Articles parus en 2015

Veille d informations sur la cécidomyie du chou-fleur (Contarinia nasturtii) Ce document présente une liste d articles et de rapports de recherches réalisés au Québec ou en dehors du Québec. Dernière mise à jour : 22 octobre 2015. Table des matières Articles parus en 2015... 1 Articles parus avant 2014... 2 Articles parus en 2015 Des Marteaux, L. E., J. M. Schmidt, M. B. Habash and R. H. Hallett (2015). "Patterns of diapause frequency and emergence in swede midges of southern Ontario." Agricultural and Forest Entomology 17(1): 77-89. The swede midge is an invasive pest of crucifers in North America and exhibits temporal plasticity in diapause; diapause frequencies change throughout the growing season and spring emergence is typically bimodal. Factors controlling the timing of swede midge diapause events are not well understood. Pre-diapause larval swede midge populations were isolated within cages in the field and tracked for emergence over 3 years. Diapause frequency was inversely correlated with photoperiod and absolute maximum air temperature, however photoperiod did not influence emergence timing. Emergence from diapause occurred in two large peaks, in mid-june and early July, with a third, smaller peak in late August. Emergence phenotypes may correspond to different diapause durations from 236 to 296 days, or postdiapause development requiring between 516 and 1449 degree days. Approximately 2% of swede midges overwintered for 2 years. Early control efforts would be most effective if they targeted the diapausing cohort (i.e. adults emerging June to July) to prevent damage by subsequent generations. Although few individuals overwintered for 2 years, prolonged diapause should be considered when crop rotation is employed for swede midge management. Evans, B. G., K. S. Jordan, M. Brownbridge and R. H. Hallett (2015). "Effect of Temperature and Host Life Stage on Efficacy of Soil Entomopathogens Against the Swede Midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 108(2): 473-483. The Swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii Kieffer, is an economically significant pest of cruciferous crops in Canada and the northeastern United States. The effect of temperature on the virulence of three entomopathogenic nematode species, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema carpocapsae, and Steinernema feltiae, the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum, and a H. bacteriophora + M. brunneum combination treatment to C. nasturtii larvae, pupae, and cocoons was investigated. In the laboratory, all three nematode species successfully reproduced inside C. nasturtii larvae: H. bacteriophora produced the highest number of infective juveniles per larva, followed by S. carpocapsae and S. feltiae. H. bacteriophora and the H. bacteriophora + M. brunneum combination treatment generally caused the highest mortality levels to all C. nasturtii life stages at 20 degrees C and 25 degrees C, whereas S. feltiae caused the highest mortality to larvae and pupae at 16 degrees C. No nematode species caused significant mortality when applied in foliar treatments to the infested host plant meristem and, in spite of high mortality, an antagonistic interaction was observed in the H. bacteriophora + M. brunneum combination treatment when compared with expected mortality. In trials conducted in broccoli fields in Elora, Ontario, M. brunneum suppressed adult emergence of C. nasturtii from 1

infested soil in 2012 and all nematode treatments successfully suppressed adult emergence in 2013; however, no significant effects were observed in field trials conducted in Baden, Ontario. Articles parus avant 2014 Barry, J. F., F. Ferland, G. Bessette Thibault, R. Trépanier and P. Lafontaine (2013). "Essai des filets anti-insectes afin d'évaluer leur aspect pratique et économique concernant, entre autres, la lutte contre la cécidomyie du chou-fleur". Les Jardins Barry. 11- INNO3-08: 30 pages. Lien : http://www.agrireseau.qc.ca/agriculturebiologique/documents/c%c3%a9cidomyie%20filets11-inno3-08web.pdf Barry, J. F., P. Ferland, G. Bessette, R. Trépanier and P. Lafontaine (2013). "Essai des filets anti-insectes afin d'évaluer leur aspect pratique et économique concernant, entre autres, la lutte contre la cécidomyie du chou-fleur". Les jardins Barry. 12-INNO1-08: 30 pages. Lien : http://www.agrireseau.qc.ca/agriculturebiologique/documents/c%c3%a9cidomyie%20filets11-inno3-08web.pdf Hallett, R. H. (2013). "Limiting swede midge impact." Ontario Canola Growers Association Newsletter. Lien : http://www.ontariocanolagrowers.ca/linked/swede_midge_mgt_apr_2013.pdf Hallett, R. H. and M. K. Sears (2013). "Pheromone-Based Action Thresholds for Control of the Swede Midge, Contarinia nasturtii (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), and Residual Insecticide Efficacy in Cole Crops." Journal of Economic Entomology 106(1): 267-276. The swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii (Kieffer), is an invasive gall midge causing economic damage to cole crops (Brassica oleracea L.) and other crucifers in eastern Canada and United States. An effective decision-making tool for timing insecticide applications is a critical part of an integrated pest management program against C. nasturtii. Experiments were undertaken over 2 yr and at three locations in southern Ontario to develop pheromone-based action thresholds for C. nasturtii in cabbage and broccoli. An economic comparison between action threshold and calendar insecticide regimes was undertaken. The threshold approach was both economically viable and successful at minimizing swede midge damage for cabbage, and an action threshold of five males per trap per day with a minimum 7 d retreatment interval successfully reduced damage to acceptable levels. However, this approach was not successful with broccoli, which, unlike cabbage, is susceptible to damage by C. nasturtii through all plant stages, including heading. Acetamiprid and lambda-cyhalothrin both demonstrated approximate to 7 d residual activity against C. nasturtii. Registration labels for both insecticides specify a minimum 7 d retreatment interval, which is supported by residual efficacy results. More effective insecticidal products may have longer residual efficacy and improve efficacy of the action threshold approach for broccoli and cabbage. Abram, P. K., T. Haye, P. G. Mason, N. Cappuccino, G. Boivin and U. Kuhlmann (2012). "Biology of Synopeas myles, a parasitoid of the swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii, in Europe." Biocontrol 57(6): 789-800. Synopeas myles (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) is a parasitoid of the swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii (Kieffer) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), in Europe. We conducted the first thorough investigation of this parasitoid's biology. Contrary to the biology reported for all platygastrids to date, exposure of late-instar host larvae to parasitism as opposed to eggs or early larvae yielded more S. myles offspring. Superparasitism was relatively common in the field and among groups of females in the laboratory, but was much less common among single females, providing preliminary evidence for self-discrimination. Observation of immature stages of S. myles inside living hosts revealed that supernumerary larvae in superparasitized hosts were probably eliminated by physical combat soon after hatching. With increasing levels of superparasitism, sex ratios of offspring became more female-biased and their mean development time increased. The probability that offspring would emerge from a host and the size of offspring were unaffected by increasing levels of superparasitism. 2

Abram, P. K., T. Haye, P. G. Mason, N. Cappuccino, G. Boivin and U. Kuhlmann (2012). "Identity, distribution, and seasonal phenology of parasitoids of the swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii (Kieffer) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Europe." Biological Control 62(3). The swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii (Kieffer) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) is an invasive gall midge of Eurasian origin that has recently become a pest of crucifer (Brassica oleracea L.) crops and canola (Brassica napus L.) in North America. In order to identify possible candidates for the classical biological control of this pest, we conducted an extensive survey of Europe to determine what species of parasitoids attack the swede midge. In addition, weekly monitoring of an oilseed rape plot in north western Switzerland allowed the observation of the seasonal phenological relationships between the swede midge and its parasitoids. Synopeas myles (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) and Macroglenes chalybeus (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) were found to be the two primary parasitoid species present throughout the surveyed range and, in Switzerland, attacking every generation of the swede midge. In the survey and the monitoring of the oilseed rape plot, total percent parasitism of samples ranged from 0% to 41%, but was typically quite low (<15%). Both S. myles and M. chalybeus have been reported to attack several other species of gall midges in Europe, casting doubt on their host specificity. However, before classical biological control of the swede midge in North America using its parasitoids from Europe can be ruled out, more research is needed to measure their importance as a mortality factor for natural swede midge populations and to properly assess their host specificity. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Bouchard, A., J. Tremblay, S. Martinez, V. Myrand and P. Lafontaine (2012). "Évaluation de l efficacité de nouveaux insecticides et mise en place d'une stratégie d'intervention dans un programme de lutte contre la cécidomyie du chou-fleur". CIEL - Centre de valorisation des plantes. PSIH11-2-536: 3 pages. Lien : http://www.mapaq.gouv.qc.ca/sitecollectiondocuments/recherche_innovation/legumesdechamp/projetno536.pdf Des Marteaux, L. (2012). Regulation of Diapause Entry and Termination in the Swede Midge, Contarinia nasturtii (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Department of Environmental Biology. Guelph, Ontario, University of Guelph. Master: 126 pages. Lien : https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10214/3657/l%20des%20marteaux%20- %20Thesis.pdf?sequence=1 Des Marteaux, L. E., M. B. Habash, J. M. Schmidt and R. H. Hallett (2012). "A method for induction and quantification of diapause entry in the swede midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)." Canadian Entomologist 144(6): 834-842. Induction of diapause under laboratory conditions is a valuable tool for the study of dormancy in economic pests such as the swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii Kieffer (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). In the present study, diapause in larval swede midge was achieved via manipulation of rearing photoperiod and temperature. Frequency of diapause was assessed by sieve separation of diapause cocoons from pre-sifted peat substrate following emergence of pupating individuals. Mean diapause frequency for swede midge larvae reared under cool conditions with short day length or cool conditions with decreasing day lengths were 45.2% and 19.5%, respectively. Only 1.2% of swede midge reared under warm, long day length conditions entered diapause. A small percentage of larvae neither pupated nor entered diapause and remained in substrate long after other individuals had emerged as adults. This behaviour was more prevalent under cool and short or decreasing day length rearing conditions. Approximately 76% of the larvae used for diapause induction were recovered with the present larval and cocoon retrieval method, and premature (larval and pupal) mortality averaged 18.2%. Although diapause occurred in the present study, conditions resulting in higher diapause frequencies should be investigated and attempts should be made to improve survival and recovery of individuals. Esselami, D. (2012). "Modèle prévisionnel du développement de la cécidomyie du chou-fleur". Compagnie de recherche Phytodata inc. PRIME-VERT volet 11, 1511: 11 pages. Lien : http://www.agrireseau.qc.ca/references/6/volet_11/1511.pdf 3

Evans, B. G., K.S. Jordan, M. Brownbridge, and R.H. Hallett. 2012. (2012). Entomopathogens as potential soil biological control agents of the swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii, in organic agricultural systems. Ontario Pest Management Conference, Guelph, ON, Guelph. The swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii, is a serious pest of cruciferous vegetables, such as broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower, in North America. Larvae feed on the growing point of the host plant, causing direct damage to the developing vegetable heads. Although some control is achieved in conventional systems, organic growers have no effective management option, with some growers reporting losses of up to 100%. The entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema carpocapsae and S. feltiae and the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae are potential biological control agents targeting the soil-dwelling stages of the swede midge. Laboratory bioassays were conducted to evaluate the infectivity of these entomopathogens on swede midge larvae and pupae across a range of temperatures commonly encountered in the field. In larval assays, H. bacteriophora and S. feltiae yielded the highest mortality rates at 16ºC and H. bacteriophora was most effective at 25ºC. The H. bacteriophora X M. anisopliae combination was the most effective treatment at 20ºC and 25ºC, suggesting a possible synergistic effect between these two entomopathogens. In the pupal assays, H. bacteriophora was most effective at 16ºC and 25ºC, while S. feltiae was most effective at 20ºC. The presence of H. bacteriophora enhanced the effectiveness of M. anisopliae across all temperatures. Lafontaine, P., J. Tremblay, A. Bouchard, S. Martinez and V. Myrand (2012). "Évaluation du potentiel de différentes plantes crucifères en tant que plantes-pièges contre la cécidomyie du chou-fleur". CIEL et CRAM. 09-INNO1-14: 3 pages. Lien : http://www.mapaq.gouv.qc.ca/sitecollectiondocuments/recherche_innovation/legumesdechamp/09inno114.pdf Lafontaine, P., J. Tremblay, A. Bouchard, S. Martinez and V. Myrand (2012). "Évaluation de l'efficacité de 7 insecticides biologiques pour lutter contre la cécidomyie du chou-fleur (Contarinia nasturtii Kieffer) dans les crucifères biologiques.". CIEL - Centre de valorisation des plantes. BIO 10-INNO1-06: 3 pages. Lien : http://www.mapaq.gouv.qc.ca/sitecollectiondocuments/recherche_innovation/legumesdechamp/10inno106.pdf Samietz, J., R. Baur and Y. Hillbur (2012). "Potential of Synthetic Sex Pheromone Blend for Mating Disruption of the Swede Midge, Contarinia nasturtii." Journal of Chemical Ecology 38(9): 1171-1177. The potential for pheromone-based mating disruption of the Brassica pest Contarinia nasturtii was tested, both in small-scale plots with Brussels sprouts and in commercial-scale fields with either broccoli or cauliflower. Experiments in the small-scale plots used laboratory-reared insects released into a previously uninfested area, whereas large-scale experiments used a high natural population of C. nasturtii. Effectiveness of mating disruption was evaluated by the reduction of male captures in pheromone traps, and by reduction of crop damage caused by C. nasturtii. Dental cotton rolls (small-scale experiment) and polyethylene caps (large-scale experiment), containing 50 mu g (2S, 9S)- diacetoxyundecane, 100 mu g (2S,10S)-diacetoxyundecane, and 1 mu g (2S)-acetoxyundecane, spaced 2 m apart, served as dispensers in the test plots. In both experiments, mean catches of C. nasturtii males in pheromone traps were reduced to near zero in treated plots, with control plots averaging 71 males/trap. In the large-scale experiments, no males were caught in pheromone traps over a period of 41 days after mating disruption was applied; one male was caught from days 42-60. In the small-scale trials, crop damage was reduced by 59 %, compared to the untreated control plot. In the large-scale experiments, damage was reduced on average by 91 %. This study shows successful field application of the mating disruption technique for control of a member of the dipteran family Cecidomyiidae, and demonstrates that pheromone-based mating disruption has potential for management of C. nasturtii populations. Abram, P., T. Haye and U. Kuhlmann (2011). Biological control of swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii. Annual report 2010/2011. CABI Europe. Délémont, Switzerland: 23 pages. Chen, M., A. M. Shelton, R. H. Hallett, C. A. Hoepting, J. R. Kikkert and P. Wang (2011). "Swede Midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), Ten Years of Invasion of Crucifer Crops in North America." Journal of Economic Entomology 104(3): 709-716. 4

The Swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii Kieffer (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a common insect pest in Europe, is a newly invasive pest in North America that constitutes a major threat to cruciferous vegetable and field crops. Since its first identification in Ontario, Canada, in 2000, it has rapidly spread to 65 counties in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec and has recently been found in canola (one of two cultivars of rapeseed, Brassica napus L. and Brassica campestris L.) in the central Prairie region where the majority of Canada's 6.5 million ha (16 million acres) of canola is grown. The first detection of Swede midge in the United States was in 2004 in NewYork cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.), but it has now been found in four additional states. Here, we review the biology of Swede midge, its host plant range, distribution, economic impact, pest status, and management strategies. We provide insight into this insect's future potential to become an endemic pest of brassica crops in North America. We also proposed research needed to develop tactics for handling this invasive pest in brassica crops. Lafontaine, P., A. Bouchard, J. Tremblay and S. Martinez (2011). "Évaluation de la durée d efficacité de l Intercept au champ contre la cécidomyie du chou-fleur dans la culture de brocoli". CIEL - Centre de valorisation des plantes. PSIH10-2-344: 3 pages. Lien : http://www.mapaq.gouv.qc.ca/sitecollectiondocuments/recherche_innovation/legumesdechamp/projetno344.pdf Lafontaine, P., A. Bouchard, J. Tremblay and S. Martinez (2011). "Évaluation de l'efficacité de trois nouveaux insecticides intégrés dans un programme de contrôle de la cécidomyie du chou-fleur". CIEL - Centre de valorisation des plantes. PSIH09-2-119: 3 pages. Lien : http://www.mapaq.gouv.qc.ca/sitecollectiondocuments/recherche_innovation/legumesdechamp/projetno119.pdf Boddum, T., N. Skals, S. R. Hill, B. S. Hansson and Y. Hillbur (2010). "Gall midge olfaction: Pheromone sensitive olfactory neurons in Contarinia nasturtii and Mayetiola destructor." Journal of Insect Physiology 56(9): 1306-1314. This study describes the morphology and function of the antennal sensilla in two gall midge species, Contarinia nasturtii and Mayetiola destructor, where multi-component sex pheromones have been identified. Both species possess sensilla trichodea, s. coeloconica, s. chaetica and s. circumfila. Sensilla circumfila, which consist of several sensilla that bifurcate and fuse into one structure, are unique for the gall midges. In C. nasturtii s. circumfila are sexually dimorphic. In males, they form elongated loops suspended on cuticular spines, whereas in females they run like worm-like structures directly on the antennal surface. Single sensillum recordings demonstrated that olfactory sensory neurons housed in male s. circumfila in C. nasturtii responded to the female sex pheromone. In M. destructor, S. circumfila were attached to the antennal surface in both sexes, and displayed no response to sex pheromone components. A sexual dimorphism was also found in the number of s. trichodea per antennal segment in both C. nasturtii (male 1 vs. female 7) and M. destructor (male 13 vs. female 10). OSNs located in male M. destructor s. trichodea responded to the sex pheromone. This is the first gall midge single sensillum study, and the first demonstration of the functional significance of s. circumfila. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Chen, M. and A. M. Shelton (2010). "Effect of Insect Density, Plant Age, and Residue Duration on Acetamiprid Efficacy Against Swede Midge." Journal of Economic Entomology 103(6): 2107-2111. The Swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii Kieffer (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a common insect pest in Europe, is a newly invasive pest in North America that constitutes a major threat to crucifer vegetable and field crops. Chemical control of Swede midge with synthetic insecticides under laboratory conditions indicated that insecticides generally could provide very effective control; however, insecticide treatments in the field were rarely able to maintain damage levels within marketable limits. In the current study, factors affecting insecticide efficacy were investigated using a neonicotinoid insecticide, acetamipird, as a foliar spray on cauliflower plants. Our results indicated that Swede midge density did not affect the efficacy of acetamirpid, although it significantly increased the subsequent Swede midge population on the unsprayed cauliflower plants. Additionally, cauliflower plant age did not significantly affect spray coverage and acetamipird efficacy on Swede midge. However, acetamiprid only provided 6-d control of Swede midge and its efficacy was reduced by up to 50% 9 d after spraying. Implications of our results on the development of an overall integrated pest management (IPM) program for Swede midge also are discussed. 5

Dubé, K. (2010). "Évaluation de méthodes de lutte contre la cécidomyie du chou-fleur (Contarinia nasturtii Kieffer) en agriculture biologique". Centre de recherche agroalimentaire de Mirabel (CRAM). 07-BIO-15: 47 pages. Lien : http://www.agrireseau.qc.ca/agriculturebiologique/documents/rapport%20final%20%2007-bio-15%20.pdf Lafontaine, P., S. Martinez and J. Tremblay (2010). "Cécidomyie du chou-fleur (Contarinia nasturtii Kieffer) : évolution de la distribution et de l intensité d infestation de l insecte sur le territoire du Québec durant la saison 2008". CIEL - Centre de valorisation des plantes. Étude réalisé pour le Réseau d'avertissement Phytosanitaire du Québec: 12 pages. Lafontaine, P., J. Tremblay, A. Bouchard and S. Martinez (2010). "Évaluation de l efficacité de plusieurs approches décisionnelles afin de déterminer la période optimale pour stopper l application d insecticides contre la cécidomyie du chou-fleur (Contarinia nasturtii) dans 3 cultures de crucifères". CIEL - Centre de valorisation des plantes. PSIH07-2-817: 3 pages. Lien : http://www.mapaq.gouv.qc.ca/sitecollectiondocuments/recherche_innovation/legumesdechamp/projetno817.pdf Lafontaine, P., J. Tremblay and S. Martinez (2010). "Lutte contre la cécidomyie du chou-fleur (Contarinia nasturtii Kieffer) en production biologique de crucifères : évaluation de l'efficacité de cinq insecticides biologiques". CIEL - Centre de valorisation des plantes. 08-BIO-36: 2 pages. Lien : http://www.mapaq.gouv.qc.ca/sitecollectiondocuments/recherche_innovation/legumesdechamp/08bio36.pdf Mika, A. M. and J. A. Newman (2010). "Climate change scenarios and models yield conflicting predictions about the future risk of an invasive species in North America." Agricultural and Forest Entomology 12(3): 213-221. The pea leafminer Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an invasive species in North America and a serious economic pest on a wide variety of crops. We developed a bioclimatic envelope model (BEM) for this species and examined the envelope's potential location in North America under various future climates. We compared the future bioclimatic envelopes for L. huidobrensis using either simple scenarios comprising uniform changes in temperature/precipitation or climate projections from general circulation models (GCMs). Our simple scenarios were: (i) an increase of 0.1 degrees C per degree in latitude with a 20% increase in summer precipitation and a 20% decrease in winter precipitation and (ii) an overall increase of 3 degrees C everywhere, also with the same changes in precipitation. For GCM-modelled climate change, we used the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis GCM (CGCM2) and the Hadley Centre climate model (HadCM3), each in combination with two scenarios from the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (A2 and B2). The BEM results using the simple scenarios were more similar to each other than to the results obtained using GCM projections. The results were also qualitatively different (i.e. spatially different and divergent) depending on which GCM-scenario combination was used. This modelling exercise illustrates that: (i) results using first approximation simple climate change scenarios can give predictions very different from those that use GCMmodelled climate projections (comprising a result that has worrying implications for empirical impact research) and that (ii) different GCM-models using the same scenario can give very different results (implying strong model dependency in projected biological impacts). Boddum, T., N. Skals, M. Wiren, R. Baur, S. Rauscher and Y. Hillbur (2009). "Optimisation of the pheromone blend of the swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii, for monitoring." Pest Management Science 65(8): 851-856. BACKGROUND: The swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii Kieffer, is a serious pest in crucifers. Its pheromone is a blend of (2S,9S)-diacetoxyundecane, (2S,10S)-diacetoxyundecane and (2S)-acetoxyundecane. The pheromone is used in monitoring traps, and this study examines possible ways to optimise the traps. RESULTS: Two dispenser types were compared: polyethylene dispensers and cotton dispensers. Polyethylene dispensers attracted male C. nasturtii for more than 6 weeks, whereas cotton dispensers were attractive for only 2 weeks. All three pheromone components were important for attraction of male midges in the field. The importance of the stereoisomeric compositions of the pheromone compounds was also tested - both in the wind tunnel and in the field. In the case of 2,9- diacetoxyundecane and 2-acetoxyundecane, the non-natural stereoisomers did not inhibit male C. nasturtii attraction, whereas one or both of the stereoisomers of 2,10-diacetoxyundecane did. CONCLUSION: Pheromone traps with the synthetic pheromone in a 1:2:0.02 ratio emitted from PE dispensers were highly effective and long lasting. As the mixture of stereoisomers of 2,10-diacetoxyundecane strongly inhibited attraction of male C. nasturtii while those of 2,9-6

diacetoxyundecane and 2-acetoxyundecane did not have any inhibitory effect, it is possible to produce traps that are effective and long lasting but cheaper to produce and maintain. (C) 2009 Society of Chemical Industry Chen, M., W. W. Li and A. M. Shelton (2009). "Simulated crop rotation systems control swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii." Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata 133(1): 84-91. Contarinia nasturtii (Kieffer) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a common insect pest in Europe and a new invasive pest in North America, causes severe damage to cruciferous crops. Many counties in Canada and the USA, in which C. nasturtii has not been previously reported, are at risk of being infested by C. nasturtii. Effectiveness of chemical control is limited, especially under high population pressure in fields. Alternative management strategies against C. nasturtii are sorely needed in order to protect crucifers. Under controlled laboratory conditions, the effectiveness on C. nasturtii control by 11 simulated cauliflower-sweet corn and cauliflower-kidney bean crop rotation systems was evaluated, with and without the presence of cruciferous weeds as alternative hosts. Our results indicated that when soil was infested with C. nasturtii pupae, the emergence pattern from the soil was very similar regardless whether the soil was later planted to host or non-host plants. As emergence was not affected, we examined whether manipulating host availability for oviposition through crop rotation would be effective. Our results indicated that the simulated cauliflower-sweet corn and cauliflower-kidney bean rotation systems provided full control of C. nasturtii. The effectiveness of one cycle of nonhost crop rotation was reduced when cruciferous weeds were present. However, the C. nasturtii population in a onecycle non-host rotation system with cruciferous weeds present was significantly lower than that in a non-rotation system. Two consecutive cycles (simulating a cropping season) of non-host plant crop rotations provided full control of C. nasturtii, regardless of the presence of the cruciferous weeds. The importance of cruciferous weed management and how to implement a successful crop rotation in fields to control C. nasturtii are discussed. Chen, M., A. M. Shelton, P. Wang, C. A. Hoepting, W. C. Kain and D. C. Brainard (2009). "Occurrence of the New Invasive Insect Contarinia nasturtii (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on Cruciferous Weeds." Journal of Economic Entomology 102(1): 115-120. Contarinia nasturtii (Kieffer) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a common insect pest in Europe and a new invasive pest in North America, causes severe damage to cruciferous crops. In the United States, C. nasturtii was first: reported in western New York in 2004. From 2005 to 2007, field surveys were conducted in western New York to investigate the occurrence of C. nasturtii in weeds that might serve as a reservoir for this pest. The results indicate that 12 cruciferous weed species were found in and around commercial vegetable crucifer plantings, and C. nasturtii emergence was detected from most of them. The number of C. nasturtii that emerged from the weeds was low and varied by species, year, and the timing of sampling. Peak emergence from weeds in fallow fields occurred in June. Nonchoice tests in the laboratory showed that significantly fewer larvae were found on cruciferous weeds than on cauliflower plants, although C. nasturtii could lay eggs on the weeds. When weeds and cauliflower plants were simultaneously exposed to C. nasturtii adults for egg laying (choice tests), 97.3% of the C. nasturtii larvae were found on the cauliflower plants 8 d after oviposition, 2.7% on Sinapis arvensis L., and none on the other five weed species tested. Our results suggest that cruciferous weeds can serve as alternative host plants of C. nasturtii but are less suitable than cauliflower. A method of detecting C. nasturtii on weeds and control of C. nasturtii through weed management are discussed. Estorgues, V. (2009). "Influence du type de fond de piège sur le niveau de capture de Contarinia nasturtii avec des pièges à phéromone - essai 2009". 2 pages. Hallett, R. H., M. Chen, M. K. Sears and A. M. Shelton (2009). "Insecticide Management Strategies for Control of Swede Midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on Cole Crops." Journal of Economic Entomology 102(6): 2241-2254. Insecticide field trials were conducted in Ontario, Canada, and New York state to identify insecticides effective against the swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii Kieffer (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a new invasive pest in North America. Field trials indicated that foliar applications of lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, acetamiprid, chlorpyrifos, and dimethoate could provide control of C. nasturtii. Foliar insecticide applications were effective in keeping damage within marketable limits in all cabbage and some broccoli trials during the early phase of regional colonization by C. nasturtii (2001-2002). However by 2005-2006, treatments were rarely able to maintain damage levels within marketable limits. Low efficacy suggested the possibility of insecticide resistance in Canadian C. nasturtii Populations, but laboratory assays revealed no evidence for resistance. Thus, eventual control failures on a season-long basis were apparently due to very high 7

populations during later phases of colonization in Ontario. Early season applications (e.g., seed treatments, greenhouse plug tray drenches and/or band sprays) of neonicotinoid insecticides proved effective for 3-5 wk after transplanting in New York. These early season treatments would require supplemental control with foliar insecticides, but would reduce the number of foliar applications required and thus reduce insecticide usage. Our results suggest that acceptable control with foliar insecticides will be difficult where C. nasturtii populations are high, because of multiple and overlapping generations, and difficulty in achieving adequate spray coverage. An integrated pest management program that uses cultural control methods and host plant resistance, with judicious use of insecticides, is needed for sustainable management of this newly invasive pest. Hallett, R. H., S. A. Goodfellow, R. M. Weiss and O. Olfert (2009). "MidgEmerge, a new predictive tool, indicates the presence of multiple emergence phenotypes of the overwintered generation of swede midge." Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata 130(1): 81-97. The swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii (Kieffer) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is a pest of cruciferous crops (Brassicaceae) in Europe and North America with high potential for economic impact. Effective timing of insecticide applications for swede midge control is difficult, in part due to a short adult lifespan. Predictive models are often used in integrated pest management programmes to facilitate the timing of control strategies. A European model, Contapre, for predicting adult swede midge emergence was shown to be inaccurate under Ontario field conditions. A new predictive model, MidgEmerge, was developed using DYMEX (TM) modelling software. MidgEmerge accurately predicts swede midge emergence in both Ontario and Quebec. Observed emergence patterns cannot be explained without the presence of multiple emergence phenotypes. MidgEmerge indicates that there are two emergence phenotypes of the swede midge, each completing four generations per year in southern Ontario. A fifth generation of each may become possible with climate change. Evidence of a possible third emergence phenotype is presented. MidgEmerge has the potential to be an important predictive tool to inform and direct integrated pest management practices targeted against swede midge in North America. Lafontaine, P., S. Martinez and J. Tremblay (2009). "Cécidomyie du chou-fleur (Contarinia nasturtii Kieffer) : évolution de la distribution et de l intensité d infestation de l insecte sur le territoire du Québec durant la saion 2008". CIEL - Centre de valorisation des plantes. Étude réalisé pour le Réseau d'avertissement Phytosanitaire du Québec: 12 pages. Tremblay, J., S. Martinez and P. Lafontaine (2009). "Utilisation raisonnée des insecticides contre la cécidomyie du chou-fleur dans la culture du chou et du brocoli par l utilisation de seuils d intervention ". CIEL - Centre de valorisation des plantes. CPVL-1-SPP- 07-045: 16 pages. Lien : http://www.agrireseau.qc.ca/references/6/strat_phyto/rapportfinal045.pdf Corlay, F. and G. Boivin (2008). "Seasonal development of an invasive exotic species, Contatinia nasturtii (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae), in Quebec." Environmental Entomology 37(4): 907-913. The seasonal development of the swede midge Contarinia nasturtii Kieffer was studied in Quebec in 2004 and 2005 using pheromone traps, emergence cages, and visual inspection in relation to degree-day accumulation (DD(7.2 degrees C)). Peak emergence of overwintering adults occured between 344 and 731 DD(7.2 degrees C) (second half of June) during bothseasons. The swede modge had three to four overlapping generations in Quebec based on adult captures in pherommne traps and abundance of larvae in the field. The level of infection was higher in late transplants than in early trnasplants, with cauliflower and broccoli being more susceptible to damage than white or red cabbage under high pest population. Lafontaine, P., S. Martinez and G. Richard (2008). "Cécidomyie du chou-fleur (Contarinia nasturtii Kieffer) : étude de l évolution de la distribution et de l intensité d infestation de l insecte sur le territoire du Québec". CIEL - Centre de valorisation des plantes. CPVL-2-SPP-07-054: 13 pages. Lien : http://www.agrireseau.qc.ca/references/6/strat_phyto/cpvl-2-spp-07-054.pdf 8

Mika, A. M., R. M. Weiss, O. Olfert, R. H. Hallett and J. A. Newman (2008). "Will climate change be beneficial or detrimental to the invasive swede midge in North America? Contrasting predictions using climate projections from different general circulation models." Global Change Biology 14(8): 1721-1733. Climate change may dramatically affect the distribution and abundance of organisms. With the world's population size expected to increase significantly during the next 100 years, we need to know how climate change might impact our food production systems. In particular, we need estimates of how future climate might alter the distribution of agricultural pests. We used the climate projections from two general circulation models (GCMs) of global climate, the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis GCM (CGCM2) and the Hadley Centre model (HadCM3), for the A2 and B2 scenarios from the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios in conjunction with a previously published bioclimatic envelope model (BEM) to predict the potential changes in distribution and abundance of the swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii, in North America. The BEM in conjunction with either GCM predicted that C. nasturtii would spread from its current initial invasion in southern Ontario and northwestern New York State into the Canadian prairies, northern Canada, and midwestern United States, but the magnitude of risk depended strongly on the GCM and the scenario used. When the CGCM2 projections were used, the BEM predicted an extensive shift in the location of the midges' climatic envelope through most of Ontario, Quebec, and the maritime and prairie provinces by the 2080s. In the United States, C. nasturtii was predicted to spread to all the Great Lake states, into midwestern states as far south as Colorado, and west into Washington State. When the HadCM3 was applied, southern Ontario, Saskatchewan, and Washington State were not as favourable for C. nasturtii by the 2080s. Indeed, when used with the HadCM3 climate projections, the BEM predicted the virtual disappearance of 'very favourable' regions for C. nasturtii. The CGCM2 projections generally caused the BEM to predict a small increase in the mean number of midge generations throughout the course of the century, whereas, the HadCM3 projections resulted in roughly the same mean number of generations but decreased variance. Predictions of the likely potential of C. nasturtii spatial spread are thus strongly dependent on the source of climate projections. This study illustrates the importance of using multiple GCMs in combination with multiple scenarios when studying the potential for spatial spread of an organism in response to climate change. Vitou, J., M. Skuhrava, V. Skuhravy, J. K. Scott and A. W. Sheppard (2008). "The role of plant phenology in the host specificity of Gephyraulus raphanistri (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae) associated with Raphanus spp. (Brassicaceae)." European Journal of Entomology 105(1): 113-119. Recent host records for Gephyroulus raphanistri (Kieffer), a flower-gall midge, show restriction to Raphanus raphanistrum throughout Europe. Gephyraulus raphanistri has never been reported infesting commercially grown Brassica crops. Historical records showing a broad host range appear to have resulted from confusion with new or as yet undescribed Gephyraulus spp. and Contarinia nasturtii (Kieffer), a known gall-former of Brassica and other related genera. This study tested host specificity of G. raphanistri in the field in Europe by manipulating host plant phenology of actual and potential hosts in the genera Raphanus and Brassica as part of a risk assessment of the insect as a potential biological control agent of R. raphanistrum, one of the most important weeds of crops in Australia. Raphanus raphanistrum raphanistrum (wild radish), R. raphanistrum landra (coastal wild radish), Raphanus sativus (radish) and Brassica napus (oilseed rape cultivar) were phenologically synchronised for initial flowering and planted out in a flowering time and species block design near a natural population of R. r. landra hosting a natural population of G. raphanistri. Three generation peaks in gall formation were observed in the experiment, with galls developing on all test plants with an apparent preference for R. r. landra. The high field specificity of this gall midge is driven by the synchrony of oviposition and flower availability, not host physiological incompatibility or behavioural unacceptability. Commercially grown Brassica spp. are not suitable hosts for G. raphanistri because in the field they differ in flowering phenology from Raphanus raphanistrum. The overlap in the flowering phenology of the crop and weed in Australia makes this insect unsuitable as a biological control agent. Allen, J. K. and S. Alam (2007). "Évaluation of insecticides for control of swede midge on cole crops." PMR reports #27, Section B: vegetables and special crops- insect pests: 87-89. Lien (voir page 87) : http://phytopath.ca/pmrr/common/pmrr_2007.pdf Cahill, S., L. A. Evans and M. O'Brien (2007). "Furanyl spiroketals as stereochemical relays in the synthesis of 1,9-anti diols: synthesis of insect pheromones." Tetrahedron Letters 48(32): 5683-5686. 9

A suite of spiroketal insect pheromones (15 and 17a-d) has been synthesised in good yield and with very high levels of diastereoselectivity via furanyl spiroketals. Remote asymmetric induction is achieved under thermodynamic control. The use of furanyl spiroketals as temporary scaffolds in the synthesis of 1,9-anti diols has been demonstrated with the synthesis of the swede midge pheromone (2S, 10S)-2, 10-diacetoxyundecane 1. The enzymatic resolution of a C-2 symmetric 1,9-anti diol was used as a confirmation of diastereomeric purity. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Chen, M. and A. M. Shelton (2007). "Impact of soil type, moisture, and depth on swede midge (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae) pupation and emergence." Environmental Entomology 36(6): 1349-1355. Contarinia nasturtii (Kieffer) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a common insect pest in Europe and a new invasive pest in North America, causes severe damage to cruciferous crops. Currently, many counties in Canada and the United States in which C. nasturtii has not been previously reported are at risk of being infested by C nasturtii. Effectiveness of chemical control is limited, especially under high population pressure in fields, because the cryptic habits of G nasturtii protect them from insecticidal sprays. Alternative management strategies against C nasturtii that are needed to protect crucifers and soil management for the pupal stage were studied as one option. Six different types of soils (loam fine sand, fine sand, clay loam, muck, Chenango shale loam, and silt loam soil) were collected from commercial cabbage fields in New York and studied in the laboratory for their impact on C nasturtii pupation and emergence. The results indicated that extremely wet or dry soils significantly hindered C. nasturtii emergence, regardless of soil type, suggesting that soil type alone may not be a major factor regulating C nasturtii abundance. Optimal moisture content for C. nasturtii emergence varied for different soils. Most C nasturtii pupated within the top 1 cm of soil. Furthermore, we found that > 5 cm of soil cover effectively reduced the emergence number and delayed the time of emergence. Based on these results, we suggest that soil manipulation (moisture content and cultivation practices) should be considered. as an important component in an overall integrated pest management program for C nasturtii. Chen, M., J. Z. Zhao and A. M. Shelton (2007). "Control of Contarinia nasturtii Keiffer (Diptera : Cecidomyiidea) by foliar sprays of acetamiprid on cauliflower transplants." Crop Protection 26(10): 1574-1578. Swede midge (Contarinia nasturtii Keiffer) is a serious gall-forming insect pest of cruciferous plants in Europe and southwestern Asia. In North America, it was first identified in Ontario, Canada, in 2000 and in Niagara County, New York, US, in 2004. The insect is now rapidly spreading in Canada and the US. To date, infestation of C nasturtii has been confirmed in 46 counties in Canada. The US Department of Agriculture has confirmed the presence of C. nasturtii in 6 counties in the US, although our surveys using pheromone traps have identified 19 counties in New York and one county in Massachusetts and New Jersey. Currently, hundreds of farms in the northeastern US that grow cruciferous vegetables are at risk for infestation of C. nasturtii through movement of vegetable seedlings and harvested produce from infested areas. To prevent the spread of C nasturtii, the efficacy of acetamiprid, the first labeled insecticide in the US for C. nasturtii control, was evaluated by using foliar sprays on cauliflower seedlings. Results indicated the efficacy of acetamiprid on C nasturtii was 99.52% 100% and 99.83% when cauliflower seedlings were sprayed before inoculation with C. nasturtii, 0 and 4d after inoculation, respectively. The efficacy of acetamiprid was reduced to 69.89% when seedlings were sprayed 8d after inoculation, and C nasturtii larvae could successfully pupate and emerge after the spray. These results indicate that acetamiprid can effectively control C nasturtii on cauliflower seedlings, especially in the early stage of insect occurrence. Based on these results, we suggest that seedlings be treated with acetamiprid as a foliar spray before shipment of seedlings from C nasturtii infested areas. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Corlay, F., G. Boivin and G. Belair (2007). "Efficiency of natural enemies against the swede midge Contarinia nasturtii (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae), a new invasive species in North America." Biological Control 43(2): 195-201. The swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii Kieffer (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a widespread pest of cruciferous crops in Europe, has been recently found in Canada. A 2-year survey in Quebec yielded no specialized natural enemies. Two polyphagous coccinellid predators (Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) and Coccinella septempunctata L) were field collected for further evaluation. In laboratory experiments, these two coccinellid species fed on swede midge larvae, and H. axyridis showed a higher voracity than C. septempunctata. Late larvae and adults of H. axyridis were shown to consume more swede midge larvae than young larvae, while the adults of H. axyridis showed no preference between swede midge larvae and the green peach aphid Myzus persicae. However, H. axyridis adults were not able to prey on swede midge larvae on potted infested broccoli plants. The susceptibility of swede midge larvae to three species of 10

entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema feltiae, Steinernema carpocapsae, and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora) was also evaluated. H. bacteriophora was the only species that caused significant mortality to swede midge larvae. At a concentration of 1000 IJs/larva, H. bacteriophora caused 90-100% mortality to swede midge larvae in loam, sandy loam, clay and muck soils. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Hallett, R. H. (2007). "Host plant susceptibility to the swede midge (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 100(4): 1335-1343. The relative resistance and susceptibility of various cruciferous plants to swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii (Kieffer) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), damage was investigated to provide growers with planting recommendations and to identify potential sources of resistance to the swede midge. Broccoli cultivars experienced more severe damage than cabbage, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts. The broccoli 'Paragon', 'Eureka', and 'Packman' are highly susceptible to the swede midge, whereas 'Triathlon' and 'Regal' showed reduced susceptibility to damage and slower development of damage symptoms. No differences were found between normal and red cultivars of cabbage and cauliflower in damage severity and progression of damage symptoms. Four new plant species (Brassica juncea Integlifolia group, Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O. E. Shulz., Lepidium campestre (L.) R.Br., and Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic.) are reported as hosts of the swede midge. The weed species Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb, Camelina inicrocarpa Andrz. ex De., and Erysimum cheiranthoides L. exhibited no damage symptoms, and they seem to be nonhost crucifers for the swede midge. Hallett, R. H., S. A. Goodfellow and J. D. Heal (2007). "Monitoring and detection of the Swede midge (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae)." Canadian Entomologist 139(5): 700-712. In 2002, two types of light traps were compared against sticky yellow cards for efficiency and selectivity in capturing adult swede midge Contarinia nasturtii (Kieffer) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Incandescent light traps were more efficient at capturing swede midge than were sticky traps. Incandescent light traps were more selective than blacklight traps and required less time for processing of samples and identification of captured midges. Emergence (2003 and 2004) and pheromone (2004) traps were used to assess swede midge population dynamics. Captures from emergence traps indicate up to five overlapping emergence events for swede midge each year. Emergence traps captured swede midge earlier in the season than pheromone traps, but pheromone-trap captures continued later in the season than those in emergence traps. Pheromone traps are small and portable, easy to maintain, and capture significantly more swede midge than emergence traps. Lafontaine, P. and S. Martinez (2007). "Détermination de seuils d intervention afin de rationaliser l application d insecticides contre la cécidomyie du chou-fleur (Contarinia nasturtii Kieffer) au Québec". CIEL - Centre de valorisation des plantes. CPVL-1- SPP-05-025: 13 pages. Lien : http://www.agrireseau.qc.ca/references/6/strat_phyto/v11_rapportfinal025.pdf Lafontaine, P., S. Martinez and G. Richard (2007). "Détermination du rôle joué par les mauvaises herbes crucifères en tant que plantes hôtes dans la création d un réservoir et dans le maintien des populations de cécidomyies du chou-fleur (Contarinia nasturtii Kieffer)". CIEL - Centre de valorisation des plantes. CPVL-1-SPP-06-038: 12 pages. Lien : http://www.agrireseau.qc.ca/references/6/strat_phyto/cpvl-1-spp-06-038.pdf Lafontaine, P., S. Martinez and G. Richard (2007). "Cécidomyie du chou-fleur (Contarinia nasturtii Kieffer) : mise en place d un réseau d observation afin de déterminer la distribution et l intensité d infestation de l insecte dans les MRC reconnues positives dans le Sud du Québec". CIEL - Centre de valorisation des plantes. CPVL-2-SPP-06-039: 14 pages. Lien : http://www.mapaq.gouv.qc.ca/sitecollectiondocuments/recherche_innovation/legumesdechamp/fichepsih06-2-521.pdf Allen, J. K. and S. Alam (2006). "Comparative efficacy of pre-transplant insecticides for control of swede midge on broccoli and cabbage seedlings." PMR reports #20, Section B: vegetables and special crops- insect pests: 49-50. Boivin, G. and F. Corlay (2006). "Lutte intégrée en culture de crucifères : mise au point d'une méthode de dépistage pour la cécidomyie du chou-fleur". Fédération des producteurs maraîchers du Québec. PSIH04-2-02: 2 pages. 11

Lien : http://www.mapaq.gouv.qc.ca/sitecollectiondocuments/recherche_innovation/legumesdechamp/fichepsih04-2-02.pdf Hallett, R. H., J. K. Allen, H. Fraser, P. May, J. D. Heal and R. E. Pitblado (2006). "Comparative efficacy of pre-transplant insecticides for control of swede midge on broccoli and cabbage seedlings." PMR reports #19, Section B: vegetables and special cropsinsect pests: 46-48. Kikkert, J. R., C. A. Hoepting, Q. J. Wu, P. Wang, R. Baur and A. M. Shelton (2006). "Detection of Contarinia nasturtii (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae) in New York, a new pest of cruciferous plants in the United States." Journal of Economic Entomology 99(4): 1310-1315. The midge Contarinia nasturtii Kieffer (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) was first confirmed in North America in Ontario, Canada, in 2000. The insect is now distributed throughout many counties in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. Nearly 1,200 farms in the northeastern United States that grow cruciferous vegetables are at risk for C. nasturtii infestation if this insect were to spread to that region. Over a period of 3 yr (2002-2004), approximate to 3,000 ha of crops on 94 farms in western New York State was scouted for C. nasturtii, but none were found. In 2004,42 experimental pheromone traps were placed in fields of cruciferous vegetables in eight counties. C. nasturtii males were captured at low levels (1-50 per trap/8 wk) on four farms in Niagara County, but not at any other site. C. nasturtii larvae were found in plant tissue at one of the four farms. insect specimens were identified by morphological methods, molecular methods, or both. This is the first confirmation of C. nasturtii in the United States, which we believe was made possible by the combined use of pheromone traps, morphological characters of trapped adults, and molecular methods. The early detection in New York presents an opportunity to implement measures to limit the spread and establishment of C. nasturtii across the state and into other regions of the United States. Lafontaine, P., S. Martinez and C. Villeneuve (2006). "Évaluation de l'efficacité de huit traitements insecticides pour lutter contre la cécidomyie du chou-fleur sur les transplants". CIEL - Centre de valorisation des plantes. PSIH05-2-305: 3 pages. Lien : http://www.mapaq.gouv.qc.ca/sitecollectiondocuments/recherche_innovation/legumesdechamp/fichepsih05-2-305.pdf Olfert, O., R. Hallett, R. M. Weiss, J. Soroka and S. Goodfellow (2006). "Potential distribution and relative abundance of swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii, an invasive pest in Canada." Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata 120(3): 221-228. The swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii (Kieffer) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is a pest of most cultivated Brassicaceae such as broccoli, canola, cauliflower, cabbage, and Brussels sprouts. The species primarily has a Palaearctic distribution and occurs throughout Europe and southwestern Asia to the Caucasus. Between 1996 and 1999, producers of cruciferous vegetables in Ontario, Canada, reported crop damage that was consistent with damage symptoms characteristic of C. nasturtii feeding and in 2000, field studies confirmed that this damage was caused by C. nasturtii. A bioclimatic model was developed to predict potential range and relative abundance of C. nasturtii in Canada in order to determine the impact of the establishment and spread of C. nasturtii populations. Model output indicated that C. nasturtii could potentially become established in all provinces of Canada, with the risk being greatest in southwestern British Columbia, southern Ontario and Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. Results indicated that C. nasturtii population growth in the Prairie Ecozone of western Canada would be greatest in years with above average precipitation. Pfunder, M. and J. E. Frey (2006). "Isolation of microsatellite markers for Contarinia nasturtii, a European pest invading the New World." Molecular Ecology Notes 6(1): 191-193. Microsatellite markers were developed for epidemiological studies on Contarinia nasturtii (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), a native European pest that was introduced to the New World in 1996. Nine loci were found to be polymorphic and suitable for the analysis of 56 male individuals that were collected using pheromone traps. These markers all conform to Hardy-Weinberg expectations in at least one of the two tested populations, and carry an average number of 11 alleles among populations and observed levels of heterozygosity ranging from 0.32 to 0.86. Primers for all markers also successfully amplified fragments from Contarinia pisi and Contarinia tritici. 12

Wu, Q. J., J. Z. Zhao, A. G. Taylor and A. M. Shelton (2006). "Evaluation of insecticides and application methods against Contarinia nasturtii (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae), a new invasive insect pest in the United States." Journal of Economic Entomology 99(1): 117-122. The midge Contarinia nasturtii (Keiffer), a serious gall-forming insect pest of cruciferous plants in Europe and southwestern Asia, was first reported in the United States in summer 2004. It had not been recorded in North America until its discovery in Ontario, Canada, in 2000. Efficacy of 20 insecticides belonging to 12 different classes was evaluated by using a foliar spray, soil drench, or seed treatment method. The broccoli cultivar 'Packman' was used in all tests at the suitable stage of four to five true leaves. Results indicated that foliar sprays of A-cyhalothrin, acephate, acetamiprid, chlorpyrifos, and methomyl reduced C. nasturtii larval populations by 96.7-100%. Except for acetamiprid, the other four insecticides also were effective against adults and provided 100% mortality after 24 h. When applied by drench, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam provided 100% control of C. nasturtii larvae, and the duration of efficacy lasted at least 7 wk. When applied as seed treatment, clothianidin and thiamethoxam provided 100% control of larvae and did not significantly affect seed germination. Imidacloprid also provided 100% control but the percentage of germination after treatment was only 62% (96.9% in check). These results indicate that several insecticides may significantly reduce midge populations. The nicotinoid class of insecticides, which has strong systemic activity, is likely to be the first choice. It is necessary to explore and develop other control methods such as cultural control and host resistance to develop an effective integrated pest management system. Goodfellow, S. (2005). Population dynamics and predictive modeling of the swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii (Kieffer), in Ontario, University og Guelph. Master of Science: 113. Hillbur, Y., M. Celander, R. Baur, S. Rauscher, J. Haftmann, S. Franke and W. Francke (2005). "Identification of the sex pheromone of the swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii." Journal of Chemical Ecology 31(8): 1807-1828. Coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection analyses of ovipositor extracts of calling Contarinia nasturtii females revealed two compounds that elicited responses from antennae of male midges. Using synthetic reference samples, these components were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and enantioselective GC as (2S,9S)-diacetoxyundecane and (2S,10S)-diacetoxyundecane. In addition, trace amounts of 2-acetoxyundecane were found in ovipositor extracts, and the (S)-enantiomer was synthesized. When tested in the wind tunnel, a blend of 5 ng (2S,9S)-diacetoxyundecane and 10 ng (2S,10S)-diacetoxyundecane (mimicking the ratio found in the extracts) did not attract any of the males tested, but when 0.1 ng (S)-2-acetoxyundecane was added to the blend, 86.8% of the males were attracted to the bait. Three-component blends with lower or higher relative concentrations than 1% of (S)- 2-acetoxyundecane [relative to (2S,10S)-diacetoxyundecane] were less attractive. In a field trapping experiment with released laboratory-reared C. nasturtii adults, traps baited with 500:1000:10 ng of (2S,9S)-diacetoxyundecane/(2S,10S)- diacetoxyundecane/(s)-2-acetoxyundecane applied to rubber septa or dental cotton rolls were tested. Traps without dispensers were used as controls. All three treatments were tested at 20 and 50 cm above ground. The estimated recapture rate was 30-50%, and 81.9% of the recaptured males were caught in traps positioned at 20 cm above ground, and 88.4% in traps with dental cotton rolls as dispensers. Frey, J. E., B. Frey and R. Baur (2004). "Molecular identification of the swede midge (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae)." Canadian Entomologist 136(6): 771-780. Early detection of pest infestation is a prerequisite for sustainable crop protection. However, many pest species are difficult to detect and thus infestation is diagnosed from damage observed on the respective crop. This diagnosis is often made too late for implementation of crop protection measures, and serious crop losses may result. The swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii Kieffer, is a major pest of Brassica L. (Brassicaceae) vegetables in Europe that has recently invaded North America. With its small size and short adult life-span, and the cryptic lifestyle of the larvae feeding at the growing points of its host plants, it is usually detected only after damage has already occurred. Furthermore, because field-trapped specimens are rarely fully intact, it is extremely difficult to identify. Therefore, we developed a speciesspecific molecular diagnostic method that enables reliable identification of swede midge from various sources such as alcohol or sticky glue traps. The method enables large-scale screening of field-trapped specimens and is used to evaluate the attractiveness and specificity of pheromone traps that are currently under development. 13

Hallett, R. H. (2004). Host preferences of the swede midge: cole crops, asian crucifers and cruciferous weeds. Ontario Fruit and Vegetable Convention and Trade Show, St. Catharines, Ontario. Pitblado, R. E., K. A. Callow and H. Fraser (2004). "Control of swede midge in greenhouse grown broccoli transplants, seeded June 10 2004." PMRR reports #14, Section B: vegetables and special crops- insect pests: 19-20. Lien (voir page 19) : http://phytopath.ca/pmrr/common/pmrr_2004.pdf Pitblado, R. E., K. A. Callow and H. Fraser (2004). "Control of swede midge in greenhouse grown broccoli transplants, seeded July 12 2004." PMRR reports #15, Section B: vegetables and special crops- insect pests: 21-22. Lien (voir page 21) : http://phytopath.ca/pmrr/common/pmrr_2004.pdf Pitblado, R. E., K. A. Callow and H. Fraser (2004). "Control of swede midge in greenhouse grown cabbage transplants, seeded May 22 2004." PMRR reports #16, Section B: vegetables and special crops- insect pests: 23-24. Lien (voir page 23) : http://phytopath.ca/pmrr/common/pmrr_2004.pdf Pitblado, R. E., K. A. Callow and H. Fraser (2004). "Control of swede midge in greenhouse grown cabbage transplants, seeded July 13 2004." PMRR reports #17, Section B: vegetables and special crops- insect pests: 25-26. Lien (voir page 25) : http://phytopath.ca/pmrr/common/pmrr_2004.pdf Callow, K. A. and H. Fraser (2003). "Determining the efficiency of black light traps for monitoring male and female adult swede midge populations in cole crop fields, troy and stouffville, Ontario." PMR reports #11, Section B: vegetables and special cropsinsect pests: 32. Lien (voir page 32) : http://phytopath.ca/pmrr/common/pmrr_2003.pdf Hallett, R. H., J. D. Heal and J. L. Levac (2003). "Comparative efficacy of insecticides for control of swede midge on broccoli and cabbage." PMR reports #6, Section B: vegetables and special crops- insect pests: 8-12. Lien (voir page 8) : http://phytopath.ca/pmrr/common/pmrr_2003.pdf Pitblado, R. E., K. A. Callow and H. Fraser (2003). "Control of swede midge in greenhouse grown broccoli transplants, seeded May 26 2003." PMR reports #7, Section B: vegetables and special crops- insect pests: 13-15. Lien (voir page 13) : http://phytopath.ca/pmrr/common/pmrr_2003.pdf Pitblado, R. E., K. A. Callow and H. Fraser (2003). "Control of swede midge in greenhouse grown broccoli transplants, seeded June 26 2003." PMR reports #9, Section B: vegetables and special crops- insect pests: 19-21. Lien (voir page 19) : http://phytopath.ca/pmrr/common/pmrr_2003.pdf Pitblado, R. E., K. A. Callow and H. Fraser (2003). "Control of swede midge in greenhouse grown cabbage transplants, seeded May 26 2003." PMR reports #10, Section B: vegetables and special crops- insect pests: 22-24. Lien (voir page 22) : http://phytopath.ca/pmrr/common/pmrr_2003.pdf Pitblado, R. E., K. A. Callow and H. Fraser (2003). "Control of swede midge in greenhouse grown cabbage transplants, seeded June 30 2003." PMR reports #11, Section B: vegetables and special crops- insect pests: 25-27. Lien (voir page 25) : http://phytopath.ca/pmrr/common/pmrr_2003.pdf Hallett, R. H. and J. D. Heal (2002). "Comparative efficacy of various insecticides for control of swede midge on broccoli." PMR report # 39, Section B: vegetable and special crops - insect pests: 74-75. Lien (voir page 74) : http://phytopath.ca/pmrr/common/pmrr_2002.pdf Hallett, R. H. and J. D. Heal (2002). "Comparative efficacy of various insecticides for control of swede midge on cabbage." PMR report # 41, Section B: vegetable and special crops - insect pests: 81-83. Lien (voir page 81) : http://phytopath.ca/pmrr/common/pmrr_2002.pdf 14

Hallett, R. H. and J. D. Heal (2001). "First Nearctic record of the swede midge (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae), a pest of cruciferous crops from Europe." Canadian Entomologist 133(5): 713-715. In 1996, damage symptoms typical of the swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii (Keiffer), were observed on broccoli, Brassica oleracea L. var. italica (Brassicaceae), crops east of Toronto, Ontario. Early attempts to identify an associated insect larva were unsuccessful, and damage symptoms became mistakenly attributed to nutrient deficiencies (T Clarke, personal communication). Between 1996 and 1999, damaged plants were seen by growers regularly, and resulted in up to 85% loss of marketable yield (T Clarke, personal communication). In June 2000, we initiated investigations at two sites 12 km apart to determine the causal organism of this damage. Both sites were located at farms where cole crops are primarily -gown and from where the first damage reports originated. Hallett, R. H., C. R. Sopher and J. D. Heal (2001). "Comparative efficacy of various insecticides to control swede midge on cabbage." PMR report # 41, Section B: vegetable and special crops - insect pests: 87-89. Lien (voir page 87) : http://phytopath.ca/pmrr/common/pmrr_2001.pdf Theunissen, J., H. den Ouden and G. Schelling (1997). "Can the cabbage gall midge, Contarinia nasturtii (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) be controlled by host plant deprivation." Mededelingen Fakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen Gent Toegep. Biol. Wet. Univ. Gent 62: 617-622. Bouma, E. (1996). Contapré, prototype, of a model for prediction of emerging of the swede midge (Contarinia nstrurtii). Worshop on decision support systems in crop protection. Münster, Germany. Ester, A., J. C. van de Zande and A. J. P. Frost (1994). Crop covering to prevent pest damage to field vegetables, and the feasability of pesticides application through polyethylene nets. Brighton crop protection conference, Pests and diseases, Brighton, GB. Dumont, C. (1993). La cécidomyie du chou-fleur dans le marais de Saont-Omer, Université des sciences et tecnhologies de Lille et institut agricole et alimentaire de Lille. Mémoire de fin d'étude d'ingéniorat agricole et alimentaire: 34. Mamaev, B. M. and N. P. Krivosheina (1993). The Larvae of the Gall Midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae): Comparative Morphology, Biology, Keys. This book offers an introduction to the biology and identification of the larvae of the Cecidomyiidae. The family does not only consist of well known gall-makers, among which many species of economic importance occur, but also of many soil-dwelling and mycetophagous species with very peculiar habits like paedogenesis (larva-producing larvae). Subjects such as trophic habits - mycetophagy, gall inducing and zoophagy - specialization on food resources, reproduction, paedogenesis, larval development, larval mobility, induction of diapause and pupation are subject of a chapter on biology. A chapter considering morphology presents a survey of larval characteristics and comparative morphology. The main body of the book consists of identification keys and descriptions of those gall midge species which pass at least some phases of their life-cycle (larval and/or pupal stages) in the soil. The original Russian version of 1965 was a landmark in gall midge studies. The present edition makes the book accessible to non-russian biologists. With some additions by the editor to update the taxonomy and terminology, the book is indispensable for students of Diptera, soil biologists, ecologists and evolutionary biologists. Theunissen, J., C. J. H. Booij, G. Schelling and J. Noorlander (1991). "Intercropping white cabbage with clover." Bulletin Oilb/Srop 15(4): 104-114. Intercropping white cabbage with white clover (Trifolium repens) or subterranean clover (T. subterraneum) reduced pest populations in the Netherlands during 1990-91. Numbers of larvae of Mamestra brassicae and their feeding damage, oviposition and damage par Delia radicum, and infestation of harvested cabbages by Thrips tabaci were reduced in intercrops. No differences were found in infestation of cabbages by Contarinia nasturtii and Phyllotreta spp. in monocultures ans intercrops. More parasitoids, carabids, staphylinids and spiders were recorded from intercropped 15

plots than from monocultures. This paper was presented at an IOBC/WPRS Working Group on Integrated Control in Field Vegetable Crops held in Vienna, Autria, on 28-30October 1991. Denouden, H., J. Theunissen and A. M. Shelton (1987). "PREVENTION OF PLANT INJURY BY CABBAGE GALL MIDGE (CONTARINIA-NASTURTII KIEFFER) AND ONION THRIPS (THRIPS-TABACI LINDEMANN) USING EMULSIONS OF POLYISOBUTYLENE." Journal of Applied Entomology-Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Entomologie 104(3): 313-318. Rygg, T. D. and H. P. Braekke (1980). "SWEDE MIDGE (CONTARINIA-NASTURTII KIEFFER) (DIPTERA, CECIDOMYIADE) - INVESTIGATIONS ON BIOLOGY, SYMPTOMS OF ATTACK AND EFFECTS ON YIELD." Meldinger Fra Norges Landbrukshogskole 59(21): 2-9. Rygg, T. D. and H. P. Braekke (1980). "Swede midge (Contarinia nasturtii) (Diptera, Cecidomyade), Investigations on biology, symptoms of attack and effects on yield." Meld. Norg. Landbruck 59: 1-9. Vincinaux, C. and J. Biernaux (1973). "Premières observations biologiques sur la cécidomyie du chou (Contarinia nasturtii Kief.), dépredatrice des choux de Bruxelles." Mededelingen Fakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen Gent 38: 1213-1224. Bardner, H. M., C. A. Edwards, M. K. Arnold and J. P. Rogerson (1971). "SYMPTOMS OF ATTACK BY SWEDE MIDGE (CONTARINIA- NASTURTII) AND EFFECTS ON YIELD OF SWEDES." Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata 14(2): 223-&. Bardner, H. M., C. A. Edwards, M. K. Arnold and J. P. Rogerson (1971). "The symptoms of attack by swede midge (Contarinia nstrurtii) and effectson the yield of swedes." Ent. exp. & appl. 14: 223-233. Readshaw, J. L. (1968). "DAMAGE OT SWEDES BY SWEDE MIDGE CONTARINIA NASTURTII (KIEFF) AND A POSSIBLE METHOD OF CULTURAL CONTROL." Bulletin of Entomological Research 58: 25-&. Readshaw, J. L. (1966). "ECOLOGY OF SWEDE MIDGE CONTARINIA NASTURTII (KIEFF) (DIPTERA CECIDOMYIIDAE).I. LIFE- HISTORY AND INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE ON DEVELOPMENT." Bulletin of Entomological Research 56: 685- &. Readshaw, J. L. (1966). "The ecology of swede midge Contarinia nasturtii Kief. (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). I Life-History and influence of temperature and moisture on development." Bulletin of Entomological Research 56(4): 685-700. Coutin, R. (1960). La clé de détermination de C. nasturtii (Kieffer), INRA Versailles. Stokes, B. M. (1953). "BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE VALIDITY OF CONTARINIA SPECIES LIVING ON THE CRUCIFERAE, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE SWEDE MIDGE, CONTARINIA-NASTURTII (KIEFFER)." Annals of Applied Biology 40(4): 726-&. Stokes, B. M. (1953). "Biological investigations into the validity of Contarinia species living on the Cruciferae, with special refernece to the swede midge Contarinia nasturtii (Kieffer)." XXX: 726-741. Stokes, B. M. (1953). "The host plant range of the swede midge (Contarinia nasturtii Kieffer) with special reference tu types of plant damage." Tijdsschr. Pl.ziekte 59: 82-90. Coutin, R. (1952). "Bases scientifiques et organisation d'un avertissement sur la cécidomyie du chou-fleur aux Pays-Bas." Phytoma 39: 11-12. Coutin, R. and M. Olart (1951). Observations biologiques sur la cécidomyie du chou-fleur (Contarinia nasturtii Kieffer) dans le marais de Saint Omer. Académie d'agriculture de France. 16

Barnes, H. F. (1950). "THE IDENTITY OF THE SWEDE MIDGE, WITH NOTES ON ITS BIOLOGY." Annals of Applied Biology 37(2): 241-248. Barnes, H. F. (1946). Gall midges of economic importance. London. Thomas, D. C. (1946). "A STUDY OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SWEDE MIDGE (CONTARINIA-NASTURTII KIEFFER) IN DEVON AND SYMPTOMS OF ITS ATTACK ON VARIOUS HOST PLANTS." Annals of Applied Biology 33(1): 77-&. Mesnil, L. (1938). "La cécidomyie du chou-fleur dans la région de Saint-Omer." Annales des épiphyties et phytopathologie 4: 281-311. Balachowsky, A. and L. Mesnil (1936). Contarinia nasturtii Kief. (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), la cécidomyie du chou-fleur. Les insectes nuisibles aux plantes cultivées, leurs moeurs, leur destruction. P. Lechevalier. Paris: 1199-1203. Taylor, T. H. (1912). "Cabbage-top in swedes." University Leeds Bulletin 82: 1-21. Chen, M. and A. M. Shelton "Efficacy of E2Y and HDW-86 on swede midge." Gemmar, A. "On the occurence of the swede midge on brocoli in Northeastern Palatinate." Gemmar, A. "Monitoring the first occurence of the swede midge by means of temperature sum model." Heal, J. D. "Swede midge adult identification." 17