The J-pole, and now the new X-pole Antenna

The J-pole, and now the new X-pole Antenna By Edward J. Shortridge W4JOQ Introduction I f you are using a vertical J-pole antenna, or you intend to build one, this presentation may make you change your mind about how it is built. You see, the new vertical X-pole has arrived and it has very much wider bandwidth, better SWR, greater gain and does not require adjustable taps on the quarter-wavelength matching line. It matches 50 Ohms without the need to insert a capacitive reactive load in series with the feed point. The construction is pretty much the same as the J-pole antenna. If you have one, you may be able to convert it to the X-pole antenna and take advantage of the very much improved SWR bandwidths. The J-pole antenna has, within its entity, the untapped capacity for better performance but it has long been unrecognized. With the addition of one simple inexpensive component this capacity has been unleashed and we have the X-pole antenna. The J-pole antenna really consists of two parts, the 0.5wL dipole and the 0.25wL quarterwavelength matching section. These are connected together and form a single resonant entity. Therefore, the SWR bandwidth is dependent on this single entity. If these two parts are slightly separated from each other, we now have two independent resonant circuits. Some might say, they wouldn't bet a pico-farad for the chances that this will perform better, but they are wrong. You see, by using just a few pico-farads of capacity to couple the two independent resonant circuits together, we can produce a much wider and lower SWR bandwidth. We now have two capacitive top couple resonators that have a bandwidth that can be adjusted by the choice of how much top coupling capacitance is used. Coupled radiators have been used over the years to increase the bandwidth of antennas, but all of these generally referred to using mutual-inductive coupling. Most antennas by the nature of their construction are not capable of using top capacitive coupling to increase the bandwidth, but there are exceptions. In the August, 2009 issue 148 of antennex an article, titled "Shortened & Broad-banded 75-80Mtr. Antennas" by Edward J. Shortridge, describes how shortened and isolated radiators can achieve improved SWR bandwidth by using small capacitance values for top coupling. This X-pole article is the continuance of the use of capacitive top coupled radiators. A 10-Meter Vertical J-pole Antenna Presented in Figure 1, is a J-pole modeled to cover 28 to 29.7 MHz. It uses tapered aluminum tubing and the base of the Quarter-wave matching section is mounted 12 feet above ground and, as you can see, it extends up to 36.4 feet high. I have chosen not to tap the 50-Ohm transmission line up on the Quarter-wave line in order to get a proper match. This was done so antennex Issue No. 149 September 2009 Page 1

that a good comparison can be made to the X-pole antennas. The source impedance at wire 6 was measured at 26 Ohms and series-section matching was used to achieve a match to a 50-Ohm source. The Quarter-wavelength matching section, wires 4 and 5, are spaced 8.9 inches apart which will be close to that of the X-pole antennas to be presented later. Figure 2 Figure 2 shows the lengths and diameters of each of the conductors. The diameters of these conductors can be altered somewhat without much change in the antenna performance. Figure 3 shows the far-field radiation pattern for this antenna. Please note that the antenna has a maximum gain of 2.8 dbi, which we will later compare to the X-pole antennas. Figure 3 Figure 4 shows an SWR plot across the entire 10-Meter bandwidth and as you can see, the SWR readings are almost 3/1 at the band edges. This would be considered inadequate for good operation. The gain of this antenna is shown as 0.77 dbi in one direction and 1.76 dbi in the other direction. Figure 1 The Mast support wire 7, as shown in Figure 1, is in line with wire 4 and this is a normal configuration for this antenna. But, if we moved the Mast to where it is in line with wire 5, the RF currents on the Mast are Figure 4 greatly reduced. And, the gains at low angles of far-field radiation are improved from 0.77 dbi in one direction and 1.76 dbi in the other direction, to 1.57 dbi in one direction and 2.47 dbi in the other direction. The maximum antennex Issue No. 149 September 2009 Page 2

gain of 2.8 dbi as shown in Figure 3 has not changed. Although this might not be the best physical support for the antenna, it certainly is the best position for best low angle radiation gains. In order to compare this SWR bandwidth with that of an isolated 0.5wL Dipole at the same height above ground, the Quarter-wavelength matching section wires 4, 5, and 6 were removed and a 72-Ohm center-fed source was used. The SWR scanned bandwidth is shown in Figure 5, and as you can see the 1.5/1 SWR is far better than that of Figure 4. The assumption is that the poor SWR of the J-pole is due to the Quarter-wavelength matching section. Figure 5 In order to verify this contention, the Quarter-wavelength line impedance was calculated to be 380 Ohms. When the 26-Ohm impedance at wire 6 is divided into 380, this produces a figure of 14.616. If this is multiplied by the 380-Ohm s line impedance, the calculated impedance at the top end of the Quarter-wavelength line is indicated to be 5554 Ohms When 26-Ohm source impedance is modeled feeding a 380-Ohm Quarter-wavelength transmission line and that line is terminated with a 5554-Ohm load, the SWR characteristics of that line can be plotted, as shown in Figure 6. As you can see, the SWR is almost 2/1 at the band edges and accounts for the big difference in the SWR between Figures 3 and 4. There are certain inaccuracies here because, in actual practice, the 5554 Ohms that was calculated was only accurate for the center of the bandwidth, but the results are fairly accurate. Figure 6 What this indicates is that a 0.5wL vertical Dipole radiator fed by a different means could have a superior SWR compared to that of the J-pole antenna. This is where the design of the X- pole antenna really begins to show its advantages in the SWR improvement. antennex Issue No. 149 September 2009 Page 3

A 10-Meter Vertical X-pole antenna covering 28 to 29.7 MHz This antenna, as shown in Figure 7, was modeled to be very close to that of the J-pole antenna. As far as the tubing sizes, the spacing between wires 4 and 5, this is shown in Figure 8. Even though the spacing is the same, the source impedance at wire 6 matches 50 Ohms. So what made the difference? Well, if you look closely, you will find that a 6 pf capacitor was inserted in series at the bottom end of the wire 2 Dipole where it connects to the Quarter-wavelength matching section wire 4. The lengths of wires 1, 4 and 5 are all considerably shorter than those of the J-pole and had to be adjusted for the best SWR across the bandwidth. All of the X-pole antennas being discussed have their Mast in-line with wire 5, and not wire 4, which connects to the radiator wires 1, 2 and 3. This was done in order to keep the currents on the Mast at a minimum so that the gains at low angles of radiation do not suffer. Figure 8 28-29.7MHZ 50ohm X-Pole Wire# Length Dia.od 1 2 3 4 5 6 3.3" 84.2" 84.2" 92.5" 92.5" 8.9" 0.375" 0.50" 0.625" 0.75" 0.75" 0.75" Figure 7 The far field radiation pattern for this antenna is shown in Figure 9 and, as you can see, it has a maximum gain of 3.17 dbi compared to 2.81 dbi for the J-pole antenna. By the simple acts of inserting a small inexpensive 6 pf capacitor and changing the length of a few conductors by a few inches, we now have an X-pole antenna that needs no additional matching, such as the J- pole required. Figure 9 antennex Issue No. 149 September 2009 Page 4

The most substantial and outstanding improvement is with the SWR across the entire 28 to 29.7 MHz band. As shown in Figure 10, it is almost flat at a SWR of 1.1/1. There aren't many antennas that can duplicate a SWR this good. If you look back at Figure 4, the SWR for this basic 0.5wL dipole is up to 2/1 at the band edges. The SWR bandwidth display for the J-pole antenna, as shown in Figure 3, is about 3/1. So, have we made improvements, I think the answer is a resounding yes. Figure 10 The X-pole has achieved an extremely good SWR. It does not require the 50 Ohms to be tapped up on my matching lines. It eliminates the need for inserting capacitive reactance at this point and it matches 50 Ohms without the need of additional matching lines. It has an excellent SWR and improved gain. You can't hope for more change to occur when only a few picofarads are inserted in this antenna. The gain of this antenna is shown in Figure 10 as 1.38 dbi in one direction and 2.41 dbi in the other direction at an angle of 12. If you look back at Figure 4, you will find the gain of the J-pole is not as great at 0.77 dbi and 1.76 dbi. The length of the X-pole Dipole is 22.5 inches shorter than that of the J-pole, and a maximum height of the antenna is approximately 2.2 inches lower. It should be noted, if it is found that the size of the aluminum tubing of the antenna is not sturdy enough, and you wish to increase its diameters, you'll find it necessary to increase the spacing of wire 4 and 5 of the Quarterwavelength matching section in order to maintain a line impedance of 380 Ohms. A 10-Meter Vertical X-pole antenna with extended bandwidth The SWR of the previous antenna shown in Figure 10 is very low and, if it was scanned over a greater frequency range, you will find that is quite wide, but it was optimized especially for the 28 to 29.7 MHz range. When it is optimized for maximum 1.5/1 SWR bandwidth, the series 6 picofarad capacitor had to be changed to 7pF. Additionally, wires 1, 4 and 5 had to be altered in length to achieve symmetry across the extended bandwidth. In doing this, 1.5/1 SWR was achieved over the 26 to 29.7 MHz frequency range. This antenna can be seen in Figure 11, and its tubing lengths and diameters are shown in Figure 12. Figure 11 antennex Issue No. 149 September 2009 Page 5

Figure 12 This extended 1.5/1 SWR bandwidth, is shown in Figure 13. The SWR is extremely low across the majority of the bandwidth and only 1.5/1 at the band edges. The gain was measured at 27.9 MHz, which is the band center. It was 1.45 dbi in one direction and 2.6 a dbi in the other. Figure 14 shows the far-field radiation gain at a higher angle as 3.17 dbi and it is pretty much the same as the previous antenna. The chart in Figure 13 was displayed wider than previous SWR bandwidth chart, and this was done purposely to show the increased bandwidth. Figure 13 Figure 14 Comparing the SWR bandwidth of the J-pole and the 26-29.7MHz X-pole antennas The SWR bandwidths of these two antennas were combined into one chart in order to be able to see a direct comparison. Figure 15 is a SWR display for the extended X-pole antenna with the SWR bandwidth of the J-pole antenna super-imposed upon it. As you can see, the J- pole antenna is approximately 0.6 MHz wide at a SWR of 1.5/1, while the X-pole antenna is 3.7 MHz wide. This is over six times as wide for the same 1.5/1 SWR. antennex Issue No. 149 September 2009 Page 6

Figure 15 A 10-Meter Vertical X-pole antenna with maximum bandwidth It seemed possible to extend the bandwidth lower in frequency to include the 12 Meter band. In order to do this, the 7pf coupling capacitor at the bottom of wire 3 was increased to 8.6pF and wires 1, 4 and 5 lengths were changed slightly. These changes can be seen in Figures 16 and 17. These changes were quite simple, and we ended up with a 1.5/1 SWR bandwidth across the range of 24.89 to 29.7 MHz. And, as you can see from figure 18, this is a smooth curve which covers the 12 m band, the CB band, and the entire 10 m band. The far-field radiation gain shown in figures 18 and 19 are quite typical of the previous antennas This is quite good considering we started out with the J-pole Figure 17 antenna which was only 0.6 MHz wide. This maximum bandwidth antenna is over eight times as wide, and the effort was minimal to achieve it. Figure 18 Figure 16 antennex Issue No. 149 September 2009 Page 7

Figure 19 In a last attempt to convince any Nay-sayers who still would not bet a picofarad for the chances of this working, I will present another totally different type of antenna which is broadband using capacitive top-coupled resonators. A 10-Meter Horizontal Collinear Radiator Presented in Figure 20, is a collinear radiator consisting of two 0.5wL #14AWG wire dipoles mounted 30 feet above Average Soil. These two dipoles are connected to a Quarterwavelength 400-Ohm Ladder-line matching section. Two 4.4 picofarad capacitors are used to connect the dipoles to the matching section. One is placed in each dipole. The bottom of the matching section is fed with a 50-Ohm Source. The total antenna length is 394.4 inches (32.87 feet) long. Figure 20 By adjusting the lengths of the dipoles, the Quarter-wave matching section, and the values of the two small coupling capacitors, it is possible to broadband this antenna, and achieve substantially the same 1.5/1 SWR that was achieved by the X-pole antenna shown in figure 18. Figure 21 shows that a smooth SWR curve is obtained, in which it is difficult to see much difference from that shown in figure 18. This is a bit uprising due to the fact that the X-pole used antennex Issue No. 149 September 2009 Page 8

Dipole wire diameters that varied from 0.375 to 0.625 inches, whereas this antenna is using #14 AWG wire. Figure 21 The low-angle Far-Field radiation gains are also shown across the band in Figure 21. At 24.9 MHz the gain was 8.04 dbi at 18, at 27 MHz it was 8.22 dbi at 17 and at 28.5 MHz it was 8.37 dbi at 16. As you can see, the gains and radiation angles are very consistent across the band. The elevation and azimuth radiation patterns are shown in Figure 22, and they look very normal for this type of antenna. Figure 22 antennex Issue No. 149 September 2009 Page 9

By showing this last antenna, it should be very clear that top-coupled resonators can achieve very good bandwidth with very acceptable SWR values. I would expect this method of broadbanding should be given some consideration in the design of many types of antennas. Now for the Downside of Top-Coupled Radiators Naturally, when you insert a capacitor between two antenna components, there is no longer a DC path and that is the case with all of the X-pole antennas shown in this presentation. This creates two problems: first there is no path for a lightning discharge, and second, there can be static buildup on the radiator with sufficient voltage to destroy the coupling capacitors. Past experience has shown that when using a Quarter-wave Ground-plane antenna, if it is disconnected from its transceiver, there is no longer a DC path to ground and there can be a build-up of static high-voltage on the ungrounded radiator. This can occur even under mild weather conditions with a sufficient voltage buildup to cause repeated discharges across the ends of the standard PL-259 coaxial connector. Since this can occur, the possibility of destroying the broadbanding coupling capacitors in X-pole antennas is certainly possible. If this coupling capacitor is fabricated using a large diameter coaxial cable, I doubt if it would be destroyed. Since the end of the dipole radiators have an impedance of approximately 5000 Ohms, it is not very practical to use a choke with sufficient impedance to where it does not have deteriorating effects on the broadbanding, and besides, it would distract from the from the simplicity of the antenna. Paralleling a 100K-Ohm resistor across the coupling capacitor can discharge static buildup, but it is uncertain as to its ability to discharge faster than the buildup. Modeling load data indicates when using 100W of RF power, this value resistance would dissipate over 1 Watt at certain points across the bandwidth. Using a value of 500K Ohms, the dissipation would be much less. So there is great uncertainty if this method is practical. It might be possible to cover the entire radiator was a thin highly insulated coating and prevent charged air or water particles from reaching the metallic radiator surface. As far as lightning discharges are concerned, a small spark-gap can be installed across the broadbanding capacitor, but the capacitor voltage rating would have to be considerably greater than the spark-gap voltage rating. This static discharge problem is something that needs to be resolved before these antennas can be considered usable under all variable weather conditions. This is something that needs to be discussed by the antennex Discussion Group. So, if you think you have a solution, let your e-mail voice be heard. -30- Brief Biography of Author Edward J. Shortridge, W4JOQ has been a licensed amateur for 70+ years. Ed began his interest in radio and electronics at the early age of 14, when the VHF/UHF state-of-the-art was superregenerative tube detectors, Long-Line oscillator transmitters, using #45 or #10 tubes. The only choice of frequency measuring antennex Issue No. 149 September 2009 Page 10

devices at that time was Lecher Wires. He became a licensed Amateur radio operator at 18 years of age. He joined the Naval reserves as a radioman in order to save money for college. After radio school, he was assigned to the Key West naval base. He had duty in the radio laboratory, radio receiving room, and was in charge of the main transmitter room. Ed met his wife Marilyn while stationed at the Key West Naval base (NAR) and they were happily married together for only a short period of time before a national emergency was declared and he was soon shipped overseas during World War II. He had to remain in the U.S. Navy for a total of five years. He was chief radioman for two years as part of Admiral Hall s staff of the 5th Amphibious Force and participated in invasions of Algeria, Italy (Salerno), Normandy (Omaha Beach), Philippine Islands and Okinawa. After returning to civilian life he fathered two children and worked at the following companies in Miami, Florida: Communications Company- Chief engineer-22 years Microtenna-Chief engineer-2 years Wackenhut Electronics-Chief engineer-3 years Shakespeare Marine Electronics-Chief Engineer - 7 years Hallicrafters-Director of radio engineering-3 years Aerocom-Chief engineer-7 years Profession was directly involved in the design and development of: First VHF/UHF land mobile radio, and repeaters Balloon mounted VHF/UHF repeaters for Vietnam war Moon Landing VHF radio communication simulation Ground base to satellite communications HF and VHF Marine radio Marine depth finding equipment US military radio equipment Antenna design and manufacturing Constant study, correspondence and seminar courses, along with professional engineering study groups, provided him with a background for continued electronic knowledge enhancement. His antenna design experience at several of these companies propelled his interest and experience in antenna design. He retired in 1990, built a very nice retirement home. But in 1992, one third of it was destroyed by Hurricane Andrew, with all the ham radio, very good test equipment and the entire engineering library. In 1999, Ed bought a 116 acre mountain cove in western North Carolina and built another home. Being in a mountain cove, there were concerns about what type of antenna could be used to get signals out of the cove, so the purchase of an EZNEC antenna modeling program helped. Over his engineering career, he designed many types of antennas, but had to do it the hard way without the new technological tools that antennex Issue No. 149 September 2009 Page 11

emerged. There were many ideas over the years, but they had been too difficult, and time-consuming to pursue. With the new modeling program, it became much easier to come up with designs. Several basic ideas that seemed a standout were worked on. They worked out quite well and were expanded into a large variety of antennas. First it was wideband antennas, but another basic idea was adaptable to widening most narrow-band antennas. So far, Ed has spent 9 years of constant full-time effort on antenna designs, and is very excited about many ideas and concepts. There is not enough time in the day to satisfy his curiosity. In July 2009, Ed turned 89 years of age, still in relatively good health. His Grandfather lived to be 98 and was quite active throughout. Possibly, Ed can equal or even outlive him and have many more years of productive life ahead with the hope of contributing to the understanding of antennas. antennex Online Issue No. 149 September 2009 Send mail to webmaster@antennex.com with questions or comments. Copyright 1988-2009 All rights reserved - antennex antennex Issue No. 149 September 2009 Page 12