Overview of Water Management in Turkey The Istanbul Metropolitan Area case Selmin Burak Environmental Engineer Ph.D. Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Sciences&Management sburak@istanbul istanbul.edu.tr
Overview of institutional&legal framework Centralized and deconcentrated Divided into 81 provinces Each province headed by the Governor Provinces divided into districts, each with their own appointed District Governor or sub-governor within a province
Overview of institutional&legal framework Within a province, there are four types of local authorities: Municipalities (3200, more than 2000 inhabitants) Metropolitan Municipalities in n 16 of the main urban areas (incorporate district municipalities) Villages (35 000, less than 2000 inhabitants) Special Provincial Administrations (SPAs( SPAs) 81 SPAs, one in each province. The SPAs cover areas that fall neither within municipal nor village boundaries
Overview of institutional&legal framework Widely dispersed responsibilities and authorities loss of enforcement power lack of communication
Prime Ministry Treasury State Planning Organization Ministry of Health Ministry of Environment and Foresty Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Public Works and Housing Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Ministry of Culture and Tourism Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources Ministry of Finance Ministry of Interior General Health Servıces Forest Meteorology Special. Protect. Areas Act No: 3234 Forestry services at national level Act No: 3127, 3254 Meteorology services Decree 383 Related to Specially protected areas Bank of Provinces Act No:1759 Water supply and sewerage General Directorate of Rural Affairs (GDRS) * Act No:3202 Village roads contruction, water supply, electricity, erosion control, irrigation Agricultural Production and Development Aquatic Product and Fishery Act No:1380, 3288 Aquatic Product and fishery protection State Hydraulic Works (DSI) Act No: 6200, 167, 1053, 7478 Inland water resources Electrical Works Planning Administra tion Act No: 2819 Studies, planning and projects related to electrical energy at national level Energy Works General Directorate Decree 505 BOT application s Turkey Electricity Production and Transmission Production, transmission and contracting works since 2001 with three separate companies General Directorat eof Research and Eploration Act No: 2804 Geotherm al energy source investigati on and research Administrativ e Control Province Health Organization Provincial Directorate of Environment and Forestry Greater Metropolitan Municipalities Municipalities Village committee of elders Division Directorate of Control Division Municipalities Municipalities Provinces Greater Metropolitan Municipality Areas Settlements Villages Large settlements >100,000 inhabitants Provincial administration * Being restructured/ Abolished February 2006
ORGANISATION LAW M.* OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL AFFAIRS M OF COMMERC E M. OF JUSTICE M. OF INTERIOR M. OF HEALT H CABIN ET PRIME MINIS TRY M. OF PUBLIC WORKS AND RESETTLEM ENT (HOUSING) M. OF ENVIRO NMENT AND FOREST RY M. OF ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINISTRY OF JU VILLAGE ACT 17.4.1340-442 (1924) HARBOURS ACT 20.4.1341-618 (1925) RKISH CIVIL ACT (CIVIL CODE) 4.4.1926-743 WATER ACT 4.4.1926-831 SANITATION ACT 6.5.1930-1593 ANNEXE TO WATER ACT 1.1.1955-2650 TLEMENT ACT.1934-2510 protectıon AGAINST FLOODING 21.1.1943-4373 FOREST ACT 8.9.1954-6831 GROUND WATER ACT 23.12.1960-167 ILLEGAL SETTLEMENT 30.7.1966-775 AQUATIC PRODUCT ACT 4.4.1971-1380 IRONMENT.1989-2872 BOSPHORUS ACT 22.11.1983-2960 AGRICULTURE REFORM ACT 1.12.1984-3083
Underlying problems Rapid urbanization in the last fifty years: : 65% urban population Congested population due to rural-to- urban migrants mainly in: large cities, along the coast, western parts
Overview of institutional&legal framework Municipalities receive significant support from the central government for basic services Substantial progress but further reforms needed the ability of the central government reduced due to macroeconomic fiscal constraints
Overview of institutional&legal framework Municipalities unable to provide services for unepectedly high population increase inability to complete already initiated investments high inefficiency in investments, Lack of sufficient financial resources for new investments
Present Position Achievements 92% of population have access to public water supply 78% access to public sewer erage systems Shortfalls Waterborne disease in the eastern cities Treatment of waste water remains very low
Present Position Policy responsibilities are fragmented across government Competence of water utilities needs improvement
Needs? Determine service standards Create sustainable financing mechanisms for the sector, Create sufficient financial resources to cope with the new investment needs, Encourage training Encourage involvement of private sector
Institutional Improvement Water and Sewerage Administrations Union of municipalities Delegated management for O&M semi-autonomous entity separate budget
Legislation General Approach Water and sewerage charges Environment taes Polluter pays User pays Further improvement epected: Harmonization with the EU-WFD
Istanbul Metropolitan Area Black Sea Marmara Sea
What do the figures tell about Istanbul? Population: more than 10 million (national 67,8 million) Area 5.2 km2 Density: : 1928 persons/km2 population increase: : 3.3% (national 1.8%) 63% of the population constituted by immigrants 43% contribution to the general budget
Population trend in the Ömerli Basin 600000 500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Population 7414 8008 15076 18041 25634 150910 535300 Years 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 2000
The Ömerli Basin Man-made water reservoir contributing to 33% of Istanbul s total water supply Located within the municipal boundaries
Reasons for failure in protecting the Ömerli Basin Attracted unepectedly high rural immigration twenty-fold in 15 years! similar rural and agrarian features) Sound geological structure (impact of the 1999 Earthquake)
Reasons for failure in protecting the Ömerli Basin Overlapping powers and fragmentation ISKI, DSI, Ministry of Environment&Forestry Who is responsible for what? Difficulties in enforcement political interests of local administrators (short-termism) real-estateestate speculations
Impact of Illegal Urbanization Loss of state-owned land, degradation of forest and green area
Financial Burden Urgent remedial action at a cost of US$ 150 million
Dilemma Option A-Refuse to allocate municipal services? +disincentive for similar situation -Water consumed anyway,receiving medium polluted Option B-Register the inhabitants +income generation for ISKI -GiveGive official status to illegal settlements
Eisting Policy Political considerations play a significant role in strategy and policy making
What policy to be adopted? Lasting policy in environmental issues continuity in technical administrations stakeholders involvement
What policy to be adopted? Timely implementation (the environment cost of delayed infrastructure is very high) Land-use and development plans must be completed prior to any urban development
What policy to be adopted? Each resource (i.e. Water basin,, ) has its own particularities this necessitates appropriate management whose basic guidelines are defined at national level The key word = Good governance!
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