All-optical fiber-optics networks
A passive star based local optical WDM network Unicast Multicast Workstation Passive star coupler (c) Sergiusz Patela 2001 All-optical networks 2
A wavelength routed wide-area WDM network λ 2 B C A 1 6 7 H 2 G 5 8 Photonics switching fabric 3 Access Station: contains tunable transmitters and receivers Switch: contains photonics switch, amplifier, λ converter 4 F λ 2 9 10 λ1 E D (c) Sergiusz Patela 2001 All-optical networks 3
Diagram of passive optical network, λ 2,..., λ N λ 2 λ N sources receivers Available installation topologies: star bus tree (c) Sergiusz Patela 2001 All-optical networks 4
Real installation topologies Tx Rx Star coupler Tx Rx star Tx Tx Rx Rx bus Tx Rx Tx Rx Tx Rx Tx Rx tree (c) Sergiusz Patela 2001 All-optical networks 5
Classification of single hop optical networks FT - FR, fixed transmitter - fixed receiver TT - FR, tunable transmitter - fixed receiver FT - TR, fixed transmitter - fixed receiver TT - TR, tunable transmitter, tunable receiver Example description of network node: FT i TT j -RF i TR j CC -FT i TT j -FR m TR n {F - fixed T - tunable, T - transmitter R - receiver} CC - control-channel, information about planed connection i - index indicates number of node transmitters/receivers (c) Sergiusz Patela 2001 All-optical networks 6
Time-slot assignment (time multiplexing) 3 workstations 1 channel time is divided into 3 slots repeated in a cycle channel no. t t+1 t+2 0 (1, 2) (1, 3) (2, 1) 1 (2, 3) (3, 1) (3, 2) (c) Sergiusz Patela 2001 All-optical networks 7
Channel assignment, time and wavelength multiplexing (without control channel) 3 workstations 2 channels time is divided into 3 slots repeated in a cycle channel no. t t+1 t+2 0 (1, 2) (1, 3) (2, 1) 1 (2, 3) (3, 1) (3, 2) (c) Sergiusz Patela 2001 All-optical networks 8
Optical-signal distribution elements - classification Passive star Passive router Active switch (c) Sergiusz Patela 2001 All-optical networks 9
Passive star 4 x 4 Input fiber 1 λ λ λ Output fiber 1 1 1 1,..., λ 4 Input fiber 2 Output fiber 2 λ 2,..., λ 4 Input fiber 3 Output fiber 3 λ 3,..., λ 4 λ 4 λ 4 λ 4 Input fiber 4 Output fiber 4 λ 4,..., λ 4 λ 4 N connections (c) Sergiusz Patela 2001 All-optical networks 10
Passive router Input 1 Output 1 2 λ 3 λ 2 λ 4 λ 2 λ3 λ4 λ 2 2 3 λ 3 λ 4 λ2 3 4 λ 4 λ 3 λ 3 λ 2 4 λ 4 Demux Mux N 2 connections (c) Sergiusz Patela 2001 All-optical networks 11
Router - location in OSI model 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Sesion 4 Transport 3 Network Router working area 2 Data link 1 Physical Logical Link Control Media Access Control Bridge working area (c) Sergiusz Patela 2001 All-optical networks 12
Active switch 4 x 4 Input fib. 1 switch Output fib. 1,..., λ 4 Input fib. 2 switch Output fib. 2 λ 2,..., λ 4 λ 2 Input fib. 3 switch Output fib. 3 λ 3 λ 3,..., λ 4 Input fib. 4 Output fib. 4 switch λ 4,..., λ 4 λ 4 Demux Mux WRS =Wavelength Routing Switch (or Wavelenght Selecting Crosconnect - WSXC) (c) Sergiusz Patela 2001 All-optical networks 13
Examples of all optical LAN networks and protocols (1) 1. LAMBDANET - M. S. Goodman i in., The LAMBDANET multiwavelength network: Architecture, applications, and demonstrations IEEE Journ. on Selected Areas in Communicatrions, vol. 8, pp. 995-1004, 1990 2. Rainbow - N. R. Dono i in. A wavelength division multiple access network for computer communication IEEE Journ. on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 8, pp. 983-993 3. Fiber-Optic Crossconnect (FOX) - E. Arthurs i in. Multiwavelength optical crossconnect for parallel-processing computers Electronic Letters, vol. 24, pp. 119-120, 1986 4. STARNET - T. K. Chiang i in. Implementation of STARNET: A WDM computer connumications network, IEEE Journ. on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 14, pp. 824-839, 1996 5. HYPASS - E. Arthurs i in. Hypass: An optoelectronic hybrid packet-switching system IEEE Journ. on Selected Areas in Communications, vo. 6, pp. 1500-1510, Dec. 1988 (c) Sergiusz Patela 2001 All-optical networks 14
Examples of all optical LAN networks and protocols(2) 6. Assignment protocols - I. Chlamtac i in. Channel allocation protocols in frequencytime controlled high speed networks, IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 36, pp. 430-440, 1988 7. Two slotted ALOHA protocol - P. W. Dowd Random access protocols for high speed interprocessor communication based on and optical passive star topology, IEEE/OSA Journ. of Lightwave Technology, vol 9, pp. 799-808 8. Partial Random Access Protocol - I. M. I. Habbab i in Protocols for very high speed optical fiber local area networks using a passive star topology IEEE/OSA Journ. of Lightwave Technol., vol. LT-5, pp. 1782-1794, 1987 9. AMTRAC - I. Chlamtac i in. Towards alternative high speed network concepts: the swift architecture IEEE transactions on Communications, vo. 38, pp. 431-439, 1990 (c) Sergiusz Patela 2001 All-optical networks 15
LAMBDANET Network name: LAMBDANET Company: Bellcore Network type: FT - FR M Every workstation equipped with a laser of fixed wavelength and M receivers. Realized network parameters: number of nodes - 18 transmission speed - 2 Gb/s range - 57,5 km Advantages - simplicity Disadvantages - every node has to be equipped with N sources (integrated optoelectronics technology can solve the problem) M. S. Goodman i in., The LAMBDANET multiwavelength network: Architecture, applications, and demonstrations IEEE Journ. on Selected Areas in Communicatrions, vol. 8, pp. 995-1004, 1990 (c) Sergiusz Patela 2001 All-optical networks 16
Lambdanet - network diagram Node 1 TX...N Node 1 WDM DEMUX RX1 RX2 Star Coupler Node N TX...N Node N (c) Sergiusz Patela 2001 All-optical networks 17
Rainbow Network name: Rainbow I (1990), Rainbow II (1996) Company: IBM Network type : FT - TR Network type: MAN Every workstation is equipped in one laser of fixed wavelength and a tunable receiver. Network parameters: Number of nodes - 32 IBM PS/2 Transmission speed - 200 Mb/s Range - 10-20 km Rainbow I: N. R. Dono i in. A wavelength division multiple access network for computer communication IEEE Journ. on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 8, pp. 983-993, Aug. 1990 Rainbow II: E. Hall i in. The Rainbow-II gabit optical network IEEE Journ. on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 14, pp. 814-823, June 1996 (c) Sergiusz Patela 2001 All-optical networks 18
Rainbow network - topology PCS λ 3 Node 1 Node 3 λ 2 λ N Node 2 Node N processor E fixed transmitter (Tx) tunable receiver (Rx) O NIU PSC - Passive Star Coupler NIU - Network Interface Unit E - Electronic interface O - Optical interface (c) Sergiusz Patela 2001 All-optical networks 19
FOX Network name: FOX (Fiber Optic Crossconnect), 1986 Network type: TT - FR Designation: Computers with parallel data processing Tunable lasers are used as a sources. (tuning time below a few ns packet switching) Configuration: two passive stars, one for the data send from the processors into memory blocks, other for the data flowing in the opposite direction. (c) Sergiusz Patela 2001 All-optical networks 20
STARNET Network name: STARNET Network type:, FT - FR Designation: WDM LAN Notes: contains two virtual subnets Every node contains one transmitter and two receivers (working on the same wavelengths, but with different speeds) STARNET networks is composed of two virtual subnets: fast (2,5 GB/s) network with packet switching slower control subnet ( 125 MB/s FDDI compatible) Transmitters in every node generate data for both subnets. Slow detector in each node is tuned to listen the previous node transmitter - this way a logical ring is created (FDDI type) (c) Sergiusz Patela 2001 All-optical networks 21
Single-hop network classification (1) WDM local lightwave networks Single-hop Multihop Arbitrary topology No control signal With control signal Linear structures (attempt-and-defer) Built systems LAMBDANET RAINBOW FOX HYPASS, BHYPASS, STAR- TRACK, PLL i inne Proposals................................. AMTRAC (TT- FR) Multichannel Probabilistic Scheduling (TT-FR) (c) Sergiusz Patela 2001 All-optical networks 22
Single-hop network classification (2) Experimental systems Proposals Nets with control channel LAMBDANET (receiver array: FT-FR M ) RAINBOW (in-band rceiver polling: FT-TR) FOX (TT-FR) HYPASS, BHYPASS, STAR-TRACK, PLL and others PAC - Protection Against Collision Fixed Assignment (TT-TR) Partial Fixed Assignment (TT- TR) Random Access Protocols I (TT-FR) Random Access Protocols II (TT- FR x ) PAC nets (TT-FR) Partial Random Access (CC- TT-TR) Improved Random Access (CC-TT-TR) Binominal Throughput, Nonmonotonic Delay Extended Slotted ALOHA and Reservation ALOHA (CC-TT- TR) (RCA) Receiver Collision Avoidance Protocol (CC-TT- TR) Dynamic Time-Wavelength Division Multiple Access (DTWDMA) (CC-FT2-FRTR) TDMA/N-Server (CC-TT- FRTR) (c) Sergiusz Patela 2001 All-optical networks 23
Summary The optimal solution for building an all-optical local area network is a passive star topology, with single-hop connection. WDM technology renders possible full utilization of fiber optic bandwidth. (c) Sergiusz Patela 2001 All-optical networks 24
Literature B. Mukherjee, Optical Communication Networks, McGraw-Hill 1997 (c) Sergiusz Patela 2001 All-optical networks 26