What are the physical characteristics of York? Why problems do you think there could be in York use map evidence.

What are the physical characteristics of York? Why problems do you think there could be in York use map evidence.

2 (c) (ii) What is the straight line distance, to the nearest km, from the road junction (5551) to the main road junction (6451)?... km (1 mark) 2 (c) (iii) Parts of the city of York are often affected by flooding. Suggest why there may be flooding in grid square 5853. (2 marks) 2 (c) (iv) Describe one problem that flooding might cause in York city centre. (2 marks)

2(c)(i) Accept 600517 or 600518 or 599517 or 599518 1 mark 2(c)(ii) 9km (km not required) 1 mark 2(c)(iii) 1 mark idea of low / flat land 1 mark urban runoff 1 mark river/water in the area (2 x 1) Or 1 developed point. The land is flat (1) so when the river rises it may flood (1). 2 marks 2(c)(iv) Accept any reasonable point. 1 mark (identification) + 1 mark (development). Tourist facilities closed (1) meaning a loss of business (1) Shops might flood (1) causing a loss of money (1). Homes may be flooded (1) so people have to move out (1). Roads may be closed (1) making it difficult to get to work (1). 2 marks

2 (d) Traffic congestion is a problem in the city of York. Suggest how the development of the shopping centre (6047): could reduce the problem of traffic congestion in York city centre (2 marks) could increase traffic problems in the York area. (2 marks)

2(d) Reduce the problem of traffic congestion in the city centre: 1 mark identifying a point plus 1 mark for development. Fewer cars in town centre (1) because fewer people go to city centre shops (1) It is near the main road (1) so cars don t have to go through the city to reach it (1) Increase traffic problems in the area: 1 mark identifying a point plus 1 mark for development It might bring a lot more cars to the area (1) and cause congestion on the ring road (1) More people would be attracted to the area (1) and some may also go to the city centre (1) 2 marks 2 marks

2 (e) Explain how traffic congestion can be reduced in urban areas. Use an example(s) you have studied. Traffic congestion is a real problem in urban areas, it causes pollution which can make people ill. Congestions can be reduced by getting people out of their cars and onto buses or onto bikes.

2 (e) Explain how traffic congestion can be reduced in urban areas. Use an example(s) you have studied. In Nottingham, the local council has used an integrated approach to reducing traffic congestions, known as the Big Wheel. This involves linking different types of transport such as bus, tram and train. People are encouraged to park their cars in the Park and Ride and then take the tram or bus into the city centre. Because a tram or bus can hold 50 people or more this reduces the amount of vehicles on the roads in Nottingham city centre and therefore reduces the problems associated with congestion.

2(e) Level 1 Basic (1 2 marks) Shows an understanding of how traffic congestion can be reduced by identifying methods (1 mark for each method) or offering some explanation. Park and ride schemes can be used which many people can use. Level 2 Clear (3 4 marks) Identifies method(s) used to reduce traffic congestion and offers clear explanation of how they work. Park and ride could be used. This means that cars park on the edge of the city and a bus service brings people into the city centre. A bus can hold up to fifty people so for each bus a lot of cars do not come into the city centre. This reduces the number of cars in the city and therefore reduces congestion. 4 marks

2 (g) (ii) Explain how improving urban areas using greening initiatives could benefit both people and the environment. Use Figure 9 and your own knowledge. 6 marks After the London 2012 Olympics The redevelopment of part of East London for the Olympic Games is one of the largest urban regeneration projects ever seen in the UK. When the Olympic Games have finished, the area will have hundreds of new homes, a number of newly developed commercial facilities and much improved transport links. There will be up to 5000 new jobs in the area. What was an old, run-down, industrial area will be a modern area where 20% of all energy needs will come from renewable methods. The previously polluted rivers will be clean waterside environments with walkways, cycle tracks and riverside parks.

2 (g) (ii) Explain how improving urban areas using greening initiatives could benefit both people and the environment. Use Figure 9 and your own knowledge. Own knowledge can be locational/or knowledge of benefits. Do not accept reference to renewable resources. Level 1 Basic (1 2 marks) Basic points from Figure 9 with limited development. Largely generic ideas. It will improve the environment and make it a cleaner place to live. Level 2 Clear (3 4 marks) Clearer appreciation why it might be better for people and the environment. (not balanced). Use of Figure 9 and some development. It will improve the environment and encourage wildlife back into the area. Urban parks offer peaceful places for people to relax. Level 3 Detailed (5 6 marks) Detailed understanding which identifies how urban greening can create better environments for people and improve the quality of the environment. Offers detailed development from Figure 9 and greater balance. Urban greening will create more opportunities for wildlife habitats to develop and create a more peaceful environment for people to use. Green areas are quieter and cleaner and people can relax and socialise in them. They also create a more visually attractive area rather than a lot of buildings. Because these areas are traffic-free they are also safer for people.