Teaching Sixth-Grade TEXT FEATURES Using ANCIENT WARFARE TECHNOLOGY

Teaching Sixth-Grade TEXT FEATURES Using ANCIENT WARFARE TECHNOLOGY Features that help students understand how an informational text is organized: FEATURE Title page Table of Contents Chapter name, heading, or subheading Glossary Further Reading and Websites Index PURPOSE Confirms title, author s name, and publisher Identifies the topics to be presented and their order Helps students identify main topics on a quick pass through the text Defines new and important words Helps students expand their knowledge of the topic by listing other informational texts in print or on the Internet Lists the main ideas in the text, with page numbers to help students find them Visual aids that help students understand informational texts: VISUAL AID Photo, drawing, or illustration Graph Map PURPOSE Shows how something in the text looked or might have looked Shows how bits of information on the same topic relate to one another Puts the places in the informational text in the context of space and time; includes legend, compass rose, labels Features that point out important or additional information: FEATURE Copyright page Bold print Pull quote Italic print Caption Label Sidebar Timeline Source Note PURPOSE Tells students how current the information in a book is Tells students a word is new and important; sometimes a glossary term Highlights an important quotation from the text Tells students the word is supposed to stand out. It may be for emphasis or because it is a book name, a newspaper, a movie title, a foreign word, or the directional for a photo or an illustration. Points out what s in a photo, a drawing, or an illustration and relates it to the informational text; often gives more information Identifies important points of interest in a diagram or photograph that students might otherwise miss Boxed or otherwise highlighted bits of information that relate to but are not the same as the main informational text; likely not a main idea A chart or list that helps students understand the sequence of events in the informational text Tells the student where quoted material came from All rights reserved. www.lernerbooks.com. From Ancient Warfare Technology: From Javelins to Chariots. by Michael Woods and Mary B. Woods. 1

TITLE PAGE: This page tells you the title, author, and publisher of the book. Twenty-First Century Books Minneapolis All rights reserved. www.lernerbooks.com. From Ancient Warfare Technology: From Javelins to Chariots. by Michael Woods and Mary B. Woods. 2

COPYRIGHT PAGE: This page tells you the year the book was published. This may be important for report writing when you need upto-date information. On this page, you can also find the address of the publisher. To Peg Goldstein, Greg Hunter, and Anna Cavallo COPYRIGHT YEAR Copyright 2011 by Michael Woods and Mary B. Woods All rights reserved. International copyright secured. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of Lerner Publishing Group, Inc., except for the inclusion of brief quotations in an acknowledged review. Twenty-First Century Books A division of Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. 241 First Avenue North Minneapolis, MN 55401 U.S.A. Website address: www.lernerbooks.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Woods, Michael, 1946- Ancient warfare technology : from javelins to chariots / by Michael Woods and Mary B. Woods. p. cm. (Technology in ancient cultures) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978 0-7613 6525 9 (lib. bdg. : alk. paper) 1. Military art and science History To 500 Juvenile literature. 2. Military history, Ancient Juvenile literature. 3. Weapons, Ancient Juvenile literature. 4. Military weapons, Ancient Juvenile literature. I. Woods, Mary B. (Mary Boyle), 1946 II. Title. U29.W66 2011 355.0209'01 dc22 2010031147 Manufactured in the United States of America 1 PC 12/31/10 All rights reserved. www.lernerbooks.com. From Ancient Warfare Technology: From Javelins to Chariots. by Michael Woods and Mary B. Woods. 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS: This lists the chapters by chapter title and the pages on which they begin. It also lists features, such as a glossary or index, that are in the back of the book. TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 10 16 30 36 42 48 56 68 78 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ONE WARFARE BASICS CHAPTER TWO THE ANCIENT MIDDLE EAST CHAPTER THREE ANCIENT EGYPT CHAPTER FOUR ANCIENT CHINA CHAPTER FIVE ANCIENT INDIA CHAPTER SIX THE ANCIENT AMERICAS CHAPTER SEVEN ANCIENT GREECE CHAPTER EIGHT ANCIENT ROME EPILOGUE AFTER THE ANCIENTS 84 86 88 90 Timeline Glossary Source Notes Selected Bibliography 91 93 94 Further Reading Websites Index All rights reserved. www.lernerbooks.com. From Ancient Warfare Technology: From Javelins to Chariots. by Michael Woods and Mary B. Woods. Image: Silvio Fiore/SuperStock. 4

THE ANCIENT WORLDS OF WARFARE S I A A CHAPTER TITLE: This tells you what topic will be discussed in the chapter. Chapter titles often give you the main ideas of the book. London BRITAIN SPAIN FRANCE Rome Syracuse Carthage ROMAN EMPIRE ATLANTIC OCEAN A F R MACEDONIA Sparta ANCIENT GREECE E U R O P E ANCIENT EGYPT Hellespont Troy Athens Mediterranean Sea I C A EGYPT INTRODUCTION Nile R. Jericho MESOPOTAMIA PERSIAN EMPIRE INDIAN OCEAN ANCIENT INDIA GREAT WALL C ENTRAL A SIA ANCIENT CHINA AUSTRALIA N N O R T H A M PACIFIC OCEAN ANCIENT INDIA ROMAN EMPIRE ANCIENT GREECE ANCIENT CHINA ANCIENT EGYPT ANCIENT MIDDLE EAST INCA EMPIRE TEXT OR MAIN TEXT: These are the Ancient site words and sentences City that discuss and explain the main ideas of the book. Main text looks different from chapter titles or captions. AZTEC G Te What do you think of when you hear the word technology? You probably think of something totally new. You might think of research laboratories with computers, powerful microscopes, and other scientific tools. But technology doesn t refer to just brand-new machines and discoveries. Technology is as old as human society. 4 ANCIENT WARFARE TECHNOLOGY All rights reserved. www.lernerbooks.com. From Ancient Warfare Technology: From Javelins to Chariots. by Michael Woods and Mary B. Woods. Image: Laura Westlund/Independent Picture Service. 5

A PERSIAN EMPIRE MAP: This flat drawing shows the shape and features of a place, such as A S I C ENTRAL a country, a state, or a city. A SIA GREAT WALL A N N O R T H A M E R I C A G R E AT P L A I N S IAN OCEAN ANCIENT INDIA ANCIENT CHINA COMPASS ROSE: This is a symbol on a map that shows you where to find the four directions north, south, east, and west. AUSTRALIA MAP LEGEND OR KEY: This chart lists symbols used on a map. Words in the legend tell what each symbol means. PACIFIC OCEAN ANCIENT INDIA ROMAN EMPIRE ANCIENT GREECE ANCIENT CHINA ANCIENT EGYPT ANCIENT MIDDLE EAST INCA EMPIRE Ancient site City Tenochtitlán AZTEC EMPIRE CENTRAL AMERICA Cusco INCA EMPIRE SOUTH AMERICA Amazon R. ATLANTIC OCEAN Technology is the use of knowledge, inventions, and discoveries to make life better. The word technology comes from two Greek words. One, techne, means art or craft. The other, logos, means logic or reason. To the ancient Greeks, technology meant a discussion of arts and crafts. In modern times, the word usually refers to a craft, a technique, or a tool itself. LABELS: These are words on a diagram or photo that point out important parts of the diagram or photo. On a map, labels name important features, such as rivers or cities. INTRODUCTION 5 All rights reserved. www.lernerbooks.com. From Ancient Warfare Technology: From Javelins to Chariots. by Michael Woods and Mary B. Woods. Image: Laura Westlund/Independent Picture Service. 6

HEADINGS AND SUBHEADINGS: These separate the main text into smaller chunks of information. A heading tells you what the section is about. People use many kinds of technology. Medicine is one kind of technology. Transportation and agriculture are also kinds of technologies. This book looks at a form of technology that has helped people survive attacks by enemies and expand their political, social, and economic influence. That technology is warfare, or military, technology. LIFE OR DEATH Military technology involves the use of machines and techniques in warfare. But one of the most important kinds of military technology is knowledge. When generals draw up plans for using weapons and soldiers on the battlefield, they are using military technology. Human beings have probably always used warfare to settle differences. In fact, much of the history of ancient times involves big battles and famous warriors. Military strength meant life or death to ancient societies. Conquering armies took over defeated territories. Conquering soldiers sometimes killed or enslaved the people they defeated. In ancient times, new technology was often used for military purposes. For instance, when people first learned to make strong metals, such as bronze and iron, they immediately used these metals to make weapons. 6 ANCIENT WARFARE TECHNOLOGY Assyrian warriors attack an enemy village in this relief carving from the palace of King Tiglath-pileser III (745 727 B.C.) in modern-day northern Iraq. Civilizations that held the advantage in warfare technology could conquer vast empires. PHOTO: The photos or pictures in a book show what the words, or text, describe. Looking at photos can help you understand the meaning of the text. CAPTION: These words tell you what is in the picture on the page. A caption is usually close to the picture it describes. Sometimes a caption will tell you if the picture is a photo or a drawing. A caption may also give you additional information that is not in the main text. All rights reserved. www.lernerbooks.com. From Ancient Warfare Technology: From Javelins to Chariots. by Michael Woods and Mary B. Woods. Image: The Art Archive/British Museum/Gianni Dagli Orti. 7

PULL QUOTE: This design feature takes a meaningful quotation or idea and highlights it in some way, such as by enlarging the type. British explorer Richard Burton, 1884 Spear-throwers, slings, throwing sticks, and boomerangs all made hunting easier and more efficient. And once people had learned to kill animals with these tools, they realized they could use them against human enemies. A cave painting from northern Australia shows what might be the first-ever battle scene. The painting shows warriors holding spears, boomerangs, and clubs. Some of the soldiers stoop to help injured comrades, who have spears sticking out of their bodies. The painting is more than ten thousand years old, but ancient peoples were probably fighting with one another thousands of years before that. ANCIENT ARCHERS We do not know who invented the bow and arrow or when, but the invention was a big breakthrough in both ancient hunting and ancient warfare. Early hunters made bows from pieces of flexible wood, such as elm, ash, or yew. They made a bowstring from animal intestines, flax, or another fiber. The bowstring connected one end of the bow to the other. It pulled the two ends of the bow toward each other, so the bow was slightly curved. To operate the weapon, an archer held the bow in one hand. He drew back the bowstring and an arrow with the other hand. The archer s pull increased the bend This rock carving from Sweden is about three thousand years old. It shows a hunter with a bow and arrow. Bows and arrows were effective weapons for both hunting and warfare. 14 ANCIENT WARFARE TECHNOLOGY All rights reserved. www.lernerbooks.com. From Ancient Warfare Technology: From Javelins to Chariots. by Michael Woods and Mary B. Woods. Image: Robert Harding Picture Library/SuperStock. 8

of the bow. When the archer let go of the bowstring, the bow sprung back to its original shape. This quick unbending of the bow propelled the arrow forward. The first arrows were made from strong reeds or tree branches. Finding the right branch was important, because only a perfectly straight arrow would fly straight. Arrows were usually about half the length of bows. The weight of an arrow was also important. A light arrow would fly the farthest but had less power to penetrate, or pierce, its target. A heavy arrow had great penetration power but would not fly very far. At first, arrow makers simply sharpened one end of an arrow to make a point. The other end was notched to fit the bowstring. Later, arrow makers learned to harden the points of arrows by heating them in a fire. Then hunters realized that an arrowhead, made of a sharp piece of stone, would help the arrow cut and pierce its target. Arrows with good heads penetrated flesh deeply and killed quickly. With arrowheads, the bow and arrow became the world s most deadly weapon. SIDEBARS: These are short bits of text with their own headers. They are usually boxed and separated from the main text. Sidebars give additional information. BAD SCENE Ancient people used bows and arrows to kill animals and sometimes one another. Sudan, a modern country in north central Africa, has a burial ground called the Jebel Sahaba. The site dates from about 8000 B.C. Archaeologists have found fifty-eight skeletons at the site. The dead included many women and children. The archaeologists also found many arrowheads mixed in with the bones. Experts aren t sure what exactly happened at Jebel Sahaba. But it was probably the site of an ancient massacre with bows and arrows. WARFARE BASICS 15 All rights reserved. www.lernerbooks.com. From Ancient Warfare Technology: From Javelins to Chariots. by Michael Woods and Mary B. Woods. 9

TIMELINE TIMELINE: This list at the end of the book captures the dates on which important events that are mentioned in the main text took place. CA. 8000 B.C. CA. 5000 B.C. CA. 3100 B.C. CA. 3000 B.C. 1500s B.C. CA. 1550 B.C. 1400s B.C. CA. 1270 B.C. CA. 1200 B.C. A massacre with bows and arrows takes place at Jebel Sahaba in modern-day Sudan. Jericho, the first known walled city, is built in modern-day Israel. People in the Middle East begin using copper to make tools and weapons. Upper Egypt conquers Lower Egypt, and the two kingdoms unite. People in the Middle East begin making tools and weapons from bronze. People in the Middle East start to use wheels in both transportation and warfare. Kung fu develops in China. Hittites invade Mesopotamia. They use iron weapons, which give them the advantage in battle. Thutmose III of Egypt conquers Megiddo and other parts of modern-day Syria and Israel. Ramses II of Egypt and Hattusilis III, king of the Hittites, sign the earliest known peace treaty. According to legend, the Trojan War takes place in ancient Turkey. 513 B.C. The Persian emperor Darius invades Scythian territory, but Scythian guerrilla attacks turn back his forces. CA. 500 B.C. Sun-tzu writes The Art of War, the world s first military manual. The ancient Greeks begin using triremes in sea battles. 480 B.C. The Persian emperor Xerxes builds a bridge of boats across the Hellespont to invade Greece. 431 404 B.C. The Greek city-states of Athens and Sparta fight one another during the Peloponnesian War. CA. 400 B.C. The ancient Chinese invent the crossbow. Greek engineers invent the gastraphetes, or belly bow. 338 B.C. Philip of Macedonia defeats Athens and Thebes at the Battle of Chaeronea. Greece becomes part of Philip s empire. 84 All rights reserved. www.lernerbooks.com. From Ancient Warfare Technology: From Javelins to Chariots. by Michael Woods and Mary B. Woods. 10

GLOSSARY: This is a list of the book s unfamiliar or important words or phrases with a definition after each term GLOSSARY AMMUNITION: projectiles fired from guns and other weapons ARCHAEOLOGIST: a scientist who studies the remains of past human cultures ARTIFACT: a human-made object, especially one characteristic of a certain group or historical period ARTILLERY: weapons used for firing missiles at long range CATAPULT: an ancient mechanical device used for hurling large stones, arrows, and other missiles BOLD PRINT CAVALRY: soldiers who fight on horseback CHARIOT: a two-wheeled, horse-drawn cart used in battle EMPIRE: a political unit made up of different nations or territories, held together and ruled by the strongest nation in the group EXCAVATION: the process of digging underground, especially to look for artifacts GUERRILLA WARFARE: ambushes, raids, and other tactics carried out by small, loosely organized bands of fighters GUNPOWDER: an explosive material used inside guns and used to propel bullets, cannonballs, and other ammunition GUNWALE: the upper rim around a boat or a ship HAFTING: attaching the handle and the head of a tool or weapon INFANTRY: soldiers who fight on foot MISSILE: an object that is thrown by hand or shot from a weapon at a distant target PHALANX: troops organized into a rectangular formation, with lines of soldiers standing many rows deep 86 All rights reserved. www.lernerbooks.com. From Ancient Warfare Technology: From Javelins to Chariots. by Michael Woods and Mary B. Woods. 11

SOURCE NOTES: This is a list of the books, magazines, and other resources from which the author borrowed specific quotations. ITALIC: This type is slanted to make a word or phrase stand out. Italicized words may be names of books, newspapers, movies, ships, or foreign words. They may also tell you which caption goes with which photo. SOURCE NOTES 14 Brian Fagan, The Seventy Great Inventions of the Ancient World (London: Thames and Hudson, 2004), 178. 18 Robert Drews, The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993). 25 I Samuel 17:48 50 (New International Version). 28 Augusto Azzaroli, An Early History of Horsemanship (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1985), 71. 34 E. A. Wallis Budge, The Literature of the Ancient Egyptians, Project Gutenberg, 2005, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15932/15932-0.txt (October 16, 2010). 35 Sameh M. Arab, Ramses the Great: The Pharaoh Who Made Peace with His Enemies and the First Peace Treaty in History, Tour Egypt, 1996 2010, http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/treaty.htm (October 16, 2010). 37 Sun Tzu, The Art of War, Internet Classics Archive, 1994 2009, http:// classics.mit.edu/tzu/artwar.html (October 16, 2010). 38 Confucius, The Sayings of Confucius, Project Gutenberg, 2007, http:// www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/24055/pg24055.txt (October 16, 2010). 43 Project South Asia, Kautilya s Arthashastra: Book X, Relating to War, Project South Asia, 2010, http://www.sdstate.edu/projectsouthasia/ loader.cfm?csmodule=security/getfile&pageid=860599 (October 16, 2010). 44 John Keay, India: A History (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2000), 92. 88 All rights reserved. www.lernerbooks.com. From Ancient Warfare Technology: From Javelins to Chariots. by Michael Woods and Mary B. Woods. 12

FURTHER READING FURTHER READING: This is a list of books and websites on the same subject as the book you just read. This list is at the end of your book. It can be helpful in doing research for reports. Abrams, Dennis. Xerxes. New York: Chelsea House, 2008. As emperor of Persia, Xerxes was determined to conquer Greece a goal he wasn t able to reach. This book describes Xerxes life and military exploits. Behnke, Alison. The Conquests of Alexander the Great. Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books, 2008. Alexander, the son of Philip of Macedonia, conquered Persia, Egypt, and other parts of the ancient world. His armies spread Greek culture and customs to the conquered lands. This book describes his military achievements. Cotterell, Arthur. Ancient China. New York: DK Children, 2005. Using beautiful color images, this book brings the world of ancient China to life. Readers will learn about Chinese contributions to warfare and other technology. Fridell, Ron. Military Technology. Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books, 2008. This book describes the modern world of military technology. From laser-guided missiles to stealth bombers, weapons have come a long way since ancient times. Herbst, Judith. The History of Weapons. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Company, 2006. This title explores the simple weapons of ancient times, the hightech weapons of modern times, and the breakthroughs in weapons technology in between. Passport to History series. Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books, 2001 2004. In this series, readers will take trips back in time to ancient China, Egypt, Greece, Rome, and the Mayan civilization. They will learn about people s clothing, foods, work, and other aspects of daily life. 91 All rights reserved. www.lernerbooks.com. From Ancient Warfare Technology: From Javelins to Chariots. by Michael Woods and Mary B. Woods. 13

INDEX INDEX: This is a list of the main ideas in the book, with page numbers to tell you where to find them. Alexander the Great, 47, 56 Americas, 48 55; Aztecs, 51 52, 55; Inca, 52 53, 55; Maya, 48, 50 51; North American Indians, 49, 55; poison arrows, 54 Archimedes Claw, 65 67 armies, 18 19, 59 60, 69 70, 79 armor, 24 25, 36, 52 artillery, Roman, 72 73 Arthashastra, 43 Art of War, The, 37, 81 Ashoka (emperor), 43 44 Assyrians, 17, 24, 27 atlatl, 51 52 Aztecs, 51 52, 55 battle ax, 20, 24, 32, 53 belly bow, 58, 59 biremes, 63, 64, 76 boomerangs, 13, 14 Boudicca, 75 bows and arrows, 14 15, 21, 24, 32, 36, 45, 49, 51, 53, 57, 78. See also belly bow"; composite bow; crossbow bullets, 67 cannons, 79 catapults, 60 61, 64 65, 72, 78, 82 cavalry, 23 24, 40, 59 60 chariots, 21 22, 33, 36, 40, 45 China, 36 41, 78 79; chariots, 36; crossbow, 38; Great Wall, 38 39; martial arts, 40; Sun-tzu and The Art of War, 37, 81; terra-cotta figures, 39 41 clubs, 11, 21, 49, 51, 53 composite bow, 22 23 crossbow, 38, 40, 73. See also belly bow Darius I, 28 29 Dark Ages. See Middle Ages defensive technology, 24 27, 38 39, 71 Dionysius the Elder, 8, 58 Egypt, 30 35; first peace treaty, 35; hafting technology, 32; Thutmose III, tactics of, 33 35; warships, 32 33 elephants, use of in battle, 45 47 engineering, military, 29, 38 39, 72 73 flamethrower, 57 Great Wall of China, 38 39 Greece, 56 67; Alexander the Great, 56; Archimedes Claw, 65 67; catapults, 60 61, 64 65; flamethrower, 57; lead bullets, 67; phalanx, 59 60; Philip II, 59 60; research and development, 58; shields, 60; Trojan Horse, 62; warships, 63 64 guerrilla warfare, 28, 81 82 gunpowder, 78 79 hafting technology, 32 Hittites, 20, 35 horses, use of in battle, 21, 23 24, 36, 45, 46, 79 Huns, 46 hunter-gatherers, 10 15, 30, 48, 49; bows and arrows, 14 15; early humans, violence among, 11, 14, 15; sticks and stones as weapons, 11 14 Inca, 52 53, 55 India, 42 47; Arthashastra, 43; Ashoka, 43 44; elephants, use of in battle, 45 47 94 All rights reserved. www.lernerbooks.com. From Ancient Warfare Technology: From Javelins to Chariots. by Michael Woods and Mary B. Woods. 14