druids, for example, honoured the mistletoe in their religion and sacrificial rites. The red berry of the holly was believed to protect one against witchcraft. Ivy symbolised immortality. The Vikings introduced the Yule log which used to be burnt in honour of God Thor. The English adapted this practice for Christmas and today's (electric) Christmas candle is a holdover from baronial days. The custom of sending Christmas cards to friends and family originated in Britain, too. In 1843 John Calcott Horsley designed the first one for Sir Henry Cole. Thus began a real spread of sending Christmas cards and this practice soon became an established tradition. Favoured designs were Christmas feasts, church bells, plum and turkey as well as religious themes. Every year more than a billion Christmas cards are now sent in the United Kingdom. Many of them are sold in aid for charities. Since 1840 the decorated and illuminated Christmas tree has gained popularity in England. Prince Albert brought this rite over from Germany. In 1848 the Illustrated London News published a picture of the Royal Family around one. The English families followed the Royal example and it can truly be called a Victorian innovation. Each year a giant Christmas tree is set up and decorated near the statue of Lord Nelson in Trafalgar Square. It commemorates Anglo-Norwegian cooperation during World War II. On Christmas Eve carols are often sung by groups of singers walking from house to house, and children hang a stocking on the fireplace or at the foot of their bed for Father Christmas to fill. Carolling dates back to the Middle Ages when beggars were seeking for money, food or drink wandering the streets singing holiday songs. On Christmas Day gifts are opened in the morning. Later the family will gather for the traditional Christmas dinner consisting of Brussels sprouts, fried potatoes with roast turkey, roast beef or goose. Sweet mince pie or Christmas pudding is served for dessert. The pudding might contain coins or lucky charms for children. For afternoon tea Christmas cake is offered. It is rich baked fruit cake with marzipan and icing. A party favourite are Christmas crackers. There will be one to each plate on the Christmas dinner table. A Christmas cracker is a brightly coloured paper tube, twisted on both ends and filled with a party hat, a riddle and a toy. The annual broadcasting of the Queen's Christmas Message is on Christmas Day afternoon. In 1932 King George brought this custom into being. Boxing Day is on December 26th. This day takes its name from a former custom giving a Christmas box to delivery men and trades people called regularly through the year. Nowadays dustmen, milkmen, or postmen get a tip for a good service at Christmas time. 8
Fill in the correct words into the gaps. 1) Hello, my name is. In America I'm also called. 2) I come through the of the house. 3) My wait on the roof. 4) I have lots of for the children. 5) I put them under the. 6) The children in Britain like to hang up a big near the fireplace. 7) Sometimes they decorate the room with a. 8) In some rooms I also find a. 9) I like to come to houses where children have put a. 9
Past Continuous Form: Positive Negative Question I / he / she / it I was speaking. I was not speaking. I wasn t speaking. Was I speaking? you / we / they You were speaking. You were not speaking. Were you You weren t speaking. speaking? Use of Past Continuous puts emphasis on the course of an action in the past He was playing football. two actions happening at the same time (in the past) While she was preparing dinner, he was washing the dishes. Signal words: When While as long as action going on at a certain time in the past When I was having breakfast, the phone suddenly rang. Put the verbs into the correct form (past continuous). 1. When I phoned my friends, they (play) monopoly. 2. Yesterday at six I (prepare) dinner. 3. The kids (play) in the garden when it suddenly began to rain. 4. I (practise) the guitar when he came home. 5. We (not / cycle) all day. 6. While Aaron (work) in his room, his friends (swim) in the pool. 7. I tried to tell them the truth but they (listen / not). 8. What (you / do) yesterday? 9. Most of the time we (sit) in the park. Ask for the information in the bold part of the sentence. 1. At a quarter past six, Phil was translating the document. 2. Sheila was waiting in the park. 3. The pupils were talking about the United States. 4. The boss was dictating a letter. 10
5. Barbara was looking for her necklace. Put the verbs into the correct tense (Past simple or past continuous). 1. The receptionist (welcome) the guests and (ask) them to fill in the form. 2. The car (break) down and we (have) to walk home. 3. The boys (swim) while the girls (sunbathe). 4. My father (come) in, (look) around and (tell) me to tidy up my room. 5. As long as one group (prepare) dinner, the others (collect) wood for their campfire. 6. While the parents (have) breakfast, their children (run) about. 7. Martha (turn) off the lights and (go) to bed. Put the verbs into the correct tense (Past simple or past continuous). 1. When I (get) up yesterday, the sun (shine). 2. It (is) a beautiful morning. 3. So I (decide) to cycle around a little. 4. I (go) to the shed and (take) out my bike. 5. While I (cycle) past some villages, I (see) some people in their gardens. 6. One man (mow) the grass while his wife (pick) strawberries. 7. After one hour of cycling in sunshine, a big fat raincloud suddenly (appear) and it (start) to rain. 8. Luckily, a farmer (notice) me and (tell) me to come in. 9. While it (rain) outside, I (sit) in the farmer's house. 10. After a while, the sun (come) out again. 11. I (thank) the farmer for his hospitality and (move) on. 11