What Makes a Natural Gas Marketplace Work? July 9-13, 2007 Accra
TOPIC I: Resource & Infrastructure Investment for Delivery Key value chain components
Physical Infrastructure
Gathering Removal of basic sediment & water Collection through field and gathering g lines for removal of free liquids and extraneous materials Gas may also be sweetened with chemical agents to neutralize sulfur compounds and carbon dioxide From 2 inches to 24 inches in diameter Higher pressures than transmission lines up to 2160 psi ( 150 bar) Generally, feed gas processing facilities
Processing Liquefy the heavier molecules that occur in the gas stream in order to make the gas production marketable and safe for pipelines, and to increase profits from the lease (nonmethane molecules are marketable) Wet gas contains a higher proportion of larger molecules as well as oil condensate as opposed to dry gas.
Natural Gas Products
Pipeline Transportation Line pipe high strength carbon steel seamless or welded (>24- inch) ~$25,000 per inch-km Strict t metallurgical l standards d (dictated by API in the US) Pipe joints are welded d togetherth Pipe Coating Fusion Bond Expoxy (FBE)--Used to prevent external corrosion
LNG Transportation Liquefaction allows moving of gas at one sixth the volume to distant markets Gas from LNG can be moved by pipeline pe e or used directly for power generation or trucking
LNG Value Chain EXPLORATION & PRODUCTION LIQUEFACTION SHIPPING REGASIFICATION & STORAGE $0.5-$1.0/MMBtu $0.8- $1.20/MMBtu $0.4- $1.0/MMBtu $0.3-$0.5/MMBtu TOTAL = $2.00 - $3.70 Greatest variability is in upstream feedstock for liquefaction and shipping distance. Sources: Industry (estimates exclude some O&M and tax costs)
Gas-to-liquids GTL allows natural gas to be transported and used as liquid (as an alternative to middle distillates) Capital costs for GTL plants have been declining from roughly $50,000 per barrel of capacity to the $20,000 range. O&M costs have been estimated as low as $5 per barrel.
Compressor Stations The compressor or pumping station is the engine that boosts pressure and moves gas (1,300 psi 90 bar) Typically installed every 40 to 100 miles - depending di on number of compressors & HP, and diameter of pipe and volume to be moved Stations ti also typically have liquid id separators in the form of scrubbers, strainers or filter separators.
Metering & Regulation Metering Stations are the cash register of the industry --Orifice meters --Turbine meters --Ultrasonic meters --Positive displacement meters Regulation serves to reduce pipeline pressure to an acceptable level for distribution and end use
Operations Mainline valves spaced 5 to 20 miles apart depending on population density and safety codes Allow isolation of pipeline segments for maintenance and emergencies
Operations Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) is a communication system to monitor and control certain equipment on the pipeline Transmits operating status, t flow volumes, pressure and temperature data from compressor stations, M&R facilities and valves to a gas control facility for daily operations Facilitates nominations, scheduling procedures, allocations & billing
Operations Integrity Assurance --Aerial Patrols --Pipeline Markers --Damage Prevention Program --Cathodic Protection --Pipeline Pigging --Leak Detection Surveys
Distribution From citygate to customers via smalldiameter pipe (<12-inch) Traditionally steel, but increasingly gy polyethylene y (PE) or high density PE (HDPE) $370 per 100 ft for 4-inch, $760 per 100ft for 6-inch ~3 psi of pressurization Mercaptan (NG is odorless) Metering & billing ~50% of end-user price (U.S.)
Distribution metering Residential & small commercial meters (~5 psig) cost about $125-175 Remote sensor another $160 Industrial meters (~175 psig) cost anywhere from $1,000 to $6,000 Additional cost of $1-2,000 on related items
Storage Gas storage supplements pipeline deliverability in peak demand winter periods Generally, storage fields are depleted reservoirs, aquifers or salt caverns In distribution regions, there are smaller LNG storage facilities used for peak shaving
TOPIC I: Resource & Infrastructure Investment for Delivery Investment considerations
Where is Natural Gas Used? Residential uses: cooking, water heating, space heating and/or cooling. Commercial uses: space heating, water heating, and cooling. Transportation uses: CNG, LNG as fuel (~2.5 million vehicles worldwide) Power generation: Steam, simple cycle, combined cycle, micro turbines, fuel cells
End Use Equipment & Applications Commercial chilling and dehumidifying absorption chillers provide cool air by evaporating a refrigerant like water or ammonia - best suited to cooling large commercial buildings, like office towers and shopping malls. desiccant systems cool by reducing humidity in the air - cooling this dry air requires much less energy than it would to cool humid air. A Desiccant Unit Atop the Park Hyatt Hotel, Washington D.C.
Distributed Generation With technological advancements, there is a trend towards what is known as 'distributed generation' placement of individual, id smaller sized electric generation units at residential, commercial, and industrial sites of use. small scale power plants, which are primarily powered by natural gas, operate with small gas turbine or combustion engine units, or natural gas fuel cells.
DG options A micro turbine A small-scale l conventional turbine A Fuel Cell Cogeneration Plant
Combined heat & power CHP systems have applications both in large centralized power plants, and in distributed generation settings. Cogeneration systems have applications in centralized power plants, large industrial settings, large and medium sized commercial settings, and even smaller residential or commercial sites. The key determinant of whether or not combined heat and power technology would be of use is the nearby need or purpose for the captured waste heat.
Where is Natural Gas Used? Industrial uses: base ingredients for such varied products as plastic, fertilizer, anti-freeze, pharmaceuticals and fabrics pulp and paper, metals, chemicals, petroleum refining, stone, clay and glass, plastic, and food processing waste treatment and incineration, metals preheating (particularly for iron and steel), drying and dehumidification, glass melting, food processing, and fueling industrial boilers
Industrial uses Feedstock for methanol, fertilizer, other petrochemical and chemical Industrial drying and burners (steel manufacturing) Cold captured from LNG for electronics
Pipeline Economics Costs associated with pipeline construction depend on many factors. the cost per mile increases with the pipe size. construction on land using a 12-inch pipeline costs about $300,000 per mile while using a 42-inch pipeline costs almost $1.5 million per mile. costs increases if the pipeline pp goes through residential areas, or there are roads, highways and rivers on the way. costs are dependent d on location, terrain, population density, or other factors (for instance, different labor and tax laws in different countries).
Pipeline Costs The most important are material and labor costs - 70 to 80% of the total construction cost both onshore and offshore. Surveying, engineering, i supervision, i administration and overhead, telecommunications equipment, freight, taxes, regulatory filing fees, interest, contingencies (all covered under Miscellaneous). Right-of-way (R.O.W.) and damages
Estimated Pipeline Construction Costs per Mile and % of Total: Onshore 1995-1996 2000-2001 % Change Material $274,210 (31%) $279,565 (21%) 2% Labor $422,610 (47%) $571,719 719 (44%) 35% Miscellaneous $154,012 (17%) $344,273 (26%) 124% R.O.W. and Damages $48,075 (5%) $120,607 (9%) 151% Total $898,907 907 $1,316,164 164 38% Source: Oil & Gas Journal, Pipeline Economics Survey, various issues. U.S. average: $1 million/mile, $6-8 million/mile in urban areas
Estimated Pipeline Construction Costs per Mile and % of Total: Offshore 1995-1996 2000-2001 % Change Material $684,604 (42%) $413,995 (16%) -40% Labor $527,619 (33%) $1,537,249 (60%) 191% Miscellaneous $396,394 (25%) $510,271 (20%) 29% R.O.W. and Damages $3,201 (0%) $116,898 (4%) 3,552% Total $1,611,818 $2,578,413 60% Source: Oil & Gas Journal, Pipeline Economics Survey, various issues.
CEE High, Mean and Low Construction ti Cost Estimates t
CEE pipeline cost estimates for natural gas