Spectrométrie d absorption moléculaire UV-visible



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Spectrométrie d absorption moléculaire 1

faibles quantités échantillon liquide byfiles.storage.live.com/y1php6mrdyehuw8p4jw0... non destructrice bp0.blogger.com/.../m_7spgk78eu/s400/boum_4.png s'applique à un très grand nombre de dosages 2

Certaines molécules absorbent certaines longueurs d ondes du spectre : loi de - Étude qualitative structurale par l analyse des spectres d absorption sciexp.ch/images/chimiste.gif 3

E = h ν = h C / λ 4

d absorption moléculaire en bandes larges peu nombreuses 5

Domaine spectral 6

dans le visible : couleurs des molécules 7

Absorbance ou densité optique 8

Loi de 9

Loi de 10

A λ = ε λ. l. C Les dosages 11

des ions permanganate MnO 4 - oxidationsystems.com/.../permanganate.jpg Gamme de dilution ou d étalonnage http://titou.poupon.free.fr/documents/qcm/qcmchimie/sprectro1.htm 12

d absorption moléculaire en UVvisible MnO 4-13

des ions permanganate MnO 4 - oxidationsystems.com/.../permanganate.jpg Vo en (ml) 10 20 30 40 50 C = [ MnO 4 - ] en mol/l 14

des ions permanganate MnO 4 - oxidationsystems.com/.../permanganate.jpg Vo en (ml) 10 20 30 40 50 C = [ MnO 4 - ] en mol/l 1.10-4 2.10-4 3.10-4 4.10-4 5.10-4 15

des ions permanganate MnO 4 - oxidationsystems.com/.../permanganate.jpg Mesure de l absorbance des solutions Préalablement à ces mesures, le chimiste a réglé, avec une cuve remplie d'eau, le zéro d'absorbance de l'appareil 16

des ions permanganate MnO 4 - Vo en (ml) 10 20 30 40 50 C = [ MnO 4 - ] en mol/l 1.10-4 2.10-4 3.10-4 4.10-4 5.10-4 Absorbance A λ 0,22 0,44 0,66 0,88 1,1 17

des ions permanganate MnO 4 - A λ = f (C) pedagogie.ac-montpellier.fr/.../loupe.gif 18

Etude spectrophotométrique d une réaction A λ = f (t) 19

[C] max mesurée [C] max = A max / (εl) 20

O 21

Transitions électroniques des composés organiques 22

Coefficient d extinction ε 23

Chromophore et chromogène Chromophore : groupement d atomes responsables d absorptions caractéristiques Chromogène : squelette d une molécule transparent porteur d un ou de plusieurs chromophores 24

Chromophores isolés Chromophore Exemple Transition électronique λ max, nm ε Solvant C=C Ethene π > π* 171 15000 hexane C C 1-Hexyne π > π* 180 10000 hexane C=O Ethanal n > π* 290 15 hexane π > π* 180 10000 hexane N=O Nitromethane n > π* π > π* 275 200 17 5000 ethanol ethanol C-X X=Br X=I Methyl bromide Methyl Iodide n > σ* n > σ* 205 255 200 360 hexane hexane 25

Chromophore des systèmes conjugués effet hyperchrome chromophore λmax Log ε C=C 171 3.5 (C=C)2 220 4.2 (C=C)3 260 4.6 (C=C)4 290 4.8 effet bathochrome 26

Déplacement des bandes d absorption Effet Conséquences Hypsochrome (Blue shift) λ max diminue Bathochrome (Red shift) λ max augmente Hyperchrome I max augmente Hypochrome I I max diminue 27

Le spectrophotomètre 28

Eléments constituant un spectrophotomètre 29

La cuve 30

Pour conclure http://titou.poupon.free.fr/documents/qcm/qcmchimie/sprectro1.htm 31

Analyse moléculaire 32

Spectrométrie d absorption moléculaire bandes d absorbances λ max ε caractéristique à λ donnée de la molécule Analyse quantitative dosages grâce à la loi de - 33

Détecteur : la photodiode ou semi-conducteur 34

Transitions électroniques des composés organiques 35

Techniques séparatives Chromatographiques 36

Analyse moléculaire 37

Analyse élémentaire chromatographie volumétrie potentiométrie conductimétrie 38

Techniques séparatives Chromatographiques La chromatographie : généralités La chromatographie en phase gazeuse CPG La chromatographie ionique La chromatographie d exclusion-diffusion La chromatographie liquide haute pression Techniques couplées (GC-MS) 39

Chromophore des systèmes conjugués molecule wavelength of maximum absorption (nm) ethene 171 buta-1,3-diene 217 hexa-1,3,5-triene 258 40

Woodward-Fieser Rules for Calculating the π > π* λ max of Conjugated Carbonyl Compounds Core Chromophore nm R = H 210 nm R = OR' 195 nm Cyclopentenone 202 nm R = Alkyl 215 Substituent and Influence α- Substituent R- (Alkyl Group) +10 nm Cl- (Chloro Group) +15 Br- (Chloro Group) +25 HO- (Hydroxyl Group) +35 RO- (Alkoxyl Group) +35 RCO 2 - (Acyl Group) +6 β- Substituent R- (Alkyl Group) +12 nm Cl- (Chloro Group) +12 Br- (Chloro Group) +30 HO- (Hydroxyl Group) +30 RO- (Alkoxyl Group) +30 RCO 2 - (Acyl Group) +6 RS- (Sulfide Group) +85 R 2 N- (Amino Group) +95 γ & δ- Substituents R- (Alkyl Group) +18 nm (both γ & δ) HO- (Hydroxyl Group) +50 nm (γ) RO- (Alkoxyl Group) +30 nm (γ) Further π -Conjugation C=C (Double Bond)... +30 C 6 H 5 (Phenyl Group)... +60 (i) Each exocyclic double bond adds 5 nm. In the example on the right, there are two exo-double bond components: one to ring A and the other to ring B. (ii) Homoannular cyclohexadiene component adds +35 nm (ring atoms must be counted separately as substituents) (iii) Solvent Correction: water = 8; methanol/ethanol = 0; ether = +7; hexane/cyclohexane = +11 41 λ max (calculated) = Base + Substituent Contributions and Corrections

La source Lampe à décharge au deutérium Lampe à filament de tungstène 42

Le monochromateur 43

Détecteur : Le photomultiplicateur 44

Effet du aux solvants : solvatochromie 45