Insolation Levels (Europe)

Insolation Levels (Europe) Insolation (10 year average) kwh/m 2 /day Country State/City Latitude Longitude Year Avg AT Vienna 48' 13" N 16' 22" E 1.10 1.81 2.80 3.76 4.76 5.12 5.72 4.98 3.68 2.15 1.28 0.93 3.52 BE Bruxelles 50' 45" N 4' 30" E 0.74 1.31 2.29 3.68 4.67 4.48 4.82 4.20 2.86 1.73 0.92 0.56 3.02 BG Sofija 42' 40" N 23' 18" E 1.5 2.04 2.97 4.05 5 5.8 6.29 5.68 4.46 2.75 1.62 1.27 3.99 CY Limassol 34' 40" N 33' 03" E 2.52 3.26 4.54 6.00 6.85 7.81 7.80 7.18 6.11 4.43 3.02 2.31 5.61 CR Zagreb 45' 29" N 15' 35" E 1.30 2.00 2.94 3.91 5.03 5.37 5.93 5.19 3.94 2.39 1.39 1.09 3.72 DE Hamburg 53' 33" N 9' 59" E 0.54 1.11 2.09 3.68 4.86 4.47 4.47 3.89 2.59 1.48 0.69 0.40 2.52 DE Munich 48' 05" N 11' 23" E 1.05 1.80 2.82 3.95 4.84 4.65 5.14 4.46 3.20 2.00 1.02 0.79 2.98 ES Madrid 40' 25" N 3' 41" W 1.93 2.75 4.09 4.83 5.85 6.52 7.11 6.30 4.91 3.07 1.97 1.59 4.62 ES Malaga 36' 42" N 4' 42" W 2.52 3.24 4.51 5.40 6.35 7.09 7.64 6.81 5.39 3.70 2.58 2.14 5.16 ES Barcelona 41' 24" N 2' 9" E 1.89 2.71 3.97 4.99 5.82 6.56 7.01 6.07 4.72 3.11 2.04 1.70 4.60 ES Alicante 38' 40" N 0' 30" W 2.23 3.02 4.26 5.39 6.13 6.89 7.34 6.53 5.11 3.45 2.34 1.94 4.94 FX Lyon 45' 46" N 4' 50" E 1.26 1.97 3.02 4.08 4.97 5.40 6.03 5.23 3.93 2.27 1.43 1.08 3.74 FX Paris 48' 52" N 2' 20" E 0.89 1.62 2.62 3.95 4.90 4.83 5.35 4.61 3.33 2.00 1.12 0.72 3.34 FX Toulouse 43' 37" N 1' 26" E 1.39 2.14 3.19 4.03 4.82 5.16 5.86 5.07 4.09 2.48 1.58 1.25 3.75 GR Athens 38' N 23' 43" E 2.00 2.52 3.67 5.21 6.38 7.52 7.61 6.91 5.57 3.50 2.16 1.63 4.56 HU Budapest 47' 30" N 19' 3" E 1.00 1.71 2.76 3.90 5.03 5.30 5.62 4.84 3.57 2.24 1.17 0.88 3.17 IE Dublin 53' 20" N 6' 15" W 0.56 1.07 1.97 3.32 4.40 4.30 4.30 3.40 2.69 1.43 0.77 0.43 2.39 IT Milan 45' 28" N 9' 12" E 1.27 1.89 2.91 3.65 4.84 5.36 5.97 5.21 3.91 2.40 1.42 1.08 3.33 IT Rome 41' 53" N 12' 30" E 1.78 2.52 3.71 4.87 5.98 6.84 7.08 6.34 4.83 3.08 1.98 1.56 4.21 NL Amsterdam 52' 21" N 4' 54" E 0.61 1.21 2.27 3.76 4.88 4.73 4.78 4.13 2.80 1.60 0.78 0.45 2.67 NO Oslo 59' 56" N 10' 44" E 0.3 0.87 1.68 3.12 4.65 4.84 4.59 3.36 2.22 1.02 0.42 0.19 2.27 RO Bucharest 44' 26" N 26' 06" E 1.36 1.94 2.91 3.94 5.03 5.6 6.15 5.53 4.15 2.59 1.37 1.1 3.47 PT Lisboa 38' 42" N 9' 11" W 2.27 2.99 4.3 5.15 6.13 6.46 6.89 6.33 5.11 3.44 2.27 1.84 4.43 PT Oviedo 43' 21" N 5' 50" W 1.67 2.29 3.44 4.59 5.56 6.32 6.86 5.95 4.51 2.71 1.77 1.46 3.93 UA Odessa 46' 30" N 30' 46" E 1.08 1.78 2.68 3.87 5.4 5.7 6.39 5.63 3.96 2.45 1.06 0.87 3.41 UK Edinburgh 55' 55" N 3" 10" W 0.44 0.94 1.86 3.18 4.33 4.34 4.13 3.41 2.43 1.2 0.59 0.32 2.26 UK London 51' 32" N 0' 5" W 0.67 1.26 2.22 3.48 4.54 4.51 4.74 4.01 2.86 1.65 0.89 0.52 2.61 SZ Bern 46' 57" N 7' 26" E 1.1 1.77 2.74 3.6 4.7 5.07 5.68 4.95 3.66 2.18 1.26 0.92 3.14 SZ Lausanne 46' 32" N 6' 39" E 1.10 1.81 2.80 3.76 4.76 5.12 5.72 4.98 3.68 2.15 1.28 0.93 3.17 YU Beograd 44' 50" N 20' 30" E 1.29 1.89 2.92 3.86 4.88 5.45 6 5.3 4.05 2.5 1.4 1.11 3.39

Data courtesy of: NASA - Surface meteorology and Solar Energy Data Set Reference: Whitlock, C. E., et al., Release 3 NASA Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy Data Set for Renewable Energy Industry Use. Rise & Shine 2000, the 26th Conference of the Solar Energy Society of Canada Inc. and Solar, Oct. 21-24, 2000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. In ESTONIA, Tartu Latitude 58 / Longitude 27 Insolation (22 year average) is 2,76 kwh/m 2 /day EST 365 day s * 2,76 kw/m2/day * 5,45 m2 (1,09m2 * 5 panels) = 5490 kwh heating energy per year In ESTONIA, Tartu spring summer autumn period (240 day s) average insolation is 3,81 kwh/m 2 /day EST 240 day s * 3,81 kw/m2/day * 5,45 m2 (1,09m2 * 5 panels) = 4983 kwh heating energy per period In LATVIA, Jurmala Latitude 57 / Longitude 23 Insolation (22 year average) is 3,06 kwh/m 2 /day LV 365 day s * 3,06 kw/m2/day * 5,45 m2 (1,09m2 * 5 panels) = 6087 kwh heating energy per year In LATVIA, Jurmala spring summer autumn period (240 day s) average insolation is 4,24 kwh/m 2 /day LV 240 day s * 4,24 kw/m2/day * 5,45 m2 (1,09m2 * 5 panels) = 5546 kwh heating energy per period In FINLAND, Helsinki Latitude 60 / Longitude 25 Insolation (22 year average) is 2,73 kwh/m 2 /day FIN 365 day s * 2,73 kw/m2/day * 5,45 m2 (1,09m2 * 5 panels) = 5431 kwh heating energy per year In FINLAND, Helsinki spring summer autumn period (240 day s) average insolation is 3,82 kwh/m 2 /day FIN 240 day s * 3,82 kw/m2/day * 5,45 m2 (1,09m2 * 5 panels) = 4997 kwh heating energy per period

NASA Surface meteorology and Solar Energy - Available Tables Latitude 58 / Longitude 27 was chosen. Geometry Information TARTU, ESTONIA, EU Elevation: 36 meters averaged from the USGS GTOPO30 digital elevation model Western boundary 27 Show A Location Map Northern boundary 59 Center Latitude 58.5 Longitude 27.5 Southern boundary 58 Eastern boundary 28 Parameters for Solar Cooking: Monthly d Insolation Incident On A Horizontal Surface (kwh/m 2 /day) 22-year 0.49 1.23 2.49 3.81 5.23 5.52 5.27 4.21 2.65 1.31 0.61 0.31 Parameters for Sizing and Pointing of Solar Panels and for Solar Thermal Applications: Monthly d Insolation Incident On A Horizontal Surface (kwh/m 2 /day) 22-year 0.49 1.23 2.49 3.81 5.23 5.52 5.27 4.21 2.65 1.31 0.61 0.31 2.76

Minimum And Maximum Difference From Monthly d Insolation (%) Minimum -10-16 -20-21 -18-18 -21-33 -23-15 -21-6 Maximum 16 24 16 18 26 28 25 32 27 20 15 13 Solar Geometry: Monthly d Solar Noon (GMT time) 1022 1027 1021 1013 1009 1012 1019 1017 1008 0958 0957 1005 Parameters for Tilted Solar Panels: Monthly d Radiation Incident On An Equator-Pointed Tilted Surface (kwh/m 2 /day) SSE HRZ 0.49 1.23 2.49 3.81 5.23 5.52 5.27 4.21 2.65 1.31 0.61 0.31 2.76 K 0.40 0.45 0.48 0.47 0.50 0.48 0.48 0.47 0.43 0.37 0.38 0.36 0.44 Diffuse 0.33 0.75 1.38 2.01 2.60 2.76 2.63 2.22 1.46 0.80 0.41 0.22 1.47 Direct 1.07 2.01 3.13 3.94 5.11 5.22 5.05 4.11 2.98 1.81 1.17 0.75 3.03 Tilt 0 0.49 1.22 2.46 3.79 5.25 5.59 5.33 4.22 2.60 1.29 0.61 0.30 2.77 Tilt 43 1.09 2.10 3.39 4.32 5.25 5.24 5.13 4.51 3.29 1.97 1.20 0.70 3.19 Tilt 58 1.20 2.21 3.41 4.13 4.80 4.73 4.66 4.23 3.24 2.04 1.30 0.78 3.06 Tilt 73 1.24 2.21 3.26 3.74 4.24 4.12 4.09 3.80 3.04 2.00 1.33 0.81 2.83 Tilt 90 1.20 2.06 2.89 3.14 3.41 3.25 3.25 3.13 2.64 1.83 1.27 0.79 2.41 OPT 1.24 2.23 3.42 4.35 5.51 5.68 5.46 4.59 3.30 2.04 1.33 0.81 3.33

OPT ANG 74.0 65.0 52.0 36.0 22.0 13.0 18.0 29.0 46.0 60.0 71.0 76.0 46.7 NOTE: Diffuse radiation, direct normal radiation and tilted surface radiation are not calculated when the clearness index (K) is below 0.3 or above 0.8. Parameters for Sizing Battery or other Energy-storage Systems: Equivalent Number Of NO-SUN Or BLACK Days (days) 1 day 0.61 0.97 0.89 0.84 0.87 0.92 0.88 0.88 0.90 0.96 0.96 0.41 3 day 1.79 2.39 2.06 2.21 2.35 2.12 2.19 2.00 1.87 2.38 2.60 1.19 7 day 3.73 4.30 4.15 3.43 3.86 2.95 3.21 4.09 3.84 4.12 4.11 2.41 14 day 5.61 5.36 5.80 5.14 5.36 4.23 5.18 7.00 6.26 7.06 6.14 3.48 21 day 7.83 6.49 6.50 5.88 5.53 5.77 6.92 8.60 7.46 6.16 7.16 4.45 Month 3.16 4.55 6.22 6.37 5.45 5.54 6.58 10.0 6.90 4.49 6.39 2.00 Cloud Information: Monthly d Daylight Cloud Amount (%) 22-year n/a 60.9 64.3 66.8 62.1 63.9 61.4 62.8 68.6 74.1 n/a n/a n/a Meteorology (Temperature): Daily Temperature Range ( C) 22-year 6.30 7.21 7.28 8.74 10.0 9.00 8.76 * 8.35 6.95 5.22 4.55 5.84

* Warmest month Meteorology (Wind): Monthly d Wind Speed At 10 m Above The Surface Of The Earth For Terrain Similar To Airports (m/s) 10-year 3.12 2.97 3.03 3.07 2.92 2.92 2.80 2.98 3.09 3.12 2.94 2.99 2.99 It is recommended that users of these wind data review the SSE Methodology. The user may wish to correct for biases as well as local effects within the selected grid region. Meteorology (Other): Units Conversion Chart All height measurements are from the soil, water, or ice/snow surface instead of "effective" surface, which is usually taken to be near the tops of vegetated canopies. Monthly d Relative Humidity At 10 m Above The Surface Of The Earth (%) 22-year 84.4 82.7 78.4 68.4 59.8 61.5 63.6 66.7 73.0 80.4 84.0 84.8 73.9 Supporting Information: Monthly d Top-of-atmosphere Insolation (kwh/m 2 /day) 22-year 1.22 2.69 5.12 7.95 10.3 11.4 10.8 8.77 6.08 3.45 1.58 0.84 5.87

NASA Surface meteorology and Solar Energy - Available Tables Latitude 57 / Longitude 23 was chosen. Geometry Information JURMALA, LATVIA, EU Elevation: 0 meters averaged from the USGS GTOPO30 digital elevation model Western boundary 23 Show A Location Map Northern boundary 58 Center Latitude 57.5 Longitude 23.5 Southern boundary 57 Eastern boundary 24 Parameters for Solar Cooking: Monthly d Insolation Incident On A Horizontal Surface (kwh/m 2 /day) 22-year 0.51 1.21 2.63 4.19 5.83 6.11 5.85 4.74 3.04 1.50 0.65 0.37 Parameters for Sizing and Pointing of Solar Panels and for Solar Thermal Applications: Monthly d Insolation Incident On A Horizontal Surface (kwh/m 2 /day) 22-year 0.51 1.21 2.63 4.19 5.83 6.11 5.85 4.74 3.04 1.50 0.65 0.37 3.06

OPT ANG 72.0 63.0 51.0 36.0 22.0 12.0 18.0 31.0 46.0 60.0 70.0 75.0 46.2 NOTE: Diffuse radiation, direct normal radiation and tilted surface radiation are not calculated when the clearness index (K) is below 0.3 or above 0.8. Parameters for Sizing Battery or other Energy-storage Systems: Minimum Available Insolation Over A Consecutive-day Period (%) Min/1 day 3.92 3.30 2.28 16.4 3.94 11.7 11.9 14.9 3.28 4.66 3.07 67.5 Min/3 day 47.0 37.1 27.8 29.5 36.1 26.7 37.5 39.5 25.9 16.0 32.8 69.3 Min/7 day 53.5 44.8 42.4 50.2 56.4 58.5 45.5 54.4 51.1 42.4 52.5 71.4 Min/14 day 66.3 59.6 52.3 61.8 70.3 71.2 64.8 69.4 60.7 46.2 64.8 79.1 Min/21 day 73.2 66.5 65.8 73.5 74.8 73.8 73.7 76.9 68.7 68.6 69.6 82.6 Min/Month 88.2 79.3 75.6 82.8 83.8 77.9 80.3 86.0 81.9 85.3 76.9 91.8 Parameters for Sizing Surplus-product Storage Systems: Available Surplus Insolation Over A Consecutive-day Period (%) Max/1 day 235 219 197 166 148 146 149 160 184 227 255 173 Max/3 day 200 197 188 160 145 143 144 154 179 220 218 161 Max/7 day 177 177 177 150 135 136 143 144 168 189 191 138 Max/14 day 150 166 153 137 130 125 133 133 151 157 152 122 Max/21 day 141 143 127 129 125 123 122 132 138 136 130 114 Max/Month 122 133 114 117 114 123 120 122 122 119 115 111

Cloud Information: Monthly d Daylight Cloud Amount (%) 22-year n/a 67.3 65.0 60.9 54.0 57.0 55.5 55.8 61.4 69.3 n/a n/a n/a Meteorology (Temperature): Monthly d Air Temperature At 10 m Above The Surface Of The Earth ( C) 22-year -2.29-3.11-0.11 5.62 11.2 15.2 18.0 17.7 13.0 7.99 2.38-1.18 7.10 Units Conversion Chart Meteorology (Wind): Monthly d Wind Speed At 50 m Above The Surface Of The Earth (m/s) 10-year 5.13 4.48 4.34 4.20 3.97 3.88 3.85 3.93 4.46 4.49 4.45 4.76 4.32 Minimum And Maximum Difference From Monthly d Wind Speed At 50 m (%) Minimum -22-13 -15-8 -9-12 -11-10 -11-10 -19-17 -13 Maximum 24 26 31 9 8 9 14 9 10 20 18 15 16 It is recommended that users of these wind data review the SSE Methodology. The user may wish to correct for biases as well as local effects within the selected grid region. Units Conversion Chart All height measurements are from the soil, water, or ice/snow surface instead of "effective" surface, which is usually taken to be near the tops of vegetated canopies.

Difference Between The Wind Speed At 10 m Above The Surface Of The Earth And The Wind speed At 50 m Above The Surface Of The Earth (%) Vegetation type "Airport": flat rough grass 10-year -21-20 -21-20 -20-21 -21-20 -20-20 -20-20 -20 Meteorology (Other): Monthly d Relative Humidity At 10 m Above The Surface Of The Earth (%) 22-year 80.6 79.8 76.4 68.1 60.7 63.4 65.0 65.0 68.9 74.4 78.9 80.9 71.8 Supporting Information: Monthly d Top-of-atmosphere Insolation (kwh/m 2 /day) 22-year 1.37 2.86 5.28 8.07 10.3 11.4 10.8 8.86 6.22 3.62 1.74 0.98 5.98

NASA Surface meteorology and Solar Energy - Available Tables Latitude 60 / Longitude 25 was chosen. Geometry Information HELSINKI, FINLAND, EU Elevation: 41 meters averaged from the USGS GTOPO30 digital elevation model Western boundary 25 Show A Location Map Northern boundary 61 Center Latitude 60.5 Longitude 25.5 Southern boundary 60 Eastern boundary 26 Parameters for Solar Cooking: Monthly d Insolation Incident On A Horizontal Surface (kwh/m 2 /day) 22-year 0.34 1.10 2.46 3.99 5.35 5.57 5.33 4.08 2.59 1.19 0.50 0.20 Parameters for Sizing and Pointing of Solar Panels and for Solar Thermal Applications: Monthly d Insolation Incident On A Horizontal Surface (kwh/m 2 /day) 22-year 0.34 1.10 2.46 3.99 5.35 5.57 5.33 4.08 2.59 1.19 0.50 0.20 2.73

OPT ANG 76.0 67.0 55.0 39.0 24.0 14.0 16.0 30.0 48.0 62.0 74.0 79.0 48.5 NOTE: Diffuse radiation, direct normal radiation and tilted surface radiation are not calculated when the clearness index (K) is below 0.3 or above 0.8. Parameters for Sizing Battery or other Energy-storage Systems: Minimum Available Insolation Over A Consecutive-day Period (%) Min/1 day 35.2 1.81 4.47 13.2 10.0 17.0 17.4 18.8 6.94 5.88 8.00 60.0 Min/3 day 39.2 23.9 35.0 37.2 29.4 30.2 32.6 33.1 32.6 27.4 41.3 63.3 Min/7 day 47.0 47.1 50.9 55.2 49.1 53.9 51.7 50.0 38.6 43.4 46.5 68.5 Min/14 day 56.7 62.8 66.8 69.6 67.5 69.7 62.7 57.8 46.2 57.6 63.2 74.6 Min/21 day 67.9 67.9 72.0 77.2 73.4 72.9 71.7 63.9 58.4 67.3 74.5 83.0 Min/Month 88.2 82.7 84.1 81.9 84.2 77.7 83.8 80.8 72.9 85.7 86.0 90.0 Parameters for Sizing Surplus-product Storage Systems: Available Surplus Insolation Over A Consecutive-day Period (%) Max/1 day 268 214 194 173 158 160 161 178 204 256 256 195 Max/3 day 233 194 177 161 156 156 153 169 196 241 215 177 Max/7 day 185 177 170 144 144 146 147 154 169 201 187 142 Max/14 day 167 156 147 131 135 133 143 143 161 151 164 129 Max/21 day 146 137 129 126 126 126 129 139 149 136 137 119 Max/Month 126 125 113 119 118 125 124 126 127 121 118 115

Cloud Information: Monthly d Daylight Cloud Amount (%) 22-year n/a 56.3 58.8 63.1 61.5 65.3 62.7 64.5 66.5 72.3 n/a n/a n/a Meteorology (Temperature): Monthly d Air Temperature At 10 m Above The Surface Of The Earth ( C) 22-year -6.04-6.52-2.6 3.79 10.1 14.7 17.3 15.8 10.9 5.49-0.38-4.59 4.91 Units Conversion Chart Meteorology (Wind): Monthly d Wind Speed At 50 m Above The Surface Of The Earth (m/s) 10-year 4.07 3.86 3.80 3.78 3.77 3.77 3.62 3.77 3.92 3.93 3.95 4.13 3.86 Minimum And Maximum Difference From Monthly d Wind Speed At 50 m (%) Minimum -16-14 -14-8 -12-6 -12-12 -14-19 -21-23 -14 Maximum 18 26 23 11 8 6 15 13 18 22 21 14 16 It is recommended that users of these wind data review the SSE Methodology. The user may wish to correct for biases as well as local effects within the selected grid region. Units Conversion Chart All height measurements are from the soil, water, or ice/snow surface instead of "effective" surface, which is usually taken to be near the tops of vegetated canopies.

Difference Between The Wind Speed At 10 m Above The Surface Of The Earth And The Wind speed At 50 m Above The Surface Of The Earth (%) Vegetation type "Airport": flat rough grass 10-year -20-21 -21-20 -21-21 -20-21 -21-20 -20-20 -20 Meteorology (Other): Monthly d Relative Humidity At 10 m Above The Surface Of The Earth (%) 22-year 83.8 82.7 78.9 68.8 59.5 61.4 65.0 68.4 73.5 80.3 83.1 84.3 74.1 Supporting Information: Monthly d Top-of-atmosphere Insolation (kwh/m 2 /day) 22-year 0.93 2.35 4.80 7.72 10.2 11.3 10.7 8.60 5.79 3.12 1.28 0.57 5.64