Thysanoptera associated with citrus in Antalya,, Turkey İlyas Tekşam West Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute (BATEM), Antalya,, Turkey İrfan Tunç AkdenizUniversity,, Faculty of Agriculture, Plant Protection Department, Antalya,, Turkey. EC1 1
Diapozitiv 1 EC1 Exper Computer; 4.9.2007
map of Turkey
location of Antalya
citrus is attacked by a number of thrips species in different parts of the world. thrips feed on flowers, fruits and leaves of citrus most common damage is inflicted in the form of scabby, grayish or silvery scars on the rind such damage results in a fruit of lower market grade and value
scars by Pezothrips kellyanus on young fruit,, Antalya
scars by Pezothrips kellyanus,, on mature fruit, Australia, http://www.sardi.sa.gov.au
Lewis,, 1997 damage by Scirtothrips citri
thrips pests of citrus Scirtothrips citri, California and Arizona Scirtothrips aurantii, South Africa Scirtothips dorsalis, Africa and Asia Pezothrips kellyanus, Australia and New Zelanda, recently in Sicily Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, Australia,, California and New Zeland Frankliniella bispinosa, Florida
background first systematical survey on citrus thrips in Turkey was carried out in Antalya in 1988-1989 afterwards specimens collected incidentally in major citrus growing areas on the suspicion of thrips damage were processed Çukurova in 1989 and 2003 Aegean Region in 1995 and 2002
thrips associated with citrus in Turkey Thrips major Thrips tabaci Thrips meridionalis Thrips angusticeps recently,, in 2002-2003 2003 recorded were Frankliniella occidentalis Pezothrips kellyanus
objectives to address the increasing cases of complaints linked to thrips damage in citrus to clarify the status of Frankliniella occidentalis which was introduced into Turkey in 1993 and that of Pezothrips kellyanus, which was put on the alert list of EPPO (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization)
sampling samples were collected in central and other districts of Antalya province, e.g., Alanya, Demre, Finike, Gazipaşa, Kemer, Kumluca, Manavgat and Serik during flowering period, in March-May May inflorescense at four directions of citrus trees were beaten on a white tray thrips were transferred into small glass vials containing preservation fluid using a fine painting brush
material processing specimens were classified and counted in a stereomicroscope for final identification microscopical slides of representative specimens were prepared totally 10713 13 thrips specimens from 609 samples were examined
number of thrips per flower additionally 50 flowers or buds were collected from about 70 orchards transported in ice-boxes to the laboratory maintained in the refrigerator later thrips were extracted
percentage of fruits damaged by thrips inspections were started after 8 weeks of petal fall about t 1000 young fruits at four directions of trees selected randomly from each orchard were examined for scars
year number of samples number of specimens number of species 2006 209 2418 21 2007 400 8295 333 total 609 10713 36
frequency 2006 2007
abundance 2006 2007
frequency 1988-1989 1989 2006
abundance 1988-1989 1989 2006
comparison of citrus thrips fauna species composition of thrips on citrus is much variable among the regions on the world almost no relation of the species composition in Antalya to Florida only one or two species are common with Australia and New Zealand,, e.g., Pezothrips kellyanus,, ThripsT tabaci however among Mediterranean countries more species seem to be common in citrus thrips fauna almost all notable species for Antalya,, e.g., Frankliella occidentalis,, PezothripsP kellyanus and Thrips tabaci were reported from citrus in Italy, Cyprus and Portugal
Franklinilla occidentalis became the predominating thrips species in greenhouses soon after its introduction causes serious economical losses in protected cut- flowers and vegetables between September and June is able to reproduce outdoors during winter and is active year around in citrus grown areas of Antalya. infests fruit crops and field vegetables by the end of winter through spring and cotton during summer
Franklinilla occidentalis is known to dominate thrips fauna on many crops in a short time and to create a thrips pest problem that did not exist before once it is introduced into any country in Turkey replaced Thrips tabaci in greenhouses and Frankliniella intonsa on cotton however it is interesting to see that it was not able to dominate thrips fauna in citrus in Antalya is a serious pest of citrus in other parts of the world, e.g., Cheju Island of Korea (DongHwang( et al., 2000) and Japan (Tsuchiya and Furuhashi,, 1993)
Pezothrips kellyanus was less frequent and abundant than Thrips major and Frankliniella occidentalis does not pose any threat to citrus in Antalya in its present status Sicily (Italy) was the first locality in Mediterranean basin where it was reported as a pest of citrus (Marullo( Marullo, 1998) currently is a key pest of citrus there (Conti et al., 2001)
Thrips major was found on 88 plant species which essentially are ligneous builds up populations in succession on numerous plants flowering at different times in the period starting by September and ending by May disappear in summer between June-August
Thrips major winter hosts or plants visited in winter fruit trees, medlar (Eriobotrya japonica), carob (Ceratonia siliqua), almond (Prunus( amygdalus), peach (Prunus( persica) shrubs, blackberry (Rubus( fruticosus), Clematis sp, and Calycotoma villosa herbaceous plants, broadbean (Vicia faba), Euphorbia spp and Asphodelus spp
Thrips major quantitative data suggest that it has the highest potential to pose a threat to citrus in Antalya if such a threat is considered only existing record of the species as a pest of citrus is from North Africa where its feeding on flowers and newly formed fruits was reported to cause scars on the rind (Bournier,1963)
Thrips tabaci is a polyphagous species found on 130 plant species ligneous or herbaceous is active year around in coastal areas of Antalya was the sole thrips pest of greenhouse grown vegetables cucumber (Cucumis( sativus), squash (Cucurbita pepo) ) and beans; cut-flowers, carnations (Caryophyllus dianthus) ) and roses (Rosa( sp) before invasion of F. occidentalis currently is a pest on balbous vegetables onion (Allium( sativa), garlic (Allium( cepa) ) and porrum (Allium porrum)
Thrips tabaci was either first or second most frequent and abundant thrips species on following crops olives (Olea( europaea) banana (Musa( paradisi) groundnut (Arachis( hypogaea) field grown beans (Phaseolus( vulgaris) cotton (Gossypium( hirsutum), sesame (Sesamum( indicum), brodbean alfalfa (Medicago( sativa) ) in 1988-90 90
Thrips tabaci infestation of citrus by this species seems to be common in various countries is, however, hardly known as a pest of citrus was, as a rare case, reported to cause damage in greenhouse grown Satsuma mandarin in Japan (Tsuchiya, 2002)
no o reports are available on the following species as citrus pests Thrips meridionalis Thrips angusticeps Aeolothrips gloriosus Melanthrips fuscus
Thrips meridionalis was found on 54 plant species and is active in the period between November and May in coastal areas is the most common thrips species on temperate fruits in higher elevations in Turkey was reported as a pest of peach and nectarins in France
Thrips angusticeps was found on 46 plant species and is active in the period between October and May in coastal areas appeared to associate at rather high frequencies with cereals, wheat (Triticum( aestivum) ) and barley (Hordeum( vulgare) ) and legumes, broadbean and peas (Pisum( sativum)
Aeolothrips gloriosus was found on 30 plant species majority of which are ligneous appears for a short period between February and July in citrus grown areas in flowers of olives, temperate fruits, the shrubs C. villosa and myrtle (Myrtus communis) ) besides citrus about 80% of Aeolothrips species are known as predators of small arthropods no specific information is, however, available regarding the predatory activity of the species on any arthropod
Melanthrips fuscus was found on 35 plant species majority of which are cruciferous herbs occuring in medlar and citrus orchards in the period December-May Raphanus raphanistrum Capsella bursa-pastoris Alyssum murale Rapistrum sp
abundance of thrips on citrus and its relation to fruit injury abundance of thrips on citrus flowers in Antalya is apparently lower than other citrus growing areas of world where thrips are pest less than one thrips per flower on average no o such high numbers of thrips per citrus flower were encountered in Antalya such as in N.Zealand,, e.g., up to 50 Pezothrips kellyanus or 56 Thrips obscuratus (Crawford) (Blank and Gill,1997) or as in Florida up to 200 Frankliniella bispinosa per citrus flower (Childers and Nakahara, 2006) consequently proportion of citrus fruits with injuries ies attributable to thrips is also much lower in Antalya than other countries
Pezothrips kellyanus, on lemon flower, Avustralia http://www.sardi.sa.gov.au
Table. Average number of thrips per flower in i citrus orchards of Antalya in 2007 no of average no Citrus species orchards thrips/flower 1 Citrus aurantium 3 0.45 2 Citrus limon 3 0.29 3 Citrus paradisi 5 0.30 4 Citrus reticulata 2 0.55 5 Citrus sinensis 57 0.26 total 70 0.35
Table. Percentage of fruits with scars in 8 citrus orchards in AntalyaA in 2007 District-site Citrus species no thrips/ sample % fruit with scars 1 Alanya -Konaklı Citrus sinensis 23.3 2.4 2 Alanya -Oba Citrus sinensis 23.2 1.1 3 Alanya -Oba Citrus paradisi 18.0 1.2 4 Alanya -Oba Citrus limon 15.2 1.9 5 Manavgat-Taşağıl Citrus sinensis 17.4 0.8 6 Manavgat-Yeniköy Citrus reticulata 64.2 2.1 7 Manavgat-Evrenseki Citrus sinensis 33.0 1.3 8 Serik -Kayaburnu Citrus aurantium 14.5 1.1
scars by thrips vs by wind scars caused by wind across the surface of citrus fruits may be mistaken with those caused by thrips young fruits are very susceptible to wind marking caused through older leaves blown across their surface or scratching by dry twigs thrips damage tend to occur in sheltered areas of fruit such as under calyx, between touching fruit, or where a leaf or twig touches fruit scars caused by thrips appear as a ring around stem end of fruit and may extend longitudinaly from calyx and include no islands of healty or clean tissue whereas those caused by wind do not extend from calyx and are longitudinal or arc-shaped, include islands of healthy tissue and tend to be irregularly ly shaped (Broughton and De Lima, 2002)
scars by thrips http://www.agric.wa.gov.au. EC2 scars by wind scar between touching fruit islands of clean tissue
Diapozitiv 45 EC2 Exper Computer; 7.9.2007
scars by Pezothrips kellyanus,, Antalya
scars by Pezothrips kellyanus, Antalya
scars by thrips,, Adana, Turkey photo by :Serpil Nas,, Adana
scars by wind,, Adana, Turkey photo by :Serpil Nas,, Adana
scars by wind,, Adana, Turkey photo by :Serpil Nas,, Adana
abundance of thrips on citrus and its relation to fruit injury no o data is available in Turkey regarding the proportion of the citrus fruits with scars that might be linked to thrips damage in overall blemished ones in an experiment conducted in East Mediterranean Region of Turkey in 1989-1990 1990 no evidence was found that scarring on satsuma mandarins was due to thrips enclosed on flower-buds using sleeve cages (Yiğitit et al.,1994)
country of origin of Pezothrips kellyanus recently attention has been focused on the question of country of origin of Pezothrips kellyanus it is one of the most feared citrus thrips its area of invasion is expanding or it is coming to notice more often than before addressing the question is also important from the point of control strategies that would be directed at the pest the strategies intended for a native organism may differ than that for exotic one (Webster et al., 2006)
country of origin of Pezothrips kellyanus was first collected in 1914 in Australia and later in 1950 in New Zealand and recently became a significant pest of citrus in both countries (Froud( et al., 2001; Webster et al., 2006) its first record from West Palaearctic Region in particular Mediterranean basin stands from Greece from over the specimens collected in 1981 (zur( Strassen,, 1986) later further records from İzmir,, Turkey (zur( Strassen,, 1996), Israel, Italy and Spain were disclosed (zur( Strassen,, 2001) more recent records were from Cyprus where it was found on citrus and fruit trees in the year 2003 (Kersting( et al., 2005) and Portugal where it constituted 44% of thrips population on citrus in the years 2002 and 2003 (Costa et al., 2006)
country of origin of Pezothrips kellyanus genus Pezothrips is assumed to originate from West Palaearctic since the all known 8 species belong to the genus occur in this region only exception is the 9th, Pezothrips kellyanus which was described from Australia as the sole representative of the genus came to notice as both a part of fauna and a pest of citrus in Australia and New Zealand earlier than its presumed native land Mediterranean basin (zur( Strassen,, 2000)
country of origin of Pezothrips kellyanus could not be traced in Antalya province in 1988 and 1989 9846 thrips specimens from 1278 samples representing 177 plant species in 54 families were examined including citrus at t least three possibilities may be put forward to explain why it was absent in the samples collected in 1988 and 1989, but present in 2006
country of origin of Pezothrips kellyanus one or more attributes of sampling, e.g., timing, number of samples might have not been adequate to detect the thrips which presumably was present in very low numbers in the former survey or changes in the environment favouring the increase in population of Pezothrips kellyanus took place after former survey or Pezothrips kellyanus migrated to the area searched after 1989 and therefore could be traced only in 2006
conclusions currently, in Antalya, abundance of thrips on citrus flowers is not at levels in countries where thrips are considered pests further investigations are needed to ascertain whether the most common and abundant species Thrips major is a pest of citrus an eye should be kept on Frankliniella occidentalis and Pezothrips kellyanus as they spread further and become more abundant than before
Thank you
rearing in the laboratory thrips larvae included in the samples were reared in the laboratory until adults eclosed larvae were kept in glass tubes with citrus inflorescence and a stripe of blotting paper tubes were sealed with punctured parafilm