fj< fmd< wdra:sl khdh

oeka wms wdra:slfha uqmz ksiamdok wxyh ms<sn j wohhkh lsrsug ksiamdolhska fofokdf.a ksiamdok iuznkao;djka taldnoao lruq. fl`ms ksiamdokh oelafjk iu ksiamdok jl% is;shu ^igyka b& uq,,cih by< ol=kq flf<jr fhduq jk f,i mdka i yd jq iu ksiamdok jl% is;shu iuû iumd; lsrsfuka fuh l< yel. D c O C B 3 L b C 1 L c B 2 C 3 B 1 C 2 O B D b igyka wxl 3'8( mdka iy fldams i yd jq iu ksiamdok jl% j, fmgzgs igyk fuf,i fuu iu ksiamdok jl% is;shuz tlsfkl u; iumd; lsrsfuka fmgzgs igykla,nd.; yelsh. fmgzgs igyka (Edgeworth Box) p;=ry%hl iajremh.kakd nj igyka wxl 3'8 ka meyeos,s fjz. fmgzgs igyfkys osû m<, ;SrKh jkafka Ndjs;h i yd we;s uqmz bvuz m%udkh (D) yd Y%uh (L) u;h. fuu fmgzgs igyk ;=< iu ksiamdok jl% wkka; ixlhdjla msysgd we;. my< juz fl<jfra isg ol=kg by<g.uka lrk jsg jvd by< mdka ksiamdokhla fmkakquz lrk iu ksiamdok jl% wkka; ixlhdjla msysgd we;s w;r by< ol=kq fl,jfra isg my< juz fl,jr foig.uka lrk jsg fl`ms i yd by< ksiamdokhla fmkakquz lrk ksiamdok jl% jsyd,.kkla yuqfjz. fmgzgs igykl olakg,efnk,cik jsuid ne,q jsg jeo.;a lrekq lsysmhlau y qkd.; yelsh' tys udhsuz, iuzm;a m%udkh u; ;SrKh jk nj fukau, fuu fmgzgs igyk ;=< we;s 46

TzkEu,CIhla Wmfh`.s fldg.;a iuzm;a m%udkh yd ksuejquz m%udkh fmkakquz lsrsu;a ta w;r lems fmfkhs. fmgzgs igyk ;=< we;s P keue;s TzkEu wyuq,cihla ie,lsfuka fuh meyeos,s l< yelsh. P yryd isria iy ;sria frald hq.,la we sjsg D P c, D P b, L P b, L P c, f,i P,CIfhys mdka iy fldams ksiamdok i yd jeh jq iuzm;a m%udkh oelajsh yelsh. tfiau P,CIh yryd.uka lrk mdka iy fl`ms i yd jq iuksiamdok jl% hq.,h uûska tu,cihg wod, ksuejquz m%udkho oelafjz. fmgzgs igyk ;=< we;s wyuq f,i f;dard.;a P keue;s,ìh i,lkak. fuu P,Ìh yryd iu ksiamdok jl% folla tlsfkl lems hd hq;=h. tfia ke;fyd;a tu,ìhfhaos iy ksiamdok jl% folla tlsfkl iamray jsh hq;=hs. uq,os iu ksiamdok jl% folla tlsfkl lefma hhs i,lkak' tjsg P ys isg a olajd.ukal<fyd;a mdka ksiamdokh ksh;j ;nd.ksuska ^tkuz tlu iu ksiamdok jl%hl isgsuska& fldams ksiamdokh jevs lr.eksug mqmzjk. fuysos os we;s ;dìkhla u.ska yd os we;s iuzm;a m%udkhlska wdra:slfha iuzm;a wkqhqla; lsrsu m%;sixjsodkh lsrsu u.ska jevs ksiamdokhla lrd,ûd jsula is\qjs we;. th ldrahìu;djla lrd,ûd jsuls. fuf,i P ys isg b,ìhh lrd.uka l<fyd;a, fldams ksiamdokh ksh;j ;nd.ksuska mdka ksiamdokh by< oud.eksug yelshdjla we;. oeka P ys isg c,ìhh lrd.uka lrkafka hhs i,lkak. tjsg mdka yd fldams iy foflysu ksiamdokh jevs lr.eksug mqmzjka nj fmks hhs. fuz wkaouska P,ÌHfha isg a, b fyda c,ìhhka lrd.uka lsrsu hkq wdra:slfha mj;sk iuzm;a fjkia wdldr j,ska mdka iy fldams ksmojsu i yd wkqhqla; lsrsula jyfhka ie,lsug mqmzjk. fuz jsyaf,aikh u.ska fmkakquz lrkqfha wdra:slfha iuzm;a tla tla NdKav ksiamdokh i yd wkqhqla; lsrsu fjkia lsrsu ;=<ska jvd by, ldrahìu;djka lrd,ûd jsug yels njhs' fuf,i,nd.; yels ldrahìu;djfha isudjla we;. tu isudj iu ksiamdok jl% 2la tlsfkl iamray lrk,ìh u.ska fmkakquz lrhs. wdra:slhla fuz,ìh lrd,ûd jq miq ;j\qrg;a ksiamdokfha ldrahìu;djla,nd.eksug kqmqmzjk. fujka ldrahìu,ìhhka.kkdjla fmgzgs igyk ;=< we;. ta,ìhhka ish,a, hd lsrsu u.ska ldrahìu ksiamdok m:hla (Production Efficiency Locus),nd.ekSug mqmzjk ^igyka wxl 3'9 n,kak&. fuu ldrahìu ksiamdok jl%h u; msysgs TzkEu,CIhloS mdka iy fl`ms i yd ;dciksl wdfoayk wkqmd;hkao (Rate of Technical Substitution) tlsfkl iudk fjz'.ks;uh iuslrkhlskao th my; wdldrhg oelajsh yelsh. RTS D, L RTS D L B, C 47

D P C D C D C L P b p a c b ldrahciu ksiamdok m:h L P C O B D p b D b igyka wxl 3'9( ldrahìu ksiamdok m:h ldrahìu ksiamdok m:h,nd.eksfuzos ksiamdokh yd iuznkaoj wldrahìu jk,ìhka jsyd,.kkdjla neyer lf<uq. flfia kuq;a ta neyer lsrsfuka wk;=rej jqj;a ldrahìu ksiamdok,cihka jsyd,.kkla ldrahìu ksiamdok m:fha wvx.= fjz. tu ldrahìu,ì jsyd,.kk w;=rska l=uk,ìhla f;dard.; hq;=o hkak ksrakh lsrsug Ndjs;d l<yels jsfyais; usuzula fkdue;. tuksid ksiamdokh mukla i,ld wdra:slhl ldrahìu;djh wohhkh lsrsu wiuzmqrak fjz. wm fuf;la l< jsyaf,aykh mrsfndackh i yd jhdma; lsrsu i yd m<uqj ldrahìu ksiamdok m:h oekg mj;sk iuzm;a wjldyfha isg NdKav wjldyh olajd udre lruq' ldrahìu ksiamdok m:fha ieu,ìhhlau mdka iy fldams ksiamdok m%udkhka oraykh lrk nejska tu mdka yd fldams m%udkhka NdKav wjldyfha ia:dk.; lsrsfuka ldrahìu ksiamdok m:h ksiamdok yelshd jl%hla (Production Possibility Frontier) njg m;a lr.eksug mqmzjk. fuf,i,nd.;a ksiamdok yelshd jl%h wxl 3'10ka oelafjz. fuu ksiamdok yelshd jl%h u.ska wdra:slfha os we;s iuzm;a yd mj;sk ;dìkh Ndjs; lruska ldrahìuj ksmojsh yels jsjso NdKav ixfhdapk fmkakquz lrhs. tfukau tys tla,ìhl isg wfkla,ìhg.uka lrk jsg tla mdka tallhla jevsmqr ksmojsug kuz ta i yd leml< hq;= fldams 48

tall.kk o fmkajhs. ksiamdok yelshd jl%hg by<ska msysgs,ìhl ksmojsug os we;s iuzm;a yd ;dìkh u.ska YlH;djla,nd fkdfok w;r ta u; fyda Bg my<ska msysgs,ìhl ksmojsug YlH;djla,nd foa. ksiamdok yelshd jl%hg hgska msysgs,ìhl ksmojsug YlH;djla we;;a ta,ìhka ys ksiamdokh ldrahìu fkdfjz. mdka ksiamdok yelshd jl%h igyka wxl 3'10( ksiamdok yelshd jl%h fl`ms 3'3'3'2 mrsfn`ck ldrahciu;djh 1 yd 2 hkqfjka ye ska jq mqoa.,hka fofokdf.a mdka yd fl`ms i yd jq Wmfh`.S;djka Ndjs; fldg WfmaCId jl% is;shula ksraudkh lr.eksu us<.z b,lalhhs. tn q is;shula igyka wxl 3'11ka oelafjz. by;os l< wdldrhgu, mdrsfnda.slhka fofokdf.a WfmaCId jl% iuznkao lsrsu u.ska mrsfndapkh i yd fmgzgs igykla,nd.eksug mqmzjk' fuu fmgzgs igyk igyka wxl 3'12 olajd we;s wdldrhg ksiamdok yelshd jl%h ;=, wka;ra.;lsrsu u.ska wdra:slfha ksiamdok yd mrsfndack wxy taldnoao l< yel. 49

mdka I 1 iii I 1 ii I 1 i 0 1 fldams mdka I 2 iii I 2 ii I 2 i 0 1 fldams igyka wxl 3'11( 1 iy 2 mqoa.,hkaf.a WfmaÌd jl% 50

mdka ksiamdok yelshd jl%h B d d = O 2 ldrahciu mdrsfn`ck m:h I 1 iii I 2 i I 1 ii I 2 ii I 2 ii I 1 i O 1 C d fl`ms igyka wxl 3'12( WfmaÌd jl% fmgzgs igyk ldrahciu ksiamdok yelshd jl%h u; msysgs d keue;s TzkEu wyuq,cihla i<luq' `d' ys isg,uznl frald folla mdka iy fl`ms ksremkh flfrk wci olajd w skak' tjsg d keue;s ksiamdok yelshd,cifhaos, ms<sfj<ska C d ' iy B d ' m%udk j,ska fl`ms iy mdka ksmojsfuz yelshdj fuu wdra:slhg mj;sk nj meyeos,s fjz. O 1 B d, iy O 1 C d uûska ksiamdokh jq mdka iy fl`ms m%udk oelafjz' fuu mdrsfn`ck isudj ;=< 1 iy 2 hkqfjka ye skajq mqoa.,hkaf.a /psl;ajh oelafjk WfmaCId jl% jsyd, ixlhdjla mej;sh yelsh' t;=< we;s TzkEu,CIhla uûzska 1 yd 2 hkqfjka ye ska jq mqoa.,hka w;r mdka iy fl`ms fnos.sh wdldrh ms<sn j woyila,nd.; yelsh' ksiamdok fmgzgs igyfkaos fukau fuu fmgzgs igyk ;=,o TzkEu,ÌHhl ksmojd we;s NdKav m%udkh mdrsfnda.slhka fofokd w;r fnos hk wkaou fjkia lruska jvd by, Wmfhda.S;djla lrd,ûd jsug wjldy we;' fuf,i mrsfndackfhaos,nd.; yels ldrahìu;dj i yd o Wmrsuhla we;' fuz Wmrsu ldrahìu;d,ìhhka WfmaÌd jl% tlsfkl iamray lrk,ìhhj,ska fmkakquz lrhs' fuf,i mqoa.,hka i yd jq WfmaCId jl%hka tlsfkl iamray jk ishmu,ci hd flfruska O 1 iy d kuz,cih lrd w skq,nk fraldj uûska ldrahciu mdrsfn`ck m:h (Consumption Efficiency Locus) fmkakquz lrhs' ldrahciu m:fha TzkEu,CIhl 1 yd 2 kuz jq mdrsfn`.slhkaf.a mdka iy fl`ms 51

i yd jq WfmaCId jl%fhys nejquz tlsfkl iudk jk wjia:d uûska tls mdrsfn`.slhka fofokd mdka iy fl`ms keue;s NdKav fojra.h tlsfklska wdfoay lsrsfuz wkqmd;hkao (Marginal Rate of Substitution) iudk jk nj meyeos,sfjz ^ldrahciu mdrsfn`ck m:h ksuejs we;af;a funª,ci wkka; ixlhdjlsks&..ks;uh iuslrkhla f,i th my; mrsos oelajsh yelsh. ( MRSCB ) 1 ( MRSCB ) 2 fuu ishmzu ksraudk is\qlsrsfuz uq,sl wruqk jkafka ksiamdokh, mrsfn`ckh yd fnod yersu hk wxy ;=fkysu mqrak ldrahciu;djla fmkajk wdra:slhl wdld;shla ;kd.eksuh. ta wkqj by; rem igyfka ksiamdok ldrahciu;dj fmkakquz flfrk wjia:djka /ila w;rska d,cih f;`rd.ekqk w;r ldrahciu mdrsfn`ck m:fhka mrsndysrj msysgs ishmzu,ci ksielfhkau wldrahciu nejska tajdo neyer lrk,os. fuz wkaouska mrsfndackfha ldrahìu m:h lrd,ûd jsfuzos ksiamdokfha fukau mrsfndackfha wldrahìu,ìhka jsyd,.kkdjla neyer lr we;. funª isud lsrsulg wk;=rej jqjo ldrahciu NdKav fnoeyersula fmkakquz flfrk wjia:djka w;s jsyd, ixldjla ldrahciu mdrsfndapk m:h u.ska ksremkh flfra. fujka,ì wkka; ixlhdjlska l=ula f;dard.kafka o hkak ;Srkh lsrsug Wojz jk jsyaf,aik l%uhla fkdue;. tfukau fuysos wm jsiska wu;l fkdl< hq;= jeo.;a lrekla jkafka ldrahciu ksiamdok m:h u; msysgs d keue;s,cih f;`rd.ekqfka yqfolau wyuq f,i njh. tnª,ci jsyd,.kkla fuu m:h u; we;s nejska ta ieu tllau ksfh`ckh flfrk mrsos ldrahciu mrsfn`ck m: /ilau ksraudkh l< yelsh. mdka iy fl`ms mrsfn`ckh u.ska 1 yd 2 kuz jq mdrsfn`.slhkag,efnk Wmfh`.s;dj ie,ls,a,g.ksuska igyka wxl 3'13 we ;sfnz. fuysos Wmfh`.S;dj i yd idcq jgskdluz iemhsh fkdyels nj;a mrsfn`ckh lrk tlsfkl NdKav ksid,efnk ;Dma;sh wkqms<sfj,lg fy%aks.; l< yels nj;a ie,fla. usg by;os, ldrahciu ksiamdok yelshd jl%h ksuejsu msksi, ldrahciu ksiamdok m:h Wmfh`.s lr.;a wdldrhgu, ldrahciu mdrsfn`ck m:h tys NdKav yd fiajd oelafjk wjldyfha isg Wmfh`.s;dj oelafjk wjldyh olajd mrsjra;kh lsrsfuka, Wmfh`.s;d yelshd jl%h (Utility Possibility Curve) ksraudkh lr.; yelsh. 52

wxl 2 mdrsfn`.slhd,nk Wmfhda.s;dj mdka iy fl`ms mdrsfn`ckfha Wmfh`.s;d yelshd jl%h U 2 2 U 2 1 wxl 1 mdrsfn`.slhd,nk Wmfhda.S;dj U 1 2 U 1 1 igyka wxl 3'13( Wmfhda.s;d yelshd jl%h uska fmr ksraudkh l< ldrahciu mdrsfn`ck m:hg msgska msysgs,cihlska ksremkh jk m%udkj,ska NdKav mdrsfn`ckh lrk wjia:dfjzos, tlsfkldf.a mdrsfn`ck ugzguz fjkia lsrsu ksid fofokdgu jdishla fy` wvqu ;ruska tla wfhl=f.a Wmfh`.s;djg lsis\q ydkshla fkdfldg wfkldf.a ;Dma;sh jevs lr.eksfuz yelshdjla ;snsk. tfy;a by; igyk jsuis,af,ka n,kafkl=g, tla mdrsfn`.slhl= ish ;Dma;sh Wmrsu lsrsug ork jehulos wksjdrahfhka u wfkldf.a ;Dma;sh my; oefuk nj meyeos,s fjz. WodyrKhla f,i wxl 2 mqoa.,hd jsiska ish Wmfh`.s;dj U 2 1 isg U 2 2 olajd jevs lsrsug W;aidyd oersfuz os wxl 1 mqoa.,hdf.a ;Dma;sh U 1 1 isg U 1 2 olajd my; jefghs' tnejska Wmfh`.s;d yelshd jl%h u; ksremkh jk ugzguzj,ska mdrsfn`ck is\qjk wjia:dj,os ;j \qrg;a ;Dma;sh Wmrsu lr.eksug tla mdrsfn`.slhl= jsiska ork TzkEu W;aidyhloS wfkldg ydkshla is\qfjhs' uska woyia jkafka, fuf;la wml, jsyaf,aikh u.ska ksiamdokfha yd mdrsfndapkfha wldrahciu,ci bj;a l, ksid wdra:slfha iuzm;a kej; wkqhqla; lsrsfuka by, ldrahciu;djhla,nd.eksug we;s bvlv isud js we;s njhs. ksiamdok yelshd jl%h u; msysgs wyuq f,i f;dard.;a d,ìhh yd wkqremjq ldrahìu mdrsfndapk m:h u.ska by; 53

Wmfhda.s;d jl%h,nd.;af;uq' fuu l%shdoduhu wkq.ukh lruska ldrahciu ksiamdok yelshd jl%h u; msysgs d nª ishmzu,ci weiqfrka by; wdldrhgu Wmfh`.s;d yelshd jl% jsyd, m%udkhla ksraudkh lr.; yelsh. tjsg,efnk o< igyk, igyka wxl 3'14 wdldr.ks. wxl 2 mqoa.,hdf.a ;Dma;sh m%odk Wmfh`.s;d m%;hka;h Wmfh`.s;d yelshd jl% wxl 1 mqoa.,hdf.a ;Dma;sh igyka wxl 3'14( m%odk Wmfhda.s;d m%;hka;h ishmzu Wmfh`.s;d yelshd jl%j, uq,,ìhg we;skau msysgs,ì hd flfruska m%odk Wmfh`.s;d m%;hka;h we ;sfnz. th Wmfh`.s;d yelshd jl%j, wdjrk jl%hla (Envelop Curve) f,i ie,lsug mqmzjk. fuu Wmfh`.s;dfjys m%odk m%;hka;h ksraudkh lr.eksu;a iuû fuf;la wm ksraudkh lr.eksug W;aidy oere wdra:slfhys wdld;sh jeo.;a ixosia:dkhlg meusfkhs. tkuz ldrahciu ksiamdokhlg odhl fkdjk ish,qu wuq\%jh ixl,k ^fuysos i,ld n,k,oafoa N+ush D iy Y%uh L& fukau ldrahciu mdrsfn`ckhlg odhl fkdjk ish,qu NdKav ixfh`. ^mdka iy fl`ms keue;s NdKav& bj; ouk,os. tfiau, m%odk Wmfh`.s;d m%;hka;h ksraudkh lsrsu ksid ta u; fkdmsysgk ish,qu,ci wldrahciu,ci fia i,ld neyer lsrsug yels jsh. fuf,i m%odk Wmfhda.s;d m%;hka;h,nd.eksfuzos wdra:slfha ishmz iuzm;a kej; wkqhqla; lsrsu u.ska,nd.; yels ishmzu ldrahciu;djhka,nd f.k we;. tnejska m%odk Wmfh`.s;d m%;hka;h u; msysgs TzkEu,CIhlska ksremkh jk wxl 1 yd 2 mqoa.,hka,nk ;Dma;sfhys huz fjkialula is\q l<fyd;a wksjdrafhkau mqoa.,hka fofokdf.ka 54

wfhl=g ydkshla is\qjk nj fmkajd osug mqmzjk' fjk;a jpkj,ska mjif;d;a tla whl=g jdisodhl jk Wmfh`.s;d ugzgula we;s lsrsug hdu ksielfhka u wfkla mqoa.,hd,nk ;Dma;sh my; fy<sug fya;=jla jk njh' igyka wxl 3'15 weiqfrka th ;j \qrg;a meyeos,s l< yelsh. wxl 2 mqoa.,hdf.a Wmfhda.s;dj W;=r ngysr U 2 kef.kysr ol+k m%odk Wmfh`.s;d m%;hka;h 0 U 1 wxl 1 mqoa.,hdf.a Wmfhda.s;dj igyka wxl 3'15( mefrfgda ldrahìu;dj fuys m%odk Wmfh`.s;d m%;hka;h Tiafia jhu osydjg.uka l<fyd;a wxl 2 mqoa.,hdf.a Wmfh`.s;dj U 2 isg by< hk uq;a ta yd iuûu wxl 1 mqoa.,hd fuf;la N=la;s jsos ugzgfuz Wmfh`.S;dj Bg jvd wvq fjhs' tfiau.sksfldk foig.uka l<fyd;a fuys m%;sjsreoao ;Fjh Woa.; fjz' tkuz wxl 1 mqoa.,hdf.a Wmfh`.s;dj jevs jkafka wxl 2 mqoa.,hdf.a ;Dma;sh wvq lrusks' tfiau m%odk m%;hka;hg hgska msysgs,ìhl isg ksrs; os. osydjg m%;sia:dmkhla is\q l<fyd;a mqoa.,hka fofokdf.au ;Dma;sh wvqjk w;r Bidkos. osydjg.uka l<fyd;a fofokdf.au ;Dma;sh by< hhs. os ;sfnk iuzm;aj, isud iys; nj, iudpfha reps wrepsluz fukau mj;sk ksiamdok ;dcikhg wkql+,j lghq;= lsrsug is\qj we;s ksid m%odk Wmfhda.s;d m%;hka;fhka Tnzng.uka lsrsug yelshdjla ke;. fuz wkqj m%odk m%;hka;h u;,ìhlg,ûd jsu ldrahìu jk w;r tu,ìfhys isg m%odk Wmfhda.s;d m%;hka;h u; msysgs TzkEu,Ìhlg.uka lsrsfuz os tla whl=g jdishla w;ajkafka wfkldg wjdishla f.k fousks. uska yefûkafka wm ilia 55

l< wdld;sh tla;rd m%yia; ;Fjhlg m;aj we;s njhs. fuz ms<sn j uq,skau idra:l f,i lrekq bosrsm;a l< js,a*%fvd mefrfg` (Wilfredo Pareto) keue;s odraykslhdf.a kuska fuz ixl,amh mefrfg` ldrahciu;dj (Pareto Efficiency) f,i ye skafjz. mefrfgda ldrahìu;dj iudp iqnidokh Wmrsu lrk ;Fjhhs. mefrfgda ldrahìu;dj lrd,ûd js we;s wdra:slh tla mqoa.,fhl=f.a iqnidokh wfkl=f.a iqnidokh wvq fkdlr by< oeusug fkdyelsh. tfia jkqfha mefrfgda ldrahìu;dj lrd,ûd jsfuzos; 1. ldrahìu fkdjk ishmzu fhojquz ixfhdapk neyer lsrsu 2. ldrahìu fkdjk ishmzu ksujquz wkqhqla; lsrsuz neyer lsrsu 3. m%odk Wmfhda.s;d m%;hka;h iamray fkdjk ishmzu ldrahìu mdrsfndapk,ìh neyer lsrsu u.sks. tuksid m%odk Wmfhda.s;d m%;hka;hg,ûdjq miq wdra:slhla kej; m%;sixjsodkh lsrsfuka lsisu ldrahìu;djla,nd.eksug bvla b;srsjs fkdue;. fuf,i mefrfgda ldrahìu;dj lrd,ûd jq wdra:slhl 1. ldrahìu iuzm;a wkqhqla; lsrsu 2. ldrahìu ksiamdok ixfhdapkh 3. ldrahìu NdKav yd fiajd fnod yersu 4. fhojquz yd ksujquz i yd ldrahìu us< wkqmd; hk ish,a, tlajr,ûd lr f.k we;. 3'4 ldrahìu;dj yd fj< fmd< by; jsia;r l< wdra:slh b;du ir, wdldrfha wdra:slhls. tu wdra:slfha ksiamdolhska fofokl=, mdrsfnda.slhska fofokl= yd iuzm;a fojra.hla mukla we;ehs ie,l=fjuq. tjka ir, wdra:slhla h:dra:fha os olakg fkd,efnk nejska fuu wdld;sh idudkh wdra:slhla olajd jhdma; lsrsfuka wm,nd.;a jeo.;a m%;sm, idudkhlrkh l< yel. my; oelafjkqfha idudkh wdra:slhl mefrfgda ldrahìu;dj,ûd lr.eksu i yd wjyhh iu;=,s; ;Fjhkah. 56

ldrahìu ksiamdokh( MRTS B MRTS DL fj< fmd< wdra:sl khdh ldrahìu ksiamdokh i yd iuzm;a wkqhqla; lsrsu( C... P DL by; iuslrkfhka lshfjkqfha ksiamdok idol fol w;r wdka;sl ;dìk wdfoayk wkqmd;h ishmzu ksiamdok wdh;kj, ishmzu ksujquz i yd iudk jsh hq;= w;ru ksiamdok idolj, us, wkqmd;hg o iudk jsh hq;= njhs. ldrahìu ksujquz usy%kh( D P L RPT firm RPT CB 1 P firm... CB 2 C P B ksiamdok 2 la i yd ksujquz mrsjra;k is.%;djh ishmzu ksiamdok wdh;k w;r iudk jsh hq;= w;r tu wkqmd;h ksiamdok 2 ys us< wkqmd;hg o iudk jsh hq;=hs. ldrahìu mrsfndapkh( MRS consumer MRS CB 1 P consumer... CB 2 C P B NdKav 2la w;r wdka;sl wdfoayk is.%;dj ishmzu mdrsfnda.slhka i yd iudk jsh hq;= w;ru tu wdfoayk is.%;dj tu NdKav 2ys us, wkqmd;hgo iudk jsh hq;=hs. fuz wkqj, ldrahìu ksujquz usy%kh yd ldrahìu mrsfndapkh tlsfkldg iuznkao js we;s wdldrh by; iuslrk j,ska fmkakquz lrhs' fuu wjyh;d 2 l taldnoao lsrsu u.ska my; oelafjk iuslrkh,nd.eksug mqmzjk. MRS consumer MRS consumer RPT firm RPT CB 1 P... CB 2... CB 1 CB firm2 by; iuslrkfhka mejfikafka NdKav folla w;r wdfoayk is.%;dj ishmzu mdrsfnda.slhka i yd iudk jsh hq;= w;ru ta wkqmd;h ishmzu ksiamdok wdh;kj, ksujquz mrsjra;k is.%;djhgo, NdKav 2ys us, wkqmd;hgo iudk jsh hq;= njhs. C P B 57

ldrahìu ksujquz usy%kh yd ldrahìu mdrsfndapkh taldnoao lsrsu ;=,ska,nd.;a wjidk iuslrkh mefrfgda ldrahìu;dj yd fj< fmd< iu;=,s;;dj w;r iuznkao;dj fmkakquz lrhs. fuh jgyd.eksu i yd WodyrKhla i,ld n,uq' fldams yd mdka tlg tl wkqmd;hlska tlsfkl wdfoay lsrsug yelshhs i,lkak. tjsg 1 MRS CB oeka wdra:slh ;=< fldams yd mdka w;r ksujquz mrsjra;k wkqmd;h 2 la hhs i,lkak (RPT CB = 2&. fuhska lshfjkqfha mdrsfnda.slhka fldams tallhla lemlr mdka tallhla,nd.kakd jsg Tjqka f.a ;Dma;sh ksh;j mj;sk w;r wdra:slh ;=< fldams tallhla leml<fyd;a mdka tall folla ksmojsh yels njhs. fuz wkqj tla fldams tallhla ksmojsu w;ayer ouk jsg mdka tall folla ksmofjk w;r mdka yd fldams tlg tl ne.ska mdrsfndackfhkao wdfoayjk ksid ksmojk mdka tall 2l mdrsfndapkh lsrsu u.ska mdrsfnda.slhkg ;u ;Dma;sh by< oud.eksug yelshdjla we;. fuf,i ;Dma;sh by< oud.eksug yelshdjla we;s nejska fmkshkafka wdra:slh mefrfgda ldrahìu;dj lrd,ûd js we;s njhs. wdra:slh mefrfgda ldrahìu;d lrd,ûdjs we;s kuz ;j\qrg;a ;Dma;sh by< oud.eksug yelshdjla ke;. by; WodyrKfhaoS ksiamdok usy%kh fjkia jk w;r mrsfndackho ta wkqj fjkia fjz' wjidkfhaos uqmz wdra:slhu m%;sixjsodkhjsu u.ska mefrfgda ldrahìu;dj lrd,ûd jk w;r tu ;Fjhg m;ajq miq mrsfndapk ;Dma;sh ;j\qrg;a jevs lr.eksug bvla ke;' wdra:slhl NdKav w;r us, wkqmd;h, tkuz P c /P B ;SrKh lrkqfha fj< fmd< u.sks' fj< fmdf<ys b,a,qu yd iemhqu w;r wka;ra l%shdj u.ska tla tla NdKavfhys us< ;SrKh jk w;r tu us< wkqmd;h NdKav w;r wdka;sl wdfoayh is>%;djhg iudk jsu ;=<ska mdrsfnda.slhka w;r tu NdKav fnos hdu ;SrKhfjz. tfukau tu us< wkqmd;h ksujquz mrsjra:k is>%;djhg iudk jsu u.ska wdra:slfha iuzm;a tla tla NdKav i yd ldrahìuj wkqhqla; lsrsu ;SrKh lrhs. fuz wkaouska fj< fmd< iemhqu yd b,a,qu w;r wka;ra l%shdj u.ska ;SrKh jk us< ldrahìu NdKav usy%khla ksiamdokh lsrsu md,kh lrk w;ru tu NdKav tla tla mdrsfnda.slhd w;r ldrahìuj fnod yersu o md,kh lruska wdra:slfha tla tla wxy w;r iudfhdapkhla we;s lrk kshdulhl= f,i l%shd lrhs. fj< fmd< wdra:slhl mefrfgda ldrahìu;djh yd fj< fmd< l%shdoduh w;r iuznkao;dj jsosu;a wdldrhlska m%ldy 58

lsrsu iqnidokh ms<sn j m<uqjk isoaodka;h (First Theorem of Welfare) u.ska is\q flfra' 3'4'1 iqnidokh ms<sn m<uqjk isoaodka;h mqrak ;rûldrs fj< fmd<l iu;=,s;;dj mefrfgda ldrahìu fjz' fuu isoaodka;h wdra:sl jsohdfjz b;du jeo.;a kshuhla jk w;r th jhq;amkak lsrsu i yd b;du isus; Wml,amk lsmhla is\qlr we;s nejo ie,lsuo jeo.;afjz' mefrfgda ldrahìu;dj js.%y lsrsfuzos wms h:dra:fhka we;ska jk Wml,amk lsisjla fkdlf<uq. flfia j;=\q mqrak ;rûldrs fj< fmd<l iu;=,s;;dj lrd,ûd jsug kuz, NdKav iucd;sh jsu, fj< fmd<g we;=mz jsu yd msgjsug ndod fkdue;s nj, jsyd, ixlhdjla ksiamdolhska yd mdrsfnda.slhska isgsu yd mqrak f;dr;=re ixirkhla ;snsu hk lrekq mrsmqrak jsh hq;=hs' fuz ;Fjhka h:dra:h ;=< mqrak jyfhka oelsug fkdyelsh' flfia j;=\q ue; Nd.fha fndfyda rg j, wkq.ukh lrk wdra:sl m%;sm;a;s fuz mqrak ;rûldrs fj< fmd<la lrd wdikak jsug ork W;aidyhka jyfhka ye skajsug mqmzjk. idra:l mqrak ;rûldrs fj< fmd<la we;slsrsu u.ska mefrfgda ldrahìu;dj lrd,ûdjsug yels nj by; isoaodka;h u.ska lshfjz' mefrfgda ldrahìu;dj ms<sn j l< jsyaf,aikfha os wms ksiamdokfha ishmzu wldrahìu ksiamdok idol wkqhqla; lsrsuz mrsfndackfha ishmzu wldrahìu NdKav fnod yersuz fukau NdKav yqjudrefjz ishmzu wldrahìu iuzm;a wkqhqla; lsrsuo neyer lr fuz wxy ;=fkkau ldrahìu m:hla f;dard.;af;uq' fuf,i ishmzu wldrahìu;djka neyer lr we;s ksid mefrfgda ldrahìu;dj lrd,ûdjsu b;d jeo.;a fohla nj fuz jkjsg jgyd f.k isgsuq. mefrfgda ldrahìu;dj fuz wkaouska wdra:slhl idra:l widra:l nj uksk b;du jeo.;a Wmudkhla jk kuq\q th o wvqmdvqj,ska f;dr fkdfjz. mefrfgda ldrahìu;dj m%dfhda.sl oraylhla f,i Ndjs; lsrsfuzos we;s jk ishmzu.egmz yd W!k;d ms<sn j iuzmqrak js.%yhla lsrsug wm fuysos W;aiql fkdjk w;r fuu ixl,amfha uq,slu \qraj,;djh jk iudc iqn idokh iudcfha mqoa.,hska fyda lkavhuz w;r fnoshdu ms<sn.egmzj (Equity Problem) ms<sn j mukla jsyaf,aikh lsrsug n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjuq' ksiamdokfha, mdrsfndackfha yd NdKav yd fiajd yqjudrefjz wldrahìu,ìhhka neyer lr uyd Wmfhda.s;d m%;hka;h,nd.eksfuzos ksiamdokh i yd we;s ldrahìu;d,ìh jsyd,.kkla w;=rska wyuq f,i tla,ìhhla f;dard.;a nj isyshg k.d.kak. tu,ìhhg wkqremjk iuzm;a fnoshdula we;s w;r wm,nd.;a uyd Wmfhda.s;d 59

m%;hka;h tu iuzm;a fnoshdug wkql+, fjz. tfukau uyd Wmfhda.s;d m%;hka;h ;=<,ÌHh wkka; ixlhdjla we;s w;r tu yeu,ìhhlu iuia; wdra:slfha ldrahìu;djh iudk kuq;a, mdrsfnda.slhka mqoa.,slj,nk ;Dma;sh w;r jsyd, fjkia luz we;. fjk;a jpkj,ska lsjfyd;a, iuia; wdra:slfha ldrahìu;dj mukla ie,lsfuka tla tla mqoa.,hska fyda lkavdhuz w;r wdra:slfha m%;s,dn fnos heu ms<sn j lsis\q woyila,nd.eksug fkdyelsh. WodyrKhla f,i wdra:slh ;=< mqoa.,hska fofofkl= we;ehs i,ld w sk,o uyd Wmfhda.s;d m%;hka;h i,luq. U 1 U 1 a a U 1 c c U 1 b b U 2 a U 2 K U 2 b U 2 igyka wxl 3'16( uyd Wmfhda.s;d m%;hka;h by; igyka wxl 3'16 ys U 1 yd U 2 u.ska oelafjkafka m<uqjk yd fojk mqoa.,hd,nk Wmfhda.s;djhs. uyd Wmfhda.s;d m%;hka;h u; we;s a yd b,ìhh fol i,lkak. a,ìhfhaos m<uqjk mdrsfnda.slhd b;d by< Wmfhda.s;djhla,nk w;r b,ìhfhaos Tyq b;d my< Wmfhda.s;djhl=;a fojk mdrsfnda.slhd b;d by< Wmfhda.s;djhl=;a,nd.kS. mefrfgda ldrahìu;d ixl,amhg wkql+,j a yd b,ìhh 2 lu tlfia ldrahìufjz' c kue;s,ìhhla a yd b g iudkj ldrahìu jk w;ru tu,ìhfhaos Wmfhda.s;dj iudk ugzgulska mdrsfnda.slhska fofokd w;r fnos hhs. fuf,i a, b, yd c hk,ìhh ;=k w;r jvd iq iq,ìh l=ulaoehs ;SrKh lsrsug mefrfgda ldrahìu;d ixl,amhg fkdyels jsu tys we;s m%odku oqraj,;djhs. 60

tfukau mefrfgda ixl,amh mukla wdra:slhg idra:l widra:l Ndjh ueksu i yd fhdod.eksu fndfyda wdra:sl jsohd{hka fukau wfkl=;a iudc jsohd{hkaf.a o jsfjzpkhg,la js we;. tuksid wdra:sl m%;sm;a;s iliajsfuzos ldrahìu;djg wu;rj 1. iudp iqnidokh mqoa.,hska w;r fnos hk wdldrh, 2. iudp idodrkh (Fairness), 3. ixiald;sl.=kdx., 4. wohd;ausl we.hquz, 5. mdrsirsl.=kdx., 6. wkd.;mruzmrdjkays Wjukd tmdluz, wdosho ie,ls,a,g.eksu wjyh nj fndfyda jsoaj;ayq fmkajd os we;. fuf,i uyd Wmfhda.s;d m%;hka;h u; we;s ldrahìu jk wkka;,ìhh iuqyfhka wdra:slh,ûd jsh hq;=,ìhh ;SrKh lsrsfuzos by; ishmz.=kdx.hka ie,ls,a,g.eksug wjyhfjz. fuz ishmz lrkq ie,ls,a,g.ksuska Wmrsu iudp iqn idokh keue;s oraylh ksrajpkh lr we;. Wmrsu iudc iqnidokh iudcfha we;s iuzm;a isudjkag, ;dìksl oeksug yd mdrsfnda.sl repsl;ajhg wkql+,j tu iudphg,ûd jsh yels Wmrsu iqn idokh fuu ixl,amfhka jsia;r flfra. uyd Wmfhda.s;d m%;hka;h u.ska iudp iqnidokh Wmrsu jk,ìhhka iuqyhla wmg,nd os we;' by; i yka l< wkaoug fuz tla tla,ìhhka u.ska mqoa.,hska fyda lkavdhuz w;r iqnidokh fnoshdu fjkia jk ksid iudch jvd;au leu;s,ìhhla f;dard.eksfuz.egmzj ;ju;a wm bosrsfha b;srs js we;. tu.egmzj jsiod.eksu i yd iudp iqnidok Y%s;h kue;s ixl,amh bosrs m;a lr we;. iuslrkhl wdldrfhka oelajqjfyd;a, mdrsfnda.slhska fofofkl= isgsk iudphla i yd Y%s;h( W W ( U U ) 1 2 W = iudp iqnidok ugzgu U 1 = m<uq mqoa.,hd,nk Wmfhda.s;djh U 2 = fojk mqoa.,hd,nk Wmfhda.s;djh fuu Y%s;fhka lshjkqfha iqnidok ugzgu mqoa.,hska fofokd,nd.kakd Wmfhda.s;djfha Y%s;hla njhs' fuz wkqj iudp iqnidok Y%s;h Wmfhda.s;d Y%s;hlg iudkluz olajhs' Wmfhda.s;d Y%s;h weiqrska WfmaÌd jl%,nd.;a wdldrfhkau iudc iqnidok Y%s;h 61

u.ska iudp WfmaÌd jl% is;shula,nd.eksug mqmzjk ^igyka wxl 3'17 n,kak&' U 2 S1C 3 S1C 2 S1C 1 U 1 igyka wxl 3'17( iudp WfmaÌd jl% is;shu iudp WfmaÌd jl%hla u.ska, iudpfha iuia; iqnidokh ksh;j ;nd.ksuska mqoa.,hskag,nd.; yels jsjso Wmfhda.s;djhka f.a ixhq;shka fmkajhs' fujka iudp WfmaÌd jl% i;h jyfhkau mj;s kuz, ta u.ska iudph ;=< tla tla lkavdhuz fyda mqoa.,hka w;r iudp iqnidokh fnos hdhq;= wkaou ms<sn j huz wdldrhl jegysula fyda iuzuq;shla we;s njla woyia flfra' uyd Wmfhda.s;d m%;hka;h yd iudp WfmaÌd jl% is;shu taldnoao lsrsu ;=<ska iudpfha wnsu;hg wkql+, jk ldrahìu,ìh yªkd.eksug mqmzjk. my; igyka wxl 3'18 ys fmkajd we;s iu;=,s;,ìh wdra:slhlg,ûdjsh yels m%yia:u,ìh jk w;r, iy mefrfgda ldrahìu;djg wu;rj iudp idodrk;ajh (Social Equity) yd by; i yka l< wfkl=;a ishmzu.=kdx. lrd,ûd jsula tu,cifhka fmkakquz lrhs. ffioaodka;slj by; iu;=,s;;d,ìh,nd.;a kuq\q" wjdikdjlg fuka m%dfhda.slj fuu,ìh,nd.eksug yelso hkak wdra:sl jsohd{hska w;r u; fnaoj,g ;=vq os we;s lrekls' 62

U 2 U 2 * S1C 4 S1C 3 S1C 2 S1C 1 igyka wxl 3'18( Wmrsu iudp iqnidokh lrd,ûdjsu U 1 * flk;a wefrda kue;s fkdfn,a ;Hd.,dNS wdra:sl jsohd{hd fmkajd os we;s wkaoug m%pd;ka;%jdos iudphla ;=< iudp WfmaÌd jl% mej;sh fkdyelsh' bka.uh jkafka m%pd;ka;%sl iudphla ;=< wdra:slfha m%;s,dn tla tla fldgia w;r fnos hdh;= wkaou ms,sn j iuzuq;shla we;sjsug we;s bvlv b;d w,am njhs' tkuz iudphl jsjso lkavdhuz fyda mqoa.,hska wdra:slfha ;ukag,ensh hq;= m%;s,dn fldgia jevs jsh hq;= nj woyia lsrsu fujka iuzuq;shla we;s jsug we;s bv wyqrjhs' fuf,i iudphl ishmz Pk fldgiaj, TzkE tmdluz oraykh lrk iudp WfmaÌd jl% m%dfhda.slj olakg fkdyels jsu ;=< uyd Wmfhda.s;d m%;hka;h u; we;s l=uk,ìhhla m%yia: oehs ;SrKh lsrsug l< W;aidyh m%;sm, rys; tlla njg m;a lr we;' fuu m%;sm,h wdra:sl jsohd jsih fì;%fha iqnidol wdra:sl jsohdj uqyqk md we;s m%n, wnsfhda.hla f,i iuyr wdra:sl jsohd{fhda woyia lr;s' flfia j;= iqnidokh ms<sn.egmzj jsi d.eksug wdra:slhlg lsisfia;au yelshdjla ke;s njla uska woyia fkdflfra' fuu.egmzj fjk;a wdldrhlska jsi d.eksug yels nj iqnidokh ms<sn fojk isoaodka;fhka lshefjz' U 1 3'4'2 iqnidokh ms<sn fojk isoaodka;h wdra:slhl ishmz mdrsfnda.slhskag wj;, jq repsl;ajhla we;af;a kuz uyd Wmfhda.s;d m%;hka;h u; we;s Tzkeu,Ìhla lrd,ûd jsh yels fj< fmd< iu;=,s;;djla mj;s' 63

uska woyia jkafka iudphl wnsu;hg wkqj huz wdldrhl iqn idokh fnos heula yªkd.;fyd;a tu,ìhh lrd,ûd jsug fj< fmd< bv i,id fok njhs' tla w;lska n,k l, fuu isoaodka;h u.ska iqnidokh fnos heu ms<sn.egmzj iudph fj; kej; yrjd hjd iudph jsiska huz,ìhhla ;SrKh l<fyd;a" wdra:slhg ta yd tlû jsh yels iu;=,s;;djlg t,usug yels nj fmkajd fohs' fuysos wdra:sl l%shd oduhg wu;rj rgl foaymd,k l%shdodufha jeo.;aluo biau;= js fmfka' fuu isoaodka;hg wkqj rgl uq,sl iuzm;a fnos hdu fjkia lsrsfuka uyd Wmfhda.s;d m%;hka;h u; we;s jsjso,ìh,ûd jsug yels njla woyia lr we;' ;uqka wnsu;,ìhhla lrd f;dard.;a miq fj< fmd< Bg.e,fmk iu;=,s;;djhla we;s lr fohs' tu ksid iudp WfmaÌd jl%hla fkdmej;sfuz wvqmdvqj foaymd,k l%shdoduh yd wdra:slh taldnoao lsrsu ;=<ska uû yrjd.eksug yels fjz' f;dr;=re uq,dy%hka iy ksrafoays; wu;r lshjsuz Freeman III, A.M. (1993) The Measurement of the Environmental and Resource Values: Theory and Methods, Resources for the Future, Washington D.C. Friedman L.S. (1984) Micro Economic Policy Analysis, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York. Myles, G.D. (1995) Public Economics, Cambridge University Press. Nicholson, W. (1997) Intermediate Micro-Economics; Seventh Edition. Harconrt Brace College Publishers. Randall, A. (1987). Resource Economics, An Economic Approach to Natural Resource and Environmental Policy, John Wiley and Sons, New York. Varian, H.R. (1990) Intermediate Micro-economics: A Modern Approach, Second Edition W.W. Norton Company, New York. Varian, H.R. (1992) Micro Economic Analysis Third Edition, W.W. Norton Company, New York. 64