RFID Design Principles Second Edition Harvey Lehpamer ARTECH HOUSE BOSTON LONDON artechhouse.com
Contents CHAPTER 1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 Short-Range Communications Systems 2.1 Radio-Frequency Spectrum and Propagation 2.1.1 Theory of Electromagnetism and Maxwell's Equations 2.1.2 RF Propagation and Interference 2.1.3 Basic Antenna Parameters 2.1.4 Range of a Radio Communications System 2.2 Spread-Spectrum Communications Systems 2.2.1 Frequency-Hopping Spread-Spectrum Systems 2.2.2 Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Systems 2.3 WLAN 2.3.1 Basics of WLAN 2.3.2 WLAN Components 2.4 Wireless Personal Area Network 2.4.1 Bluetooth 2.4.2 ZigBee 2.5 Wireless Body Area Networks 2.5.1 About Wireless Body Area Networks 2.5.2 Technical Challenges of Body Area Networks 2.5.3 Principle of Inductive Coupling 2.5.4 Medical Implant Communication Service and Wireless Medical Telemetry Service Bands 2.5.5 Passive Wearable Electrostatic Tags 2.6 Ultrawideband Technology 2.6.1 Ultrawideband Description 2.6.2 UWB Technical Specifications 2.6.3 UWB Medical Applications 2.6.4 Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing 2.7 Review Questions and Problems 3 3 3 5 8 17 18 20 20 21 21 22 23 23 26 27 27 30 32 38 41 42 42 44 45 46 47 49 V
CHAPTER 3 Automatic Identification Systems 3.1 Bar Codes 3.2 Card Technologies 3.2.1 Magnetic Cards 3.2.2 Smart Cards 3.2.3 Optical Cards 3.3 Radio Frequency Identification 3.3.1 RFID Historic Background 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 RFID System Overview Principles of RFID Operation The Electronic Product Code System RFID and Biometrics Challenges of RFID Implementation 3.3.6 Wireless Sensor Networks 3.4.1 Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks 3.4.2 Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks 3.4.3 Concept of Ambient Intelligence 3.4.4 Sensor Networks Design Considerations 3.4.5 The Future of RFID Sensing RFID Applications 3.5.1 Supply Chain Logistics 3.5.2 3.5.3 3.5.4 3.5.5 3.5.6 3.5.7 3.5.8 3.5.9 Product Authentication Agriculture and Animals Intelligent Transportation Systems Document Management Pharmaceutical and Health Care Industry Indoor Localization for First Responders Passive Keyless Entry Military Applications Other RFID Applications 3.5.10 Other Developments in AutoID Systems 3.6.1 RuBee 3.6.2 Visible Light Tags 3.6.3 RFID and Printable Electronics 3.6.4 RFID and Mobile Phone Integration Review Questions and Problems CHAPTER 4 RFID Standards Development Challenges 4.1 Regional Regulations and Spectrum Allocations 4.2 Key Players in RFID Standardization 4.3 ISO and EPC Approach 4.4 RFID Systems and Frequencies
Contents vii 4АЛ Power Emissions Conversion 106 4.4.2 North American and International Frequency Bands 107 4.4.3 RFID Interoperability and Harmonization 109 4.4.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Using 125-kHz Frequency 112 4.4.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Using the 13.56-MHz tz Frequency 112 4.4.6 Operation in the 433-MHz Band 114 4.4.7 Operation in the 900-MHz Band 115 4.4.8 Operation in the 2.45- and 5.8-GHz Bands 116 4.5 БОЛЕС 18000: RFID Air Interface Standards 119 4.5.1 About the 18000 Standards 119 4.5.2 ISO/IEC 18000-1:2008 119 4.5.3 ISO/IEC 18000-2:2009 120 4.5.4 ISO/IEC 18000-3:2010 120 4.5.5 КОЛЕС 18000-4:2008 120 4.5.6 КОЛЕС 18000-6:2010 121 4.5.7 КОЛЕС 18000-7:2009 122 4.6 UHF and EPCglobal Gen 2 122 4.6.1 The EPC Class Structure 123 4.6.2 UHF Gen 2 124 4.6.3 Electronic Product Code Information Services 125 4.6.4 UHF RFID Tag Example 126 4.7 Review Questions and Problems 128 129 CHAPTER 5 Components of the RFID System 5.1 RFID Engineering Challenges 5.2 Near-Field and Far-Field Propagation 5.2.1 Far-Field Propagation and Backscatter Principle 5.2.2 Near-Field Propagation Systems 5.3 Tags 5.3.1 Tag Considerations 5.3.2 Data Content of RFID Tags 5.3.3 Passive Tags 5.3.4 Active Tags 5.3.5 Active And Passive Tags Comparison 5.3.6 Multiple Tag Operation 5.3.7 Overlapping Tags 5.3.8 Tag Antennas 5.3.9 UHF Tags Circuits 5.3.10 Tag Manufacturing Process 5.4 Readers 5.4.1 Principles of Operation 5.4.2 Reader Antenna 5.4.3 Software Defined Radios in RFID Systems 5.4.4 Data Transfer Between a Tag and a Reader 131 131 132 133 143 150 150 152 154 157 159 159 162 163 168 171 172 172 174 175 176
viii Contents 5.4.5 UHF Reader Electronic Circuitry 5.5 RFID Power Sources 5.5.1 Power-Harvesting Systems 5.5.2 Active Power Sources 5.6 Review Questions and Problems CHAPTER 6 RFID System Design Considerations 6.1 RFID System Main Considerations 6.1.1 Configuration Design 6.1.2 System Design Checklist 6.1.3 Carrier Frequency and Bandwidth 6.1.4 Frequency Band Selection 6.1.5 Power and Range 6.1.6 Link Budget 6.1.7 Collision Avoidance 6.1.8 Tag Reading Reliability 6.2 RFID RFIE Reader-Tag Communication Channel 6.3 6.4 6.2.1 Г "1 1 Data Content and Encoding Modulation 6.2.3 Data Encryption Testing and Conformance 6.3.1 Test Equipment 6.3.2 6.3.3 6.3.4 Frequency and Bandwidth-Related Measurement Polling and Timing Measurements Collision Management Multivendor Interoperability and Testing 6.3.5 Review Questions and Problems CHAPTER 7 RFID Technology for Medical Applications 7.1 Integrating RFIDs and Sensor Networks 7.1.1 Basics of Biomedical Signals 7.1.2 Sensor Networks in Medicine 7.1.3 Medical Implants 7.2 Operational Challenges of Implanted Devices 7.2.1 Biomedical Materials Inside of the Human Body 7.2.2 Radio Propagation Inside the Human Body 7.2.3 Power Requirements for Implanted Devices 7.3 Development of Medical Devices 7.3.1 Technology Transfer 7.3.2 Medical Product Development 7.3.3 Laws and Regulations Regarding Wireless Body Implants 7.4 Wireless Neural Implants 183 186 187 188 191 193 195 195 195 197 199 200 201 202 206 211 212 213 216 219 221 221 222 223 223 223 226 229 231 232 232 234 236 240 240 243 249 251 251 252 255 257
Contents IX 7АЛ The Brain and the Spinal Cord 257 7.4.2 The Neurons and the Neurostimulation 260 7.4.3 Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) 263 7.4.4 Wireless Neural Implants: Principle of Operation 269 7.4.5 Fully Implantable Wireless Neural Implants 270 7.5 Patient's Risks 271 7.5.1 Surgical Risks 271 7.5.2 Security and Privacy Risks 272 7.5.3 Ethical Issues 274 7.6 Review Questions and Problems 275 278 CHAPTER 8 Sociocultural Implications of RFIDs and Their Applications 285 8.1 Market Trends and Usage 285 8.1.1 Barriers to RFID Adoption 286 8.1.2 Globalization 288 8.2 RFID Security and Privacy Aspects 288 8.2.1 Access to Information 288 8.2.2 Privacy Threats and Protection 290 8.2.3 The Blocker Tag 291 8.2.4 Reader Signal Energy Analysis 292 8.2.5 Protecting the Public 292 8.2.6 Fair Information Practices 293 8.3 Health Risks from RFID 294 8.4 Ethical and Moral Dilemmas of Technology 296 8.4.1 Basic Concepts of Ethics 297 8.4.2 Major Ethical Theories 299 8.4.3 Moral Lessons of the Past Research 302 8.4.4 Ethics and Technology Today 304 8.4.5 Enhancing Humans 308 8.4.6 Ethical Decision-Making Process 313 8.4.7 Mathematical Modeling of Ethical Decisions 317 8.5 Review Questions and Problems 323 326 Appendix 329 Glossary 335 Acronyms 343 About the Author 347 Index 349