Unit of Learning # 2 The Physical Layer. Sergio Guíñez Molinos sguinez@utalca.cl

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1 Unit of Learning # 2 The Physical Layer Sergio Guíñez Molinos sguinez@utalca.cl

2 Local Area Network (LAN) Redes de Computadores 2

3 Historic topologies more used in LAN Ethernet Logical Bus and Physical Start Token Ring Logical Ring and Physical Start FDDI Logical Ring and Physical Double Ring Redes de Computadores 3

4 Nowadays topologies LAN Fast Ethernet Giga Ethernet Fiber Channel Wireless LAN Redes de Computadores 4

5 Main characteristics Fast LAN Fast Ethernet Giga Ethernet Bit rate 100 Mbps. 1 Gbps., 10 Gbps. Fiber Channel 100 Mbps. 3,2 Gbps. Wireless LAN 1 Mbps. 54 Mbps. Transmission Medium UTP, STP, Fiber Optic UTP -STP, Fiber Optic UTP,Coaxia l, Shield Cable, Fiber Optic Microondas a 2,4 GHz, 5 GHz Access CSMA/CD CSMA/CD Conmutado CSMA/ Sondeo Standard Support IEEE IEEE Fiber Channel Association IEEE Redes de Computadores 5

6 Classic Ethernet Xerox 10 Mbps (Ethernet) Bus Topology. Access Protocol CSMA/CD. Problems? Transmission and reception (MAC) Access Protocol Redes de Computadores 6

7 Classic Ethernet #2 Frame Redes de Computadores 7

8 Access Protocol CSMA/CD Carrier Sense and Multiple Access with Collision Detection) 1. If medium is free to transmit 2. Else, listen until that medium is free 3. If detect collision in the transmission, stop transmission 4. Wait a random time, then try to transmit again Binary exponential delay After i collisions, a random number of slot times between 0 and 2^i 1 is chosen. Redes de Computadores 8

9 Access Protocol CSMA/CD #2 Redes de Computadores 9

10 Access Protocol CSMA/CD #3 Collisions Frame Length ( Tf ) Spreading Delay between nodes (Sd ) Tf > 2*Sd Redes de Computadores 10

11 Frame Ethernet IEEE Redes de Computadores 11

12 Frame Ethernet IEEE Frame formats. IEEE Redes de Computadores 12

13 Frame Ethernet IEEE #2 Preamble 7 bytes with the following pattern: SDF (Start Frame Delimiter) Bits sequence DA (Destination Address) Hardware Address SA (Source Address) Hardware Address Redes de Computadores 13

14 Frame Ethernet IEEE #3 Length Data 1518 Bytes. Min. 64 Bytes. required to CSMA Max 1500 Bytes. FCS (Frame Check Sequence) 32 bits to CRC

15 Hardware Address Ethernet Address of 48 bits Address Ethernet is a hardware address Broadcasting Multicasting Redes de Computadores 15

16 Ethernet Cabling Redes de Computadores 16

17 Ethernet Cabling IEEE <Rate Transmission in Mbps> <method signaling> <length in Mts.> Original bit rate Ethernet 10 Mbps For instance: 10Base5 10Base-T Redes de Computadores 17

18 Ethernet Cabling #1 The most common kinds of Ethernet cabling. Redes de Computadores 18

19 Ethernet Cabling #2 Three kinds of Ethernet cabling. (a) 10Base5, (b) 10Base2, (c) 10Base-T. Redes de Computadores 19

20 Ethernet Cabling #3 Cable topologies. (a) Linear, (b) Spine, (c) Tree, (d) Segmented. Redes de Computadores 20

21 Ethernet Cabling #4 (a) Binary encoding, (b) Manchester encoding, (c) Differential Manchester encoding. Redes de Computadores 21

22 HUB vs SWITCH Redes de Computadores 22

23 HUB vs SWITCH Redes de Computadores 23

24 HUB vs SWITCH #2 Redes de Computadores 24

25 Switch Layer 2 Store and Forward Switch Store the frame and make routing to destination. Cut Through Switch Read the MAC and and routing to destination as soon as possible, when detect destination address. Redes de Computadores 25

26 Switch Layer 2 #2 Problems??? Broadcast Storm Multiple ways Discussion... Redes de Computadores 26

27 Switch Layer 3 A lot PCs and WS Mbps Switch Layer 2 Kernel of the Network Switch Layer Mps-1Gbps Redes de Computadores 27

28 Fast Ethernet Redes de Computadores 28

29 Fast Ethernet IEEE Base-T Options Redes de Computadores 29

30 Fast Ethernet #2 100BaseT 100Mbps STP,UTP,FIBER 100Base-FX Fiber Optics Full-Duplex 200 Mbps? Is necessary Switch layer 2 o 3? Is necessary CSMA/CD? Redes de Computadores 30

31 Fast Ethernet #3 Redes de Computadores 31

32 Giga Ethernet Ethernet 10 Gbps. Redes de Computadores 32

33 Giga Ethernet Redes de Computadores 33

34 Giga Ethernet #2 Options physical medium Giga Ethernet Redes de Computadores 34

35 10 Gbps Ethernet Options physical medium 10 Giga Ethernet Redes de Computadores 35

36 10 Gbps Ethernet #2 No expensive, bandwidth consuming conversion between Ethernet packets and ATM cells. Network is Ethernet, end to end. IP plus Ethernet offers QoS and traffic. policing capabilities approach that of ATM Wide variety of standard optical interfaces for 10 Gbps Ethernet. Redes de Computadores 36

37 Fibre Channel Redes de Computadores 37

38 Fibre Channel 2 methods of communication with processor: I/O channel Network communications Fibre channel combines both Simplicity and speed of channel communications Flexibility and interconnectivity of network communications Redes de Computadores 38

39 Fibre Channel #2 Structure End-terminal Redes de Computadores 39

40 Architecture of Fiber Channel Protocol Layer Architecture Physical Layer Transmission Protocol FC-1 Frame Protocol FC-2 Collaborative Services FC-3 Transformation FC-4 Physical Medium and Topology

41 Fibre Channel #3 Five Applications of Fibre Channel Redes de Computadores 41

42 Wireless LAN Redes de Computadores 42

43 Wireless LAN IEEE Services Association Reassociation Disassociation Authentication Privacy Redes de Computadores 43

44 Wireless LAN # 2 IEEE Architecture Redes de Computadores 44

45

46 MAC Redes de Computadores 46

47 MAC Deterministic and non-deterministic Ej: Redes de Computadores 47

48 References W. Stallings, Redes en Internet de alta velocidad. Rendimiento y calidad de servicio, Segunda Edición,Prentice-Hall, A. Tanenbaum, Redes de Computadores, Cuarta Edición, Prentice-Hall Douglas Comer, Redes Globales de Información con Internet. TCP/IP. Principios básicos, protocolos y Redes de Computadores 48

49 Unit of Learning # 2 The Physical Layer Sergio Guíñez Molinos sguinez@utalca.cl Redes de Computadores 49

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