AASHTO 2014/9/7 8:00-12:00 Updates on Japan s ITS Takumi Yamamoto Director ITS Policy and Program Office, Road Bureau Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism(MLIT) JAPAN Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
ITS Development in Japan 1990 1996 2000 2011 2014 V to I Applications Traffic information Electric toll collection Safety driving support etc. Car navigation 63 million units ship(2014.6) VICS 43 million units ship(2014.6) ETC 47 million units ship(2014.6) ITS Spot Various applications Wide area traffic information Safety driving support ETC ITS Spot onboard unit Evolve into Upgrade of existing service Still images Weather data Information on local tourist spots, etc. Route-based service (Under consderation) Route-based incentives for smart network users Monitoring oversize and overweight vehicles Commercial vehicle management Vehicle Automation 1996 2012 Platoon demonstration test using lane maker etc. 2013 Auto-pilot System Study Group (MLIT) Interim Report Released Truck platoon demonstration test using radar, camera etc. Governmentwide SIP Research Project 2014 R&D Plan Released 1
Practical application of VICS and ETC VICS Provides real time road traffic information on car navigation screens. Equipped on 43 million automobiles. (There are about 80 million vehicles in Japan) ETC Usage rate on toll roads is 89% (45 million automobiles) Eliminates almost all toll-gate congestion on expressways(30% of all expressway congestion). Congestion Smooth Road status before and after ETC introduction Before After Crowded Wider Area Information Tomei Ohashi JCT 6 hours or more For Nagoya up to Komaki JCT Ken-O 4.5 hours or more Nagano Chuo Car navigation systems tell you recommended routes, calculate required time based on congestion information. Provision of congestion information and required time information by simple shapes Introduction of smart ICs 70 smart ICs(ETC-only ICs) are in service nationwide No toll plaza Compact design Less personnel cost for toll collection ETC only 2
ITS Spot service In 2011, the installation of ITS Spots at approximately 1,600 locations (primarily on expressways nationwide) was completed, and the world s first cooperative V to I service began. This makes possible high-speed, large-capacity communication between the ITS Spot RSUs and the compatible car navigation OBUs. ISO 24103 ISO 29281 ITS Spot Two way, highspeed, largecapacity communication DSRC 5.8GHz 1,600 ITS Spot RSUs are installed on nationwide expressway ITS Spot compatible onboard unit ITS Spot compatible car navigation system Three Basic Services - Dynamic Route Guidance - Safety Driving Support -ETC Uplink of probe data -Travel Record -Behavior Record Legend: ITS Spot On expressways linking cities, ITS Spots are installed approximately every 10-15 km, such as right before junctions (approximately 90 locations). On inner-city expressways, ITS Spots are installed approximately every 4 km. 3
On Board Units for ITS Spot service A total of 24 automobile, car navigation system and OBU manufacturers offer ITS spot compatible car navigation systems. The number of onboard units has increased dramatically in recent years. Automobile manufacturers Manufacturers of navigation systems and OBU Total number of units installed As of July 2014, approximately 360,000 OBUs had been installed. (No. of units) 400,000 350,000 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 2012.3 2013.3 2014.3 2014.7 4
Three basic ITS Spot services Dynamic Route Guidance Provide wide area traffic congestion data to enable car navigation systems to select routes smartly Safety Driving Support Reduce close call experiences by alerting drivers in advance ETC Reduce congestion at expressway toll booths Other services Cashless payment: Automatic fee payment at parking lots, automatic gate opening and closing (no need to roll down the window and pull over). 5
Operational Structure for the ITS Spot Traffic Information ETC Collection Processing Operator (Road) Japan Road Traffic Information Center (JARTIC) Vehicle Information Communication System Center (VICS Center) Provision Operator (Police) RSU OBU ETC Credit card information OBU Vehicle Certification, Security Mechanism designed to ensure safe system operation Merged into Merged into (2014.9) Onboard unit setup Ensuring of security (key access management) 6
Collecting probe data via ITS Spots Probe data stored in the ITS Spot compatible OBU is uplinked when the vehicle passes under an ITS Spot. ITS Spot Probe data ITS Spot compatible navigation system Intranet Probe server Collects, calculates, and manages probe data (established in 2011)) Fig. Schematic diagram of probe data collection system Road administrators Collected probe data: Travel record : time, position(longitude, latitude), speed stored every 200m, or every 45 changes of the driving direction Behavior record : time, acceleration, speed, yawing angle stored when the acceleration exceeds the threshold value 7
Utilizing probe data for indentifying congestion spot Probe data show the speeds of vehicles at each location. Possible to pinpoint the location where traffic congestion occurs Hikiyama IC Congenstion due to branching lanes at junction? Interchange exit congestion? 212.2 (1.4) 212.4 (1.2) 212.6 (1.0) 212.8 (0.8) 213.0 (0.6) 70 4.0-0.5-1.0-1.6 60-0.4 50-3.3 40 30 20 Elevation(m) 施工高(m) -4.0 4.0 213.2 (0.4) 0.5 213.4 (0.2) -4.03.6 0.0 213.6 1.5-3.5 1.4-0.4 0.2 213.8 0.5 0.4 214.0 2.2 0.6 214.2-1.8 0.8 214.4 1.0 214.6 3.1 1.2 214.8 1.4 215.0 1.6 縦断図 -3.8 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 Congestion due to sag or merging traffic 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 bottleneck 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Speed(km/h) 走行速度(km/h) Probe data 高針Ｊ プローブデータ Longitudinal profile ON 上社南 引山 小幡 OFF 上社Ｊ ON 上社 OFF 大森 ON Kamiyashiro IC Example of analysis Using probe data, the locations of bottlenecks where congestion occurs are identified and effective measures are devised. Traffic Counter Estimate Traffic congestion begins near the Kamiyashiro IC. Probe Data Analysis The actual bottleneck is the sag near the Hikiyama IC. 10 0 8
Utilizing probe data for safety The locations where drivers brake suddenly can be identified from probe data. This makes it possible to identify and analyze the locations where drivers frequently braked suddenly, and to implement effective traffic safety measures. Probe data are analyzed to identify frequent sudden braking locations Example of analysis Locations of frequent sudden braking are pinpointed. Locations where roadside trees obscured the view were trimmed, and this reduced the incidence of sudden braking. The causes are analyzed and effective safety measures are implemented. *1 160 locations in the prefecture were identified as locations where drivers frequently braked suddenly. *2 The totals for the effect of measures are (a) the total for all 160 frequent sudden braking locations where measures were implemented and (b) the total for 145 of the frequent sudden braking locations where accidents involving injury or death occurred. Frequent sudden braking location Before 対 策 measures 前 Before measures Effect of measures (a)comparison of sudden breaking incidents during a one-month period 995 326 Trimmed roadside trees After measures (b)comparison of accidents involving injury or death during a one-month period 70% Down! 20% down! After 対 measures 策 後 Before 対 策 measures 前 After 対 measures 策 後 9 190 146
What is? ETC 2.0 - can provide new route-based service as well as conventional ETC and current ITS Spot services. - utilize ITS Spot RSUs and OBUs ETC2.0 Current ITS Spot Services Dynamic route guidance Support for driving safety Route-based incentives for smart network users 2 hr 1 hr large normal Kyobashi PA full full STATUS (GOING UPHILL) at AM [PM] New Services based on Routes (under consideration) (1) Detour to Ring Road when there is congestion in central Tokyo, etc. exit (2) Temporarily exiting expressway onto ordinary road in the event of congestion, accident etc. leave [Wide-area road traffic information] [Information on space availability at Service Areas and Parking Areas] GO SLOW. CURVE AHEAD. FREQUENT ACCIDENT AREA. [Simple graphics ] ETC [Still image] Services are being improved and upgraded, for example by providing still images, information on space availability at Service Areas and Parking Areas, the ability to conduct cashless transactions etc. entry Legend Locations of vehicles [Detour in the event of congestion] Monitoring oversize and overweight vehicles re-entry Commercial vehicle management 10
:Smart Use of Expressway Network Road transport challenge Congestion 40% of the total driving time are lost due to traffic congestion. (40 hours per person each your) Emission The catalog mileage for Japanese vehicles is among the highest in the world, but actual driving mileage is only onehalf the catalog mileage. Inadequate highway network Proportion of expressway sections with 3 or fewer lanes Japan: 31.9% US: 5.1% UK: 01% Unfeasible to expand network on a large scale Fiscal constraint Not enough resource for capacity building Spatial constraint Limited space for road way in density populated big cities and due to mountainous rural regions Standard amount of time (8 billion hours) 2-lane sections Ring Expressway Network in big cities will soon be completed. Due to traffic congestion Additional time (5 billion hours) = 40 hours per person Interstate-10 Houston Zane Selvans Solution Smart use of the existing expressway network with ITS 11
:Smart Use of Expressway Network Incentives to drivers who select the best route in accordance with status of congestion is under consideration Construction of ring expressway Smart route selection using ETC 2.0 3 ring roads in central Tokyo 59% complete 82% (by 2015) Congestion! Inner Ring Expressway Chuo Expressway Sectors that are in service (as of June 14, 2013) Pacific ocean To be in service by FY 2015* Congested Under construction (to be completed in FY 2016 or thereafter) Under study 相 模 湾 Maximum efficiency Not congested 12
:Monitoring Oversize and Overweight Vehicles Deterioration of road structures has become a serious problem. Overweight vehicles that are the cause of road deterioration need to be monitored to travel on designated routes. Effect of overweight vehicles on highway bridge deterioration Example of effect on concrete slab of bridge Number of vehicles traveling over bridge Overweight Vehicles 0.3% Compliant Vehicles 99.7% Degree of impact on deterioration Overweight Vehicles 91.5% Compliant Vehicles 8.5% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Travel routes are identified by ETC2.0 Large vehicles with ETC2.0 OBUs traveling on designated routes can be granted longer permission period. 13
:Commercial Vehicle Management The current location of a particular vehicle is identified using ITS Spots. Through the use of the probe data, logistics companies are able to manage the movements of individual vehicles and increase the efficiency of unloading and transshipment operations at logistics centers. Benefit to logistics companies Destination : Distribution base Origin : Distribution base Collecting information on travel route Legend: Route traveled Location of data collection Current location and route traveled by vehicle can be determined This enables management of vehicle movements estimation of arrival time and sharing with relevant entities etc. 14
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism