5.3 Attachment REGIONAL GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE NETWORK RESOURCE GUIDE
Lafarge Lake, Coquitlam.
Table of Contents Introduction: A regional green infrastructure network... 5 A primer on green infrastructure... 6 What is green infrastructure?... 6 What is a green infrastructure network?... 9 How do we benefit from green infrastructure?...10 Can we afford to build a green infrastructure network?... 12 Moving towards a regional green infrastructure network...14 Developing our regional green infrastructure network...16 The regional green infrastructure network today... 17 Essential concepts of connectivity...18 Exploring regional opportunities for green infrastructure... 20 Green infrastructure on the ground: case studies...22 Appendix Types of green infrastructure... 44 Acknowledgements Content provided by: s DIAMOND HEAD CONSULTING LTD s ECOPLAN INTERNATIONAL s CALYPSO DESIGN 3
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Can we afford to bu uild a Gree en Infrastrructure Network k? 7KH FRVWV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK EXLOGLQJ WKH 5HJLRQDO *UHHQ,QIDVWUXFWXUH 1HWZRUN ODUJHO\ VWHP IURP VHFXULQJ ODQG WKURXJK SXUFKDVLQJ RU FRYHQDQWV DQG UHVWRULQJ VLWHV LQ PRUH PRGLîHG HQYLURQPHQWV 7KHVH FRVWV FDQ EH VLJQLî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îWV DQG VHUYLFHV WKH\ SURYLGH )RU H[DPSOH JUHHQ URRIV DQG WUHHV FDQ VDYH PRQH\ E\ UHGXFLQJ HQHUJ\ FRVWV $ 8 6 VWXG\ RI JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH VWRUPZDWHU PDQDJHPHQW SURMHFWV IRXQG WKDW DOO EXW WZR SURMHFWV KDG LQWHUQDO UDWHV RI UHWXUQ RI JUHDWHU WKDQ,Q PDQ\ PXQLFLSDOLWLHV SHUPHDEOH SDYHPHQW LV EHLQJ XVHG WR UHSODFH DJLQJ KDUG VXUIDFHV $OWKRXJK LQLWLDO installation costs can be higher than conventional paving, these costs are recouped over time through savings in maintenance and stormwater PDQDJHPHQW MULTIPLE BENEFITS: 7KH HFRQRPLF YDOXH RI JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH SURMHFWV LV FRPSRXQGHG JLYHQ WKH PXOWLSOH IXQFWLRQV WKH\ SHUIRUP $V DQ H[DPSOH JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH VWRUPZDWHU PDQDJHPHQW SURMHFWV RIWHQ SURYLGH FRQFXUUHQW UHFUHDWLRQ SDVVLYH DQG DFWLYH HFRORJLFDO WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ H J ELNH DQG SHGHVWULDQ SDWKV KHDOWK DQG XUEDQ GHVLJQ DQG EHDXWLîFDWLRQ EHQHîWV The benefits of green infrastructure Estimates based on the 2010 NYC Green Infrastructure Plan THE BENEFIT OF GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE estimates based on the 2010 NYC Green Infrastructure Plan PROJECTED COSTS ANNUAL SAVINGS to achieve 20-year stormwater objectives per one hectare of GI ONE HECTARE of fully vegetated green infrastructure $21,049 $3.9B in reduced energy demand $2.4B $410 in reduced CO2 emissions $2,579 in improved air quality $11,671 in increased property value GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 12 GREY INFRASTRUCTURE
Cost comparison of green street infastructure vs grey infastructure GREEN ROOFS According to Portland s Green Roof Program, green roofs can cost one and a half times more than conventional roofs to install. However, a green roof will last twice as long before needing to be replaced, and will reduce annual stormwater volumes by over 50%. TREES Economic benefits related to stormwater management, improved air quality, reduced energy consumption, carbon sequestration, and better aesthetics can be $1.50 - $3.00 per tree for every $1 invested in planting/maintenance. WETLANDS AND DETENTION PONDS Building a wastewater treatment system using constructed wetlands costs about $5 per gallon of capacity compared to roughly $10 per gallon of capacity for a conventional advanced treatment facility. BIO-SWALES The City of Portland found vegetated bio-swales reduced 25 year peak storm flows by 88% and total flow into local sewers by 85% compared to conventional infrastructure. PERMEABLE PAVING Permeable pavement in alleys can have a life expectancy of 30 35 years and runoff reductions of 70 90%. GREEN VS. GREY CHICAGO CASE STUDY &KLFDJR $PHULFDpV WKLUG ODUJHVW FLW\ LV LPSOHPHQWLQJ QHZ JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH SROLFLHV WR DGGUHVV LWV DJLQJ VWRUPZDWHU V\VWHP DQG YDVW DPRXQW RI LPSHUYLRXV VXUIDFH ZKLFK DFFRXQWV IRU RI LWV XUEDQ DUHD &KLFDJRpV *UHHQ $OOH\ 3URJUDP DLPV WR WUDQVIRUP WKH ZRUOGpV ORQJHVW QHWZRUN RI SDYHG DOOH\ZD\V XVLQJ JUHHQ WHFKQRORJ\ 3HUPHDEOH KLJK DOEHGR SDYHUV DUH LQVWDOOHG WR UHWURî W H[LVWLQJ DOOH\V &RVW LV FRPSDUDEOH WR WUDGLWLRQDO SDYHUV EXW FRPHV ZLWK DGGLWLRQDO EHQHî WV RI SHUPLWWLQJ LQFUHDVHG VWRUPZDWHU LQî OWUDWLRQ XS WR DQG UHGXFLQJ WKH XUEDQ KHDW LVODQG HIIHFW 7KLV DSSURDFK LV EHLQJ FKDPSLRQHG WR KHOS LQFUHDVH WKH &LW\pV WULSOH ERWWRP OLQH OLQNLQJ LPSURYHG HQYLURQ PHQWDO FRQGLWLRQV ZLWK UHGXFHG JRYHUQPHQW H[SHQGLWXUHV DQG EHWWHU TXDOLW\ RI OLIH Bell Street Park plan. SVR Design. GREEN VS. GREY SEATTLE CASE STUDY 7KH &LW\ RI 6HDWWOH LQFRUSRUDWHV JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH DV SDUW RI LWV QDWLRQDOO\ DFFODLPHG 1DWXUDO 'UDLQDJH 6\VWHPV 1'6 SURMHFWV 7KHVH SURMHFWV XVH LQQRYDWLYH VWUHHW GHVLJQV WR PDQDJH VORZ DQG î OWHU VWRUPZDWHU DQG UHGXFH UXQRII LQWR QDWXUDO ZDWHUFRXUVHV %LRVZDOHV VPDOO ZHWODQGV QDWXUDO ODQGVFDSLQJ DQG SHUPHDEOH VXUIDFHV DUH LQWHJUDWHG LQWR VWUHHWVFDSHV &RVW DQDO\VHV KDYH SURYHQ WKDW 1'6 GHVLJQV FDQ EH VLJQLî FDQWO\ OHVV H[SHQVLYH WR LQVWDOO WKDQ WUDGLWLRQDO VWUHHWV WKDW XVH JUH\ LQIUD VWUXFWXUH 7KLV FDQ EH DWWULEXWHG WR UHGXFHG SDYLQJ UHTXLUHPHQWV DQG HQJLQHHUHG LQIUDVWUXFWXUH ORZHU LQVWDOODWLRQ FRVWV DQG UHGXFWLRQV LQ PDLQWHQDQFH 3HUKDSV PRVW LPSRUWDQWO\ WKHVH DOWHUQDWLYH VWRUPZDWHU VWUDWHJLHV KDYH EHHQ SURYHQ WR ZRUN H[FHS WLRQDOO\ ZHOO ZLWK SRVW FRQVWUXFWLRQ SURMHFW PRQLWRULQJ LQ 6HDWWOH GHPRQVWUDWLQJ XS WR D UHGXFWLRQ LQ VWRUPZDWHU YROXPHV 13
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Essentia al concepts of connec ctivity $ IXQFWLRQLQJ DQG SURWHFWHG JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH QHWZRUN LV DQ LQWHJUDO SDUW RI RXU UHJLRQpV IXWXUH,W ZLOO FRQQHFW WKH QDWXUDO ODQGVFDSH DQG SURYLGH D IUDPHZRUN IRU PRUH VXVWDLQDEOH ODQG GHYHORSPHQW DQG VWHZDUGVKLS LQ 0HWUR 9DQFRXYHU 7KH SURFHVV WR FRPSOHWH WKH network will not be immediate and will involve a phased DSSURDFK RYHU WLPH $GYDQFH SODQQLQJ LV QHFHVVDU\ WR HQVXUH WKDW JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH LV LPSOHPHQWHG VWUDWHgically when opportunities arise and avoids unintended FRQVHTXHQFHV 7KLV UHTXLUHV D FRRUGLQDWHG LQWHJUDWHG approach involving local and regional politicians, planners, HQJLQHHUV HFRORJLVWV ELRORJLVWV DQG GHYHORSHUV When developing the Regional Green Infastructure Network, general principles of conservation biology should be observed. These will improve overall habitat quality, and can help prioritize and enhance sites for inclusion as part of the network. PREFERENCE LESS MORE CONNECTIVITY. *UHHQ LQIUDstructure should be connected ZKHUHYHU SRVVLEOH 0XOWL SDUWQHU coordination is required to overcome obstacles associated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îWV WKDQ WKRVH WKDW DUH IDUWKHU DSDUW *UHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH VKRXOG DOVR EH LQFRUSRUDWHG LQWR WKH SODQQLQJ DQG GHVLJQ RI DOO QHZ GHYHORSPHQW DW ERWK WKH EXLOGLQJ DQG VLWH OHYHO IURP WKH RXWVHW ZLWK WKH REMHFWLYH RI PLQLPL]LQJ JUH\ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH DQG KDUGVFDSH 2SSRUWXQLWLHV WR HQKDQFH ORFDO DQG UHJLRQDO JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH FRQQHFWLRQV VKRXOG DOVR EH H[SORUHG,QWHJUDWLQJ JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH ZLWK UHJLRQDO LQIUDVWUXFWXUH SURMHFWV DQG SODQQLQJ H J VHZHU ZDWHU WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ SURYLGHV IXUWKHU RSSRUWXQLW\ WR LPSURYH FRQQHFWLYLW\ 0DMRU QHWZRUN KXEV DUH PDQDJHG VRPHWLPHV FR RSHUDWLYHO\ E\ D YDULHW\ RI GLIIHUHQW SDUWQHUV DQG LQFOXGH municipal, regional and provincial parks, protected ZDWHUVKHGV DQG HFRORJLFDO UHVHUYHV 0XQLFLSDOLWLHV ZLOO play the primary role in determining where and when JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH FDQ EH LPSOHPHQWHG WR FRQQHFW KXEV $ YDULHW\ RI SODQQLQJ WRROV DQG PHFKDQLVPV FDQ EH HPSOR\HG WR KHOS SURWHFW H[LVWLQJ KXEV DQG LPSOHPHQW JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH SURMHFWV 18 SIZE. $OWKRXJK H[LVWLQJ ODQG XVH ZLOO GLFWDWH WKH W\SH RI JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH WKDW FDQ EH LPplemented, generally speaking, ODUJHU SURMHFWV ZLOO SURYLGH PRUH EHQHîWV WKDQ VPDOOHU RQHV WƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ ŽĨ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ďŝžůžőlj
Explorin ng regional opportunities for green infrastru ucture 7KHUH DUH QXPHURXV RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU LPSOHPHQWLQJ JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH SURMHFWV DFURVV 0HWUR 9DQFRXYHU :KLOH ODQG XVH LV FDWHJRUL]HG WR D îqhu OHYHO RI GHWDLO DW WKH PXQLFLSDO OHYHO WKH VL[ ODQGVFDSH W\SHV GHSLFWHG EHORZ DUH WKH PRVW W\SLFDO RQHV UHSUHVHQWHG DFURVV WKH 0HWUR 9DQFRXYHU UHJLRQ 7KH XQLTXH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI HDFK ODQGVFDSH ZLOO LQï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îWV WKDQ EXLOGLQJ QHZ JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH DORQH INDUSTRIAL HIGH DENSITY MEDIUM DENSITY INDUSTRIAL. $UHDV VXSSRUWLQJ LQGXVWULDO DQG employment activity, including port lands, rail \DUGV EXVLQHVV SDUNV KHDY\ PDQXIDFWXULQJ IDFWRULHV DQG ZDUHKRXVLQJ HIGH DENSITY. Urban and town centres with RIîFH DQG UHVLGHQWLDO WRZHUV PL[HG XVH GHYHORSPHQWV DQG ODUJH FRPPHUFLDO FHQWUHV MEDIUM DENSITY. Urban neighbourhoods ZLWK UHVLGHQWLDO DQG FRPPHUFLDO GHYHORSPHQW Low rise buildings, townhouses, and more FRPSDFW VLQJOH IDPLO\ QHLJKERXUKRRGV RURAL AGRICULTURAL GREEN SPACE RURAL. Neighbourhoods and subdivisions IHDWXULQJ ORZ GHQVLW\ UHVLGHQWLDO GHYHORSPHQW 6LQJOH IDPLO\ KRPHV RQ ODUJHU UHVLGHQWLDO ORWV DQG DFUHDJHV LQ UXUDO DUHDV AGRICULTURAL. $UHDV RIWHQ GHVLJQDWHG IRU agricultural use or other resource management SXUSRVHV 6RPH UXUDO UHVLGHQWLDO DFUHDJHV ZLWK ODUJHU VLQJOH IDPLO\ KRPHV DORQJ ZLWK IDUPKRXVH KRPHV DQG DQFLOODU\ EXLOGLQJV EDUQV VWRUDJH DQG SURFHVVLQJ IDFLOLWLHV GREENSPACE. 0DQDJHG qqdwxudor DUHDV including protected watersheds, parks, and RWKHU RSHQ VSDFHV WKDW SURYLGH VLJQLîFDQW nature services, in addition to conservation and UHFUHDWLRQ SDVVLYH DQG DFWLYH YDOXHV Generalized Metro Vancouver landcape types. 20
7KH IROORZLQJ PDWUL[ VKRZV WKH W\SHV RI JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH RSSRUWXQLWLHV WKDW DUH FRQVLGHUHG DSSURSULDWH IRU HDFK ODQGVFDSH 6SHFLîF W\SHV RI JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH VKRXOG QRW EH FRQVLGHUHG H[FOXVLYH WR DQ\ RQH ODQGVFDSH LQGHHG WKHUH PD\ EH RSSRUWXQLWLHV WR LPSOHPHQW RQH RU DOO GHSHQGLQJ RQ VSHFLîF VLWH FRQGLWLRQV DQG SURMHFW REMHFWLYHV LANDSCAPE TYPE GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE OPPORTUNITY INDUSTRIAL HIGH DENSITY MEDIUM DENSITY RURAL AGRICULTURAL GREEN SPACE Hubs Small natural/open areas Riparian corridors Urban tree canopy Greenways Detention/Infiltration ponds Bioswales Rain gardens Permeable pavement Community gardens Green roofs/walls Natural landscaping Container gardens Green streets Daylighted streams Hedgerows Pollinator-friendly gardens more opportunities less opportunities 'ƌğğŷ ŝŷĩƌăɛƚƌƶđƚƶƌğ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ďlj ůăŷěɛđăɖğ ƚljɖğ 21
GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE ON THE GROUND The following case studies highlight successful regional green infrastructure projects implemented in each of the six landscape categories. Each case study provides the following information: 22 PROJECT DESCRIPTION $Q RYHUYLHZ RI WKH SURMHFW DQG LWV REMHFWLYHV PROJECT PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION $Q RYHUYLHZ RI ZKDW SODQQLQJ WRROV DQG PHFKDQLVPV ZHUH XVHG WR LPSOHPHQW WKH SURMHFW PROJECT OUTCOMES AND LESSONS LEARNED $Q RYHUYLHZ DQG VXPPDU\ RI SURMHFW VXFFHVVHV FKDOOHQJHV DQG OHVVRQV OHDUQHG ENABLING FISCAL AND POLICY TOOLS $ OLVW RI WKH WRROV XVHG WR GHVLJQ SODQ IXQG DQG LPSOHPHQW WKH SURMHFWV
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INDUSTRIAL CREEKWAY PARK STREAM RESTORATION PROJECT LOCATION North of Hastings Park (McGill Street), Vancouver, BC PROJECT DESCRIPTION Creekway Park is one of the City of Vancouver s newest parks. Located just north of busy McGill Street and next to the CN Rail corridor, it begins to build ecological and human connections between Hastings Park (PNE) and New Brighton Park on Burrard Inlet. The park is an initial phase of a project that will eventually restore an historical stream that once flowed through Hastings Park to Burrard Inlet. This park also improves east-west bikeway and pedestrian connections through east Vancouver. PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION Creekway Park was developed in an abandoned parking lot as part of the Hastings Park revitalization program. The project was designed by an interdisciplinary team that included landscape architects, water resources engineers, geotechnical engineers, biologists, and transportation planners. It also went through an extensive public engagement process including open houses and meetings with the Hastings Park Open Space Advisory Group. The water system consists of a series of vegetated wetlands connected with a cobble-lined channel. Stormwater from the immediate area is recirculated using a pump-based system. At a later stage, stormwater from the larger Hastings Park catchment will be redirected to ensure the stream and wetlands have year-round flow. Diverse herbaceous, wetland, and shrub communities provide the foundation for increasing biodiversity over time. Eventually, stormwater filtration through the constructed stream will help restore fish habitat in a tidal salt marsh in New Brighton Park. 24 Creekway Park is a novel ecosystem that emulates some of the forms and functions of native ecosystems, while blending them with urban landscape components. While the plant communities are generally native, they also include blue irises and other flowering plants that are not native to coastal BC. These were included to increase diversity and create bolder colours and textures to enhance the park experience. Many of the native plant species such as coastal strawberry, thimbleberry, and spiraea are important for native bees and other pollinators. PROJECT OUTCOMES AND LESSONS LEARNED Creekway Park was built in a narrow linear parcel at the intersection of a broad range of municipal infrastructure: roads, rail lines, storm drains, regional sanitary sewers, gas lines, and power lines. The design needed to respond to these infrastructure constraints by building above the existing ground plane to avoid sub-surface disturbance. This precluded the creation of deeper wetlands and streams enclosed in a shallow ravine. Trees could only be planted along the park s perimeter. Setting clear targets for habitat restoration projects ensures that expectations are met. Some members of the public felt that fish habitat should be an important component of Creekway Park. However, given the highly urbanized catchment, channel gradient issues, and small stream size, salmon and trout habitat was not considered an appropriate restoration target. Instead, the design promoted the goal of restoring a dynamic ecosystem that will benefit many urban species. ENABLING FISCAL AND POLICY TOOLS Greenest City Action Plan (Access to Nature target) Hastings Park/PNE Master Plan
INDUSTRIAL CAMPBELL HEIGHTS BUSINESS PARK PROJECT LOCATION Campbell Heights Business Park, Surrey, BC PROJECT DESCRIPTION Campbell Heights Business Park is a large (101 hectare) greenfield development located in south-east Surrey. The overall development concept envisions a high quality industrial business park that reflects the area s natural surroundings. Green infrastructure is integrated to manage stormwater on site, protect environmental features, and improve overall aesthetics. Over 2.4 million square feet of office, commercial and industrial space had been constructed between 2003 and 2013. PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION Campbell Heights is located on the Brookswood Aquifer, a highly productive groundwater resource. Water in the aquifer is used for drinking and irrigation and also provides base flows to valuable fish bearing creeks including the Little Campbell River. The area also has a large percentage of forested land and numerous watercourses. Design and servicing guidelines were created prior to development to protect these environmental values and encourage integration of green infrastructure to manage stormwater. PROJECT OUTCOMES AND LESSONS LEARNED Wildlife corridors have been maintained to provide connectivity between the habitats in Campbell Valley Regional Park, and those in the Nicomekl River and Serpentine River lowland areas. Riparian corridors and salmon-bearing watercourses are preserved, enhanced or reconstructed. There is coordinated development among buildings, landscaping and site features. A portion of the Campbell Heights area was a former quarry pit for sand and gravel. Stormwater servicing for areas previously mined consist of onsite bioswales, onsite oil-water interceptors, perforated City storm sewers, stormceptor devices at each piped outfall, a settling pool prior to stormwater entering the creek system and a community detention facility. Areas not previously mined have significant gravel deposits and better infiltration potential. Servicing for these areas consists of full infiltration (exfiltration) for both onsite and offsite runoff up to the 100 year return period that also serves to address water quality issues. Where soil conditions allow for effective groundwater recharge, the stormwater system is designed to release stormwater back into the ground. This mimics the way stormwater naturally moves in the area while also reducing the requirements for stormwater sewers and detention ponds. The purchase and development of lots has progressed at a steady rate within the Campbell Heights Business Park. The most significant lesson learned was the importance of having good design guidelines for the habitat compensation/restoration areas. The highly pervious sands and gravels posed unforeseen challenges and extra costs associated with establishing a healthy plant community. The reliance on exfiltration systems for stormwater servicing required that more prescriptive guidelines be provided to engineering and design consultants who were more familiar with conventional servicing systems. As development has progressed, this requirement has lessened. Erosion and sediment control (ESC) during construction has been a significant issue. Education is needed to ensure all onsite staff and contractors are aware of the consequences of poor ESC practices. ENABLING FISCAL AND POLICY TOOLS Cluster Development ( Eco-clusters ) Sustainable Design Guidelines Density Bonusing Conservation Habitat Covenants Local Area Bylaws for green infrastructure and parkette maintenance 25
INDUSTRIAL NEW CONCEPTS FOR ARTERIAL ROAD DESIGN PROJECT LOCATION New Dollarton Highway, North Vancouver (District), BC PROJECT DESCRIPTION This project included construction of collector, arterial and local roads through a newly developed commercial/industrial area, the largest on the North Shore. This innovative approach to road design was used to protect the ecological sensitivity of the Maplewood Flats foreshore along Burrard Inlet. The ecology of this conservation area is highly dependent on the quality of ground water and protection of natural vegetation, which provides important habitat for birds, mammals and fish. The drainage design for the new highway increases groundwater recharge and provides better control of stormwater runoff, while also incorporating large center and sidewalk boulevard plantings to improve aesthetic appeal and wildlife habitat. PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION This project was completed in accordance to the Metro Vancouver Integrated Stormwater Management Plan (ISWMP) guidelines. Goals of the drainage design for this project are to service the entire 40.6 hectare catchment area of the Maplewoods neighbourhood and to maintain the level and quality of ground water. Existing site conditions (high water table, flat terrain and gravelly soils) presented a challenge. Typical road standards were maintained. Lane widths were not reduced to accommodate the new boulevards. Underground piping was also retained due to presence of a large underground main. Runoff is exfiltrated via catch basins and a dispersal drain system that is incorporated in green strips located between the roadway and a meandering path on both sides of the highway. During ex26 treme rainfall events, the runoff overflow is piped via a storm sewer to an outfall structure. An oil and grit separator is incorporated in the outfall design; only low flow events are passed through the separator. Flow is diverted into the separator by means of concrete benching in the storm sewer that forms a small dam in the pipe invert. PROJECT OUTCOMES AND LESSONS LEARNED This project was completed over five phases from 1999 to 2003 at a total cost of $8 million, which is more expensive than a conventional design. Maintenance costs are also higher, but this was expected prior to construction. The drainage system is functioning as designed; however, an easier cleanout system would have been an improvement. As a result, the lifetime efficacy of the dispersal drain system is expected to be shorter than planned due to construction related sediment. Planted areas in the center and walkway boulevards are well established and are contributing positively to the wider community as greenways that are used predominantly by pedestrians. Neighbouring businesses generally favour the new street design and some have incorporated complementary green infrastructure features (e.g., rain gardens, pervious pavement in parking lots) into their sites. ENABLING FISCAL AND POLICY TOOLS North Vancouver District Official Community Plan (OCP) Integrated Stormwater Management Plans for the surrounding watercourses Metro Vancouver ISWMP Initiative Development Service Bylaw Maplewood and Lower Lynn Town Center Plan
HIGH DENSITY TOWN CENTRE GAMING FACILITY PROJECT LOCATION th Lougheed Highway and 227 Street, Maple Ridge, BC PROJECT DESCRIPTION A former brownfield site in the heart of Maple Ridge was turned into an innovative urban landscape supporting a mixed-use entertainment and community gaming facility. This project set out to create a new vibrant space in the Town Centre, with priorities to remediate contaminated soils and incorporate green infrastructure into the building and site design. Further work to enhance habitat and restore ecosystems on the Gaming Centre site and the municipal park conservation areas to the south add to the community and ecological health benefits of the project. degraded ravine area on site. New wetlands, bioswales, and bio-filtration ponds provide habitat for wildlife, including two species at risk (red-legged frog and Oregon forestsnail). These features also improve water quality for downstream fish habitat. A conservation area of 0.74 hectares was dedicated as Parkland on the south side of the property. Additional habitat improvements and restoration work was required on existing municipal Park Conservation lands southwest of the site. Enhancements on these lands included construction of ponds and wetland habitats, retention of mature forest, invasive plant species management, and design and construction of a nature trail. Native vegetation was extensively re-planted in areas that were disturbed or sparsely vegetated within the park or surrounding steep slopes. PROJECT OUTCOMES AND LESSONS LEARNED Integrating green infrastructure and landscaping into the design helped create a vibrant space and a more natural transition between the commercial corridor and residential lands. The innovative urban design and collaborative process were key elements leading to the success of this project. Careful coordination amongst consultants and stakeholders is necessary in a project that requires multidisciplinary integrated solutions. PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION The facility was designed to ease the transition between commercial lands along the Lougheed corridor and adjacent residential development. A variety of green infrastructure elements are part of the building and site design. The building design includes a 1,000 m2 green roof and a green wall. Rainwater is diverted from the roof and parking areas into rain gardens, bio-swales, and bio-filtration wetland areas, directing the water into the soil where silt and pollutants can be filtered out before the water slowly enters the municipal stormwater system. The heat island effect (caused when heat energy is absorbed by pavement and other surfaces) is minimized through the green roof and planting of 36 large canopy street trees along the streets and parking areas. Approximately 2,800 m2 of other tree and shrub plantings were also added to the site. Ecological enhancements were required as part of the environmental development permit. Ecological restoration works were completed and funded as part of a compensation package for in-fill of a smaller Green infrastructure, integrating ecological, engineering, and building solutions where landscape and natural processes help inform and guide development design can be cost effective in the long term because of the added services and benefits they provide. Green infrastructure can also be used effectively as a good marketing and public relations tool. Integration of park lands into the site design can be highly valuable. This is especially true if there are mutual benefits to the municipality, the natural environment and the developer from habitat enhancements, rainwater management, tiered stormwater source controls, improved aesthetics, and public access to greenways. ENABLING FISCAL AND POLICY TOOLS Parkland Dedication Streamside Protection Regulation guidelines Sustainable Design Guidelines Environmental Development Permit requiring ecological enhancement 27
HIGH DENSITY UNIVERCITY COMMUNITY PROJECT LOCATION UniverCity, Simon Fraser University (SFU), Burnaby, BC PROJECT DESCRIPTION UniverCity is a mixed-use community located at the top of Burnaby Mountain. When fully developed, the population is expected to be 10,000 residents. It is envisioned as a complete community integrating a variety of green infrastructure and natural ecosystems and features into its design. PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION Planning for UniverCity began in the early 1990s. Sustainability and environmental protection were key principles included in the 1996 SFU Official Community Plan. In 1997, the SFU Community Trust was created to plan and implement development in the community in partnership with the City. This collaboration resulted in development guidelines and requirements for green building performance, stormwater management and natural landscaping. The 2002 Stormwater Management Plan outlines specific approaches for reducing runoff, protecting water quality of downstream creeks, and enhancing watercourses on-site. Rainwater percolates into the soils via permeable pavement, infiltration 28 galleries and bioswales, and is detained in underground cisterns, before making its way into constructed streams, wetlands and downstream watercourses. This design means that no standard stormwater pipes are used within the community, with the exception of overflow facilities to safely convey extreme rain events. The features are designed to be attractive, fit into the urban landscape, and provide wildlife habitat. Each development site is required to infiltrate and detain rainwater to specified standards, and to monitor and report how the systems are functioning for at least two years. Systems must be approved by SFU Community Trust and the City through the development permit process. Covenants are registered over stormwater infrastructure on each property specifying these requirements. Monitoring of hydrology and water quality is overseen by an Adaptive Management Committee. SFU Community Trust and the City of Burnaby also allowed for nature to permeate throughout the community. By preserving individual and groups of large trees and incorporating them into pedestrian greenways, the site became a part of its surroundings, instead of an urban enclave surrounded by forest. On private property, significant trees identified for retention, greenways and riparian corridors are protected by covenants held by SFU Community Trust and/or the City of Burnaby. In some cases, guidelines for tree management, view management, and replanting criteria (in