The role of social protection in disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in Indonesia

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1 The role of social protection in disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in Indonesia Rahmitha The SMERU Research Institute A Symposium on linkages between social protection and disaster risk Bangkok, May 2014

2 Natural Hazard Risk Map Earthquakes, tropical storms and volcanoes Figure 1. Natural Hazard Risk of Indonesia Source: UNOCHA (2011) 2

3 The risk of disaster in Indonesia Geological (earthquakes, tsunami, volcanic eruptions), Hydro-meteorological (flooding, landslides, drought, hurricanes), Biological (epidemics, plant diseases, livestock diseases, plagues of pests), Technological failures (industrial and transportation accidents, nuclear radiation leaks, chemical pollution), and Socio-political (community conflict, terrorism, ideology, religion) ( Definisi bencana, 2011). 3

4 Disaster Risk Management In 2007, the GoI enacted Law No.24/2007 on Disaster Reduction In 2008, the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) was established to replaced the National Coordinating Agency for Disaster Management. BNPB is an independent ministerial level national agency for disaster management. The BNPB is more effective as it is supported by national legislation, while at the local level (provincial and kabupaten/kota) Regional Disaster Management Agencies were established and set up using local regulations. In October 2012 all provinces in Indonesia have established their Disaster Management agencies. More than eighty percent (399 out of 497) of the districts and cities in the country have also set-up their Local DM Agencies (BPBD). 4

5 Disaster Risk Management (2) Under non-disaster situation, BNPB and BPBD role as coordinators and actively conduct disaster prevention activities and mitigation awareness. Under disaster situation, BNPB and BPBD role as commanders, coordinators, and conduct emergency response. Furthermore, BNPB and BPBD authorized to commanding others institutions and emergency response unit. 5

6 Coordination of BNPB BNPB works with other ministries and government bodies. For search and rescue of disaster victims, BNPB works with Indonesian National Armed Forces(TNI), Polices, National Search and Rescue Agency (Basarnas) dan PMI For refugees, BNPB works with Ministry of Social Affairs. For disaster mapping, BNPB works with : National Coordination Body for Survey and Mapping (Bakosurtanal) dan specific ministry based on hazard type. For early warning system, BNPB works with Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources and Agency for Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysics (BMKG) for geological hazards, with Ministry of Public Work, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Forestry, National Space and Aviation Institute (LAPAN), dan BMKG for hydro meteorological hazard, and other research organisations such as Ministry for Research and Technology, Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), National Institute of Sciences (LIPI) and universities. 6

7 Monitoring and evaluation Climate Change Adaptation Elements of Climate Change Adaptation: Mapping of disaster and climate change Increase of awareness and economy condition of society Reformation of public policies and increase of public institutions capacity Development of economy with low carbon strategies Focus of Issues in each sector: Poverty reduction, Socio economy development Investment, and Regional planning Adaptation sectors: Agricultural, ocean, fisheries, health, water resources Vulnerability assessment Impact Adaptation strategy Integration of adaptation and mitigation climate change into development planning Scientific basis Mitigation sectors: Forestry, energy, industry, transportation, water management Emission status Emission reduction potential Mitigation strategy System of national development planning Figure 2. Roadmap development approach 7

8 Current Social Protection Programs Name Type of transfer Target Total beneficiarie s Total benefit Unconditional Cash Transfer (BLSML) Cash Poor and vulnerable 18.5Million HH Rp150,000 per month Institutions Ministry of Social Affairs Rice for the Poor (Raskin) Subsidized rice Poor and vulnerable 17.5Million HH 15 kg rice per month Coordinating Minister for People Welfare, Bureau of Logistics (BULOG) Ministry of Home Affairs Universal Social Security Health service& Employment protection Poor and vulnerable 76.4 Million people Unlimited public agency established to implement the social security program (BPJS ) Scholarship for the Poor (BSM) Cash School children of the poor and vulnerable Conditional Cash Transfer(PKH) Conditional cash Very poor 6,175,755 1,116,000 HH Rp450,000 (Elementary school), Rp700,000 (Junior high school), RP1,000,000 (High school) per year Ministry of Education and Ministry of Religious Affair Rp600,000-Rp 2,200,000 per year Ministry Social Affair and related ministries 8

9 Current Social Protection Programs (2) Name Elderly Support Disable Support Neglected child support Type of transfer Cash Cash Cash Target Poor and vulnerable elderly Poor and vulnerable disable Neglected children Total beneficiaries 10,000 (2012) 17,000 (2012) 4,187,000 (2012) Total benefit Rp200,000 per month Rp300,000 per month Rp1,400,000-Rp1,800,000 Institutions Ministry of Social Affairs Ministry of Social Affairs Ministry of Social Affairs 9

10 The Study of Impact of Climate Change on Households in Kota Pekalongan (2012) Climate hazards are floods, coastal inundation, and landslides Local government responsible for mitigation and adaptation of disaster hazard, national government responsible to inform local government and conduct socialization of hazard risk Disaster management was a function of the Civil Service Police Unit Ministry of Social Affairs formed Disaster response cadets to help with social assistance at village level in 2006 Central Java Province Indonesia 11

11 The Study of Impact of Climate Change on Households in Kota Pekalongan (2) Under disaster condition, all local agencies work under the coordination of Civil Service Police Unit Social agency: Non-regular social assistances during disaster (floods) are 400grams of rice per capita, one box of instant noodle per family, temporary camps, and collective kitchens Public work agency: renovate damaged houses and buuildings Agriculture agency: calculate and give compensation of damaged fields Health agency: provide medicine No regular social assistance under the disaster condition Regular social assistance has schedule 12

12 Future Social Protection System This strategy aims to provide protection for the poor and vulnerable in the event of a crisis or disaster (shock) due to natural, socio-political, or economic factors. This strategy involves two main initiatives: 1 Provision of Universal Social Security Universal Social Security will include universal provision of: Health insurance (BPJS 1) Work accident insurance Old age benefits Pension (BPJS 2) Death benefits Health insurance premium for the poor will be paid by Govt. 2 Social Assistance scheme will be divided into two main scheme: Regular social assistance (e.g. Conditional Cash Transfer, difabled, elderly, and neglected children) Temporary social assistance (e.g. natural disaster, economic crisis, and social conflict) Provision of Comprehensive Social Assistance BPJS is public agency established to implement the social security program 10

13 Temporary Social Assistance Regular Social Assistance Universal Social Security System Future Social Protection System(2) Current Social protection programs will be transformed and regrouped into three main initiatives: Current (2014) 2025 BPJS Health BPJS Employment Accident, Death, Old age, and Pension Integrated BPJS Health BPJS Employment Elderly support Disable support Neglected child support Scholarship for poor students Conditional Cash Transfer (PKH) Rice for the poor Unconditional Cash Transfer (BLT) Increased Benefits and Coverage Transformed Elderly support Disable support Neglected child support Scholarship for poor students Conditional Cash Transfer Social assistance for natural disaster victims Social assistance for social conflict victims Social assistance for economic shocks 3

14 Summary Disaster risk management is under the control of an independent ministerial level national agency for disaster management (BNPB) BNPB (national) and BDPB (regional/local) work with other government bodies and ministries to reduce disaster risk In the absence of BDPB, local government appointed local government organization to conduct the disaster management function Each local agency work based on their responsibility under the coordination of local agency for disaster management Most of social assistance programs are not integrated with disaster management system. The main purpose of social assistance program is only to reduce poverty Social protection system helps reducing the risk of disaster through regular and non-regular social protection programs and increase climate change adaptive capacity of society through poverty reduction 13