Computer Science Cezary Bolek cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl University of Lodz Faculty of Management Department of Computer Science Contact Exam dr Cezary Bolek Information room 142, Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Management Office Hours: Tuesday 11 30-12 30 Wednesday 11 30-12 30 email: Materials: 1.?? January 2007 2.?? February 2007 cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl http://www.ki.uni.lodz.pl/~cbolek Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 2 References - textbooks 1. J. Glenn Brookshear Computer Science, An Overview Addison Wesley, 2000 2. David Harel, Rzecz o istocie informatyki - algorytmika, WNT 2000 3. William Stallings, Organizacja i architektura systemu komputerowego, WNT 2000 Computer Science - what s this? Science of computer assisted information processing. But, what is information? numbers symbols (modeling real world, e.g. characters, text) digital signals (e.g. audio, video streams) But, what is computer? number cruncher?, transistor brain?, optical? organic? But, what is processing? input => output storing transportation manipulation Strong connection: theoretical basis and application Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 3 Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 4 1
Technical device that What is computer? automatically processes & stores information in comparison with humans: with high reliability (calculation, retrieval) with high speed with high capacity (memory, complexity) Difference to other machines: flexible with regard to what needs to be done; no mechanical reconfiguration necessary universal utility Lat. computare = compute Computer Science - many faces Theoretical CS theory of algorithms coding theory formal languages automata theory Applied CS programming languages software engineering Operating systems Computer Science Technical CS hardware building blocks telecommunication electronics Practical CS practical application of software and hardware for professional purposes Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 5 Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 6 Algorithmics Data structures A study of formulating detailed problem solutions for its automated realization. Does the problem have the solution: heuristic algorithms Algorithm reliability: computational complexity Is the algorithm correct: should be proven Abstractive representation of real world objects for algorithm implementation purposes. Numbers: range and precision Arrays, records: many in one Stacks, queues, lists: order matters Trees, graphs: complex relations Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 7 Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 8 2
Algorithm representation Programming process Graphical methods: flowcharts, block diagrams, schemes Algorithm Formal languages: sets of symbols and rules of their usage (syntax), that allow to form (create, write) the algorithm. Problem Data Structures Program Program: algorithm written with formal language, that can be further transformed into machine code. Algorithmization Programming Coding Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 9 Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 10 Computer Math Computer physics Numerical methods Hypothesis verification by exceptions Theorem proofing Prime number search Symbolic calculations Fractals Monte Carlo methods simulations particles physics solid-state physics geophysics, meteorology astronomy Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 11 Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 12 3
Computer chemistry Biology chemical reaction simulations material properties analysis chemical compounds design computer pharmacology Organic matter properties investigation Genome identification for various life forms Evolution processes modeling Ecosystems modeling Behavior modeling Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 13 Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 14 Economy Cognitive sciences economy processes modeling financial markets analysis demographic processes analysis natural resources consumption analysis market trends prediction cognitive processes modeling expert systems artificial intelligence problems personality problems Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 15 Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 16 4
Computers in literature research History of computation Very short... analysis of word presence and its meaning in literature Prehistory one, two, many: numerals stones, sticks: tools automated style analysis 3000-500 BC. abacus Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 17 Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 18 17th century 1622 - slide rule, William Oughtred, England 1642 - adding machine (Pascalina), Blaise Pascal 17th century Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716), Germany 1673 - four-operation calculation machine Binary system discovery (Ying-Yang influence) Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 19 Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 20 5
19th century Jacquard s loom first programmable machine Charles Babbage machines: "Difference Engine": value tables of polynoms "Analytical Engine": basic idea of a universal computer The Program (input) The Machine (processing) The Output (Woven Fabrics) Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 21 Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 22 19th century mechanical arithmometers (number crunchers) using punched cards (perforated card) 20th century Complex mathematical problems for military purposes: ballistics, ciphering (Enigma), nuclear weapon research Alan Turing study on automated mathematical problem solving Idea of universal machine executing algorithm based on input data (symbols) and its internal state - Universal Turing Machine (UTM) conception of personality as a convoluted algorithm: "Turing Test" starts discussion/research about artifical intelligence John von Neumann conception of modern computer that consists of: central processing unit, memory, peripherals. Computer processes program stored in memory Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 23 Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 24 6
1944 Mark I : first electromechanical computer 1944 ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator And Calculator): vacuum tube technology: 1st generation computer (1944-55) length 120m, height 2.5m, weight 5t, wires length 700km 760.000 components, mostly electromechanical relays use: military ballistic calculations output device: electrical typewriter speed: multiplication ca. 3s Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 25 17.468 tubes, 70.000 resistors, 10.000 capacitors, 1.500 relays, 6.000 manual switches and 5 million solder joints area 167 m 2, weight 30 tons, power 160 kilowatts (during turning on - light dimming in Philadelphia ) Within 1s ENIAC (1000 times faster than any computer built till this time) performed: 5,000 summations, 357 multiplications or 38 divisions. Programming based on electrical connecting modules that were responsible for certain computations (hardwired programming) and used to take weeks. Machine needed frequent and onerous maintenance. Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 26 1947 transistor semiconductor electronics: 2nd generations computers (1956-1963) 1958 integrated circuit: 3rd generations computers (1964-1972) low voltage, low power consumption, small dimensions, high reliability. Complicated electronic device build on silicon plate surface (transistors, diodes, resistors and connections) fabricated in a single process, high density of components and low power consumption. Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 27 Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 28 7
1971 microprocessor Intel 4004 4th generation computers (1973-1977) Intel 4004 - dimensions:3mm x 4mm consisted of 2300 transistors, computing power similar to ENIAC (18.000 tubes). In 1972r. space probe Pioneer 10 already used Intel 4004 personal computers 1976 first microcomputer Apple I Stephen Wozniak, Steve Jobs Microprocessor:MOS 6502, 1 MHz RAM memory: 8 KB ROM memory: 256 bytes Combine in a single integrated circuit: control unit, general purpose and arithmetic registers. Next generations of microprocessors mostly differs only by components density (number of integrated elements). General idea remains unchanged. Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 29 Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 30 1977 - Apple II personal computers Microprocessor:MOS 6502, 1 MHz RAM memory: 4 KB (to 64KB) ROM memory: 12 kb Built-in BASIC interpreter Produced in different versions till 1993. 1980 - Apple III Microprocessor:MOS 6502A, 2 MHz RAM memory: 128 KB (up to 256KB) ROM memory: 16 kb Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 31 personal computers 1982 - Lisa/Lisa 2 Microprocessor: Motorola MC68000, 5MHz RAM memory: 1 MB ROM memory: 16 kb System operacyjny: Lisa OS 1984 - Macintosh Microprocessor: Motorola MC68000, 7.83MHz RAM memory: 128 KB (up to 512kB) ROM memory: 64 kb Operating system: Macintosh System 1.0 1987 - Macintosh II Microprocessor: Motorola MC68020, 15.66MHz RAM memory: 1MB (up to 8MB) ROM memory: 256 kb Operating system: Macintosh System 4.0 1989 - Macintosh Portable Microprocessor: Motorola MC68HC000, 16MHz RAM memory: 1MB (up to 9MB) ROM memory: 256 kb Operating system: MacOS 6.0.4 do 7.5.5 Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 32 8
1981 Personal Computer (PC) - IBM (5150) First 16-bit microprocessor Intel 8088, clock 4.77 MHz. 16kB memory, expandable to 256kB, floppy disk drive, capacity 160kB, color monitor, price 1565$ (equivalent to present 4000$), BASIC interpreter built-in ROM memory DOS operating system (a little later) Open architecture conception the reason of great popularity until today Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 33 Personal Computers 1983 - IBM PC/XT (5160) Microprocessor: Intel 8088, 4.77MHz RAM memory: 64-640kB (depending on model) Video card: CGA (320x200 / 640x200) Operating system: MS-DOS 2.0 FDD 5.25, HDD 10,20MB 1983 - IBM PC Junior Microprocessor: Intel 8088, 4.77MHz RAM memory: 64 KB (do 640kB) Video card: CGA (320x200 / 640x200) Operating system: MS-DOS 2.0 Mass storage.: tape, option: FDD 5.25 1984 - IBM PC/AT Microprocessor: Intel 80286, 6MHz RAM memory: 512 KB (do 3MB) Video card: EGA (640x350) Operating system: MS-DOS 3.0 HDD,FDD 1984 - IBM PC Portable (5155) Microprocessor: Intel 8088, 4.77MHz RAM memory: 256 KB (do 640kB) Video card: CGA (320x200 / 640x200) Operating system: PC-DOS 2.1 1x lub 2x FDD 5.25 Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 34 Computer science education Universities theoretical aspects - computer science Technical Universities (Polytechnics) application aspects computer engineering Outside the universities: society education of computer science practical aspects Programming Artisanship? software as an addition to hardware, Works? Great. Next. Science? from reality to abstraction, theoretical background, methods squaring the problems Art? creativity sense of esthetics and elegance aspiration for reaching ideal Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 35 Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 36 9
Computer Science - what s about? Computer Science rapidly changes the world where we live, work, learn. "information innovation cycles" in the history of mankind: Word Picture Writing Printing Telegraph IT 125000 : 25000 : 5000 : 1000 : 200 : 40 ~ exponential decrease CS made possible: CD, mobile phone, PC, world wide web all this happened essentially during our lifetime today, short product innovation cycles are a decisive factor (lean /concurrent life cycle engineering, etc.) Information Based Revolution Easy access to information Easy unconstrained communication New fields, jobs, forms New model of administration Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 37 Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 38 Computers in society - misunderstandings Dangers Computer science (informatics) understood as a proficiency in computer usage Software knowledge and its usage understood as a computer creativity Programming identified with computer science problem solving Noise and information junk Information form beats the content Remote work compulsion to work at home Lack of privacy Omnipotence of administration Are we really happy??? Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 39 Introduction To Computer Science Cezary Bolek <cbolek@ki.uni.lodz.pl> 40 10